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| By: | Zou, Tieding |
| Abstract: | This article employed a voting model to describe the optimum strategy for later retirement. The results indicated that, later retirement just a emergency measure to pension shortfall. The preference to later retirement was related with the gap between actual age and legal retirement age. The pensioner who has retired would support, and the worker who’s age was near to legal retirement age would against, but the worker who’s age was far away to legal retirement age was uncertainty. Generally speaking, high skilled labor was more like to later retirement than low skilled labor. But actually, the preference to later retirement not only related with the burdens and benefits of pension reform, but also related with the feeling of burden, and the growth speed of wage , social position and job satisfaction. The resistance to reform was mainly comes from the pensioners who near to legal retirement age that still working and the low skilled labor wich far away from legal retirement age. Government should concentrate on giving a successfully persuasion to the opponents, and the input of human capital also should be raised. |
| Keywords: | Pension; Pension Shortfall; Pension Reform; Later Retirement; Voting Theory |
| JEL: | D72 H55 H62 |
| Date: | 2014–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:65147&r=age |
| By: | KITAO Sagiri |
| Abstract: | The paper studies the effects of introducing individual retirement accounts (IRA) as an alternative to the employer-based, pay-as-you-go public pension system in Japan. Without any reform, the projected demographic transition implies a massive increase in government expenditures in the magnitude of 40% of total consumption expenditures at the peak. Gradually shifting the earnings-related part of pension towards self-financed IRA, expenditures can be reduced by 20% of total consumption, providing a major relief for the government budget. The reform generates a significant rise in capital, as individuals save more for retirement, which is invested over many years. As a result, wage, output, and consumption are also higher, leading to a sizeable welfare gain in the intermediate and long run. Current generations, however, can face a large welfare loss depending on how the transition is financed. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:15076&r=age |
| By: | Muriel Dejemeppe (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)); Catherine Smith (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)); Bruno Van der Linden (FNRS, UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES) and IZA) |
| Abstract: | In December 2005, the Belgian government adopted the law on the Intergenerational Solidarity Pact (ISP) aiming at increasing the employment rate of older workers. The main policies of the ISP consist in a pension bonus, reductions in employers’ social security contributions and measures discouraging early retirement while encouraging working time reductions at the end of the career. We aim at evaluating the overall effectiveness of the ISP in rising the employment rate of older workers. To that purpose, we compare the actual evolution of the employment rate after the implementation of the policies to its predicted (counterfactual) evolution based on the estimation of a macro-econometric model in a period prior to the ISP. The results suggest a slight positive impact of the ISP on the employment rate of older workers but to the detriment of the younger workers. However, there is a lack of statistical power to draw firm conclusions on the overall effect of the ISP. |
| Keywords: | Aging; Evaluation of labor market policies; Macro-econometrics |
| JEL: | J21 J26 H53 E32 |
| Date: | 2015–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2015013&r=age |
| By: | Barry P. Bosworth; Gary Burtless; Kan Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to explore the extent and causes of widening differences in life expectancy by socioeconomic status (SES) for older persons. We construct alternative measures of SES using educational attainment and average (career) earnings in the prime working ages of 41-50. We also use information on causes of death, health status and various behavioral indicators (smoking, drinking, and obesity) that are believed to be predictors of premature death in an effort to explain the causes of the growing disparities in life expectancy between people of high and low SES. The paper finds that: - There is strong statistical evidence in the HRS of a growing inequality of mortality risk by SES among more recent birth cohorts compared with cohorts born before 1930. - Both educational attainment and career earnings as constructed from Social Security records are equally useful indicators of SES, although the distinction in mortality risk by education is greatest for those with and without a college degree. - There has been a significant decline in the risk of dying from cancer or heart conditions for older Americans in the top half of the income distribution, but we find no such reduction of mortality risk in the bottom half of the distribution. - The inclusion of the behavioral variables and health status result in substantial improvement in the predictions of mortality, but they do not identify the sources of the increase in differential mortality. The policy implications of the findings are: - Indexing the retirement age to increases in average life expectancy to stabilize OASDI finances may have unintended distributional consequences, because most mortality gains have been concentrated among workers in the top half of the earnings distribution. - The fact that we cannot identify the sources of the increase in differential mortality contributes to uncertainty about the distributional effects of increases in the retirement age in future years. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crr:crrwps:wp2015-10&r=age |
| By: | Stephanie Carretero (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Csaba Kucsera (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | This report elaborates five case studies of good practices of technology-enabled services for independent living of older adults at home from the 14 obtained in the deliverable 1 of the ICT-AGE project. The aim is to obtain policy lessons studying a group of variables related with the creation and implementation of these services by public long-term care systems, such as business case and models, training actions, scaling and market creation, evaluation process and organisation change, among others. A case study is provided per each good practice on the basis of the variables analysed. |
| Keywords: | long-term care, social investment, social return, information and communication technologies, active and healthy ageing, quality of care, productivity, carers, financial sustainability, care, savings, ageing in place, social innovation |
| JEL: | I00 I18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94633&r=age |
| By: | Stephanie Carretero (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | This report collects six policy lessons to support public authorities at all levels of the EU Member States for the adequate implementation and use of new technologies in the field of long-term care service provision for older people. These policy lessons have been obtained through the ICT-AGE research project carried out by the JRC-IPTS and funded by DG EMPL, based on the cross-analysis of good practices of technology-enabled services to help older people live independently at home. These lessons are aimed to benefit the public long-term care authorities, to modernise their social protection systems in the field of long-term care, ensuring effectiveness, adequacy and sustainability. They can enable the Member States to carry out the actions and recommendations set out in the 2013 European Commission policy on Social Investment for Growth and Cohesion (SIP) and to implement the country-specific recommendations of the European Semester. The report also provides to the targeted public authorities with different existing instruments with those the European Union could help them to implement these policy lessons. |
| Keywords: | long-term care, social investment, social return, information and communication technologies, active and healthy ageing, quality of care, productivity, carers, financial sustainability, care, savings, ageing in place, social innovation, silver economy, digital single market, ecare, ehealth, ICTs, technology, digital, ageing |
| JEL: | I00 I18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc96022&r=age |
| By: | Joan Costa Font; Martin Karlsson; Henning Øien |
| Abstract: | Macroeconomic downturns can have both an important impact on the availability of informal care and the affordability of formal long-term care. This paper investigates how the demand for and provision of informal care changed during and after the Great Recession in Europe. We use data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which includes a rich set of variables covering waves before and after the Great Recession. We find evidence of an increase in the availability of informal care and a reduction in the use of formal health services (doctor visits and hospital stays) after the economic downturn when controlling for year and country fixed effects. This trend is mainly driven by changes in care provision of individuals not cohabiting with the care recipient. We also find a small negative association between old-age health (measured by the number of problems with activities of daily living) and crisis severity. The results are robust to the inclusion o f individual characteristics, individual-specific effects and region-specific time trends. |
| Keywords: | Long-term care, informal care, great recession, downturn, old age dependency |
| JEL: | I18 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1360&r=age |
| By: | Barry P. Bosworth; Gary Burtless; Mattan Alalouf |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the importance of annuity-like income as a share of total money income received by aged families. The analysis considers the aged (62+) population as a whole as well as different parts of the aged families’ income distribution during the period from the early 1980s through 2009. We use survey data from 1983 through 2009 from the March Current Population Survey (March CPS) and the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). The total income amounts reported in the files are compared with data in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). We calculate the family income consisting of annuitized income flows (primarily Social Security and pensions) and measure it as a share of families’ total money income. We also expand the definition of both annuitized and non-annuitized income to include income flows not captured in the surveys, namely, health insurance subsidies and the housing services received by homeowners. Finally, we consider the potential impact on aged families if they were to convert their wealth into private annuities. The paper finds that: - Despite the shift from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) retirement plans, there is little evidence that the annuity-like income share of total income has fallen for aged families – and, in particular, for low-income aged families – over the past three decades. - This basic result remains unchanged when we consider more comprehensive income definitions and when we focus on aged families with retired heads of family.N - Nonetheless, many middle- and high-income aged families would experience a sizeable increase in monthly income if they annuitized their wealth. The policy implications of the findings are: - Concerns that reduced rates of annuitization will lead retirees to spend down their assets at a too-rapid rate seem overblown or at least premature; there is little evidence that the share of income derived from annuity-like income sources has declined. - Contrary to a widespread fear, the shift from DB to DC workplace pensions has not reduced the share of retirement income that consists of relatively secure, annuity-like income flows that will last as long as aged breadwinners and their spouses survive. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crr:crrwps:wp2015-9&r=age |
| By: | Christopher J. Rook |
| Abstract: | Dynamic retirement glidepaths evolve over time based on some measure such as the retiree's funded status or current market valuations. Conversely, static glidepaths are fixed at a starting point and selected under the assumption that they will not change. In practice, new static glidepaths may be derived periodically making them more flexible. The optimal static retirement glidepath would be the one that performs better than all others with respect to some metric. When systematic withdrawals are made from a retirement portfolio, glidepaths are often assessed via the probability of ruin (or success). Our goal here is to derive the optimal static glidepath with respect to this metric. It is a result new to the literature and the shape will be of special interest to retirees, financial advisors, retirement researchers, and target-date fund providers. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1506.08400&r=age |
| By: | Ramon Sabes-Figuera (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | ACTION (Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older Person’s Needs) is a self-care and family care support service provided through ICT installed at patients' homes. The main target of the service are older carers living with aged spouses who require help with the activities of daily living as a consequence of chronic illness. The ACTION service consists of 4 integrated components: multimedia educational programmes, a call centre with video-telephony, a computer with videophone placed in the older person’s home and training and supervision programmes. ACTION is currently running as a mainstream service in the Borås municipality in Western Sweden, where it was first piloted and implemented in 1997, with around 100 users (status July 2014). Back in 2011, around 350 people were using the service as there were pilot projects in twenty municipalities across Sweden. |
| Keywords: | SIMPHS, eHealth, Remote Monitoring, ageing, integrated care, independent living, case studies, facilitators, governance, impact, drivers, barriers, integration, organisation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94500&r=age |
| By: | Francisco Lupiañez-Villanueva (Open Evidence); Alexandra Theben (Open Evidence) |
| Abstract: | Percorsi Diagnostico e Terapeutici Assistenziali (PDTA, in English “Assisted Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pathways”) is a patient-centric Integrated Care service organised by the Brescia Health Care Unit in Brescia Province (Italy). Brescia is the largest province of the Lombardy region and is second in terms of number of inhabitants after the province of Milan with 1.25 million inhabitants in 2013. The PDTA case started about 15 years ago as an initiative of a local health unit, which developed the PDTA approach with the support of the local GPs’ Unions and the local Associations of Health Care Specialists. The PDTA case addresses patients with complex illnesses, as well as vulnerable subgroups (e.g. persons that suffer for dementia/Alzheimer's). In order to exemplify and deepen the analysis of the case study, we have specifically studied the PDTA case applied to dementia/Alzheimer patients who represent 5% of the Brescia province population of the age group 64 and older (about 15,000 individuals). Currently, the PDTA case is providing services to 50% of the people suffering from dementia. |
| Keywords: | SIMPHS, eHealth, Remote Monitoring, ageing, integrated care, independent living, case studies, facilitators, governance, impact, drivers, barriers, integration, organisation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94498&r=age |
| By: | Francisco Lupiañez-Villanueva (Open Evidence); Alexandra Theben (Open Evidence) |
| Abstract: | The Telecare Development Programme (TDP) case in Scotland (UK) is a patient-centred Integrated Care management process targeting the 65+ population in the country. It particularly addresses vulnerable subgroups of patients and patients with complex illnesses within the 32 communities across Scotland. The TDP case is a funding initiative developed between 2006 and 2011 by the Scottish Government in order to encourage the adoption of the telecare by health and social care services. It sought to demonstrate how telecare could contribute to support the safety and quality of life of older people and enable them to live at home longer, while significantly reducing the cost of health and social care services provisioning. During the period of 2006-2011, no less than 51 telecare projects were operating within all 32 Communities, covering the whole population of Scotland. The starting point of the TDP case was a change in the policy context that required a shift from a healthcare system oriented towards hospital-based treatment to a system based on preventive care to manage long-term conditions. TDP enables vertical integration within the Communities of Health Partnerships (CHPs), but should also promote full integration in a short to medium-term perspective, especially as the new legislative framework coming into force in March-April 2015 aims to integrate health and social care units, as a consequence of a recent health care spending review. |
| Keywords: | SIMPHS, eHealth, Remote Monitoring, ageing, integrated care, independent living, case studies, facilitators, governance, impact, drivers, barriers, integration, organisation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94496&r=age |
| By: | Francisco Lupiañez-Villanueva (Open Evidence); Alexandra Theben (Open Evidence) |
| Abstract: | The SAM:BO case rests on an agreement that sets out guidelines concerning cooperation and communication among health care actors, together with principles on how to monitor the quality of the service provided and to support health care management processes by electronic communications. It represents a joint strategy applied by 4 hospital units, 22 municipalities and about 800 practitioners operating in the Region of Southern Denmark. SAM:BO is a formal framework of cooperation which aims to support treatment and intersectoral cooperation. It facilitates the exchange of experiences and guideline development, supports national coordination and the development of new national projects (e.g. the shared medical record, the Shared Care System), and promotes standards of IT communication. |
| Keywords: | SIMPHS, eHealth, Remote Monitoring, ageing, integrated care, independent living, case studies, facilitators, governance, impact, drivers, barriers, integration, organisation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94488&r=age |
| By: | Francisco Lupiañez-Villanueva (Open Evidence); Anna Sachinopoulou; Alexandra Theben (Open Evidence) |
| Abstract: | In 2003 Oulu was already a technology city and had set a target of becoming a pioneer in the development of technological well-being products and services. One of the most successful services is the Oulu Self-Care, which was planned, implemented and piloted in the Kasio Project (2007-2009). The aims of the project were to develop self-care services along with an environment for new product and service testing with the participation of citizens and professionals. The Self-Care platform was opened to all citizens in 2010 as an internet-based portal. It focuses on life style and disease prevention. It also includes self-care services for chronically ill patients, which implement the Chronic Care Model developed in another project called PISARA with the cooperation of other municipalities in Finland. |
| Keywords: | SIMPHS, eHealth, Remote Monitoring, ageing, integrated care, independent living, case studies, facilitators, governance, impact, drivers, barriers, integration, organisation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc94492&r=age |
| By: | Gary Burtless; Kan Zhang |
| Abstract: | The Earnings Public-Use File (EPUF) contains complete information on annual Social Security-covered earnings for a sample of 3.13 million Americans who had earnings in at least one year between 1951 and 2006. The panel data are used to examine patterns and trends in lifetime earnings. The EPUF data show the increasing convergence of female and male lifetime earnings patterns across a number of dimensions: (1) the shape and level of the average age-earnings profile; (2) the age at first entry into covered employment; and (3) the age of labor force exit. The full lifetime earnings profiles for birth cohorts that entered work after 1951 and exited before 2006 reveal associations between workers’ ages of labor force entry and exit and the peak earnings they attain during their careers. We find that workers who enter employment at older ages and exit at earlier ages on average earn lower incomes in their 40s than those who enter employment earlier and exit later. Among men born between 1941 and 1945, those who began working between ages 20 and 22 earned about one-fifth less when they were in their 40s compared with men who had their first covered earnings when they were 15. The EPUF data show a clear and strong positive association between workers’ age of exit from covered employment and their earnings in mid-career. Workers who retire later, up through about age 62, tend to earn higher incomes during their 40s than workers who retire closer to age 50. For each birth cohort we examine and for both sexes, we find that workers who have a high level of earnings in years when they are employed also tend to have the longest careers. We also report the average and net return that successive cohorts of workers obtain on their Social Security contributions. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crr:crrwps:wp2015-7&r=age |
| By: | Alicia H. Munnell; Jean-Pierre Aubry |
| Abstract: | The year 2014 was always going to be a pivotal one for the funded status of public pension plans because, under the old GASB 25 accounting standards, the disastrous stock market performance of 2009 rotates out of the smoothing calculations for the majority of plans that use a five-year averaging period. But 2014 also became pivotal because it was the first year that plan sponsors reported under GASB’s new accounting standards for their financial disclosures. The new GASB 67 standards involve two major changes. First, assets are reported at market value rather than actuarially smoothed. Second, in cases when assets are projected to fall short of future benefits, liabilities are valued using a “blended” discount rate. Although GASB standards apply to financial reporting only, when GASB 25 was in effect, most plans also used the same standards for funding purposes. Under GASB 67, however, plans are now using separate standards for reporting and funding. For reporting in their financial documents, all plans in our sample that have released 2014 data adopted the market valuation of assets as required by GASB 67, but only seven plans determined it necessary to use a significantly lower blended discount rate. For funding purposes (i.e. in plans’ actuarial valuations), they maintained the traditional approach used under GASB 25 of using smoothed assets and expected long-run returns for discounting. This brief focuses on the data used in plans’ actuarial valuations because they provide the basis for historical comparisons and for funding decisions. The discussion is organized as follows. The first section reports that the ratio of assets to liabilities for the 150 plans in the Public Plans Database increased from 72 percent in 2013 to 74 percent in 2014. The second section shows that the required contribution increased from 17.8 percent to 18.6 percent of payrolls, while the percentage of required contributions paid increased from 82 percent to 88 percent. The third section revalues liabilities and recalculates funded ratios using the riskless rate, as advocated by most economists for reporting – as opposed to funding – purposes. The fourth section projects funded ratios for our sample plans for 2015-18 under two economic scenarios. The fifth section briefly describes the information reported in the financial statements under the new GASB standards. The final section concludes that, if plans achieve their assumed returns, the public pension landscape should continue to improve over the next few years. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crr:issbrf:ibslp45&r=age |
| By: | Klimczuk, Andrzej |
| Abstract: | The complexity of population ageing effects is an important challenge at regional and local level. Adaptation activities require the cooperation of local governments, business entities and non-governmental organizations. The article shows dimensions of interventions, typology of "shrinking regions" and two initiatives: Regions for All Ages and SEN@ER - Silver Economy Network of European Regions. The essay also discusses the dilemmas of creating special regional strategies with their implementation factors and barriers in the construction of silver economies. It also presents conclusions from the analysis of selected strategies for regional development in Poland. Summary sets out possible directions for further research. |
| Keywords: | Social cohesion; Local and Regional Development; Cross-Sector Cooperation; Shrinking Regions; Silver Economy; Silver Market; Regions for All Ages |
| JEL: | J14 O18 P48 R58 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:65373&r=age |
| By: | Dasgupta, Sukti; Matsumoto, Makiko; Xia, Cuntao |
| Abstract: | Although the rate is relatively high in China, it has declined in recent years, as has the employment to population ratio. Furthermore, there is a significant wage gap between women in and men, much of which remains “unexplained” when we carry out a decomposition analysis. To improve gender equality in the labour market, the paper points to four areas that require further attention from a policy perspective: (1) measures to promote equal access to employment for women and men; (2) creation of an enabling environment for workers with family responsibilities; (3) improved coverage of social security measures, especially for rural women; and (4) design of an appropriate retirement policy. |
| Keywords: | gender equality, sex discrimination, women workers, labour market, employment, income, care work, social security, retirement, China, égalité des genres, discrimination fondée sur le sexe, travailleuses, marché du travail, emploi, revenu, prestations de soins, sécurité sociale, retraite, Chine, igualdad de géneros, discriminación por razones de sexo, trabajadoras, mercado de trabajo, empleo, ingreso, prestación de cuidados, seguridad social, jubilación, China |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:487966&r=age |
| By: | HORI Masahiro; IWAMOTO Koichiro; NIIZEKI Takeshi; SUGA Fumihiko |
| Abstract: | Using two household surveys for Japan, the Family and Lifestyle Survey (FLS) and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), this paper investigates whether the saving rates of richer households (households with higher lifetime wealth) are higher than those of poorer households. The major difficulty in addressing this issue empirically is that a reliable proxy for lifetime wealth is rarely available. We therefore construct a number of proxies from the two surveys. While the estimated relationships are sensitive to the choice of proxy for lifetime wealth, the patterns observed for working age households in Japan are generally consistent with those reported for Western countries: we find significant positive correlations between saving rates and lifetime wealth when we use education and/or the type of occupation (job) as proxies, while the positive correlations disappear when we use consumption as an alternative proxy. We also try alternative proxies original to this study: lagged consumption, household assets, and/or purchase prices and find that the results with these instruments indicate marginally positive correlations between saving rates and lifetime wealth for working age households. We further find that the relationship between saving rates and lifetime wealth differs depending on the life stage of individual households. Older households with higher lifetime wealth appear to be dissaving to some extent, which is more or less consistent with the lifecycle model of consumption. |
| Keywords: | saving rates, lifetime/permanent income, Japan JEL classifications: D12, D91 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esj:esridp:322&r=age |
| By: | Jappelli, Tullio; Padula, Mario |
| Abstract: | In 2000 Italy replaced its traditional system of severance pay for public employees with a new system. Under the old regime, severance pay was proportional to the final salary before retirement; under the new regime it is proportional to lifetime earnings. This reform entails substantial losses for future generations of public employees, in the range of €20,000-30,000, depending on seniority. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we estimate the impact of this unanticipated change in lifetime resources, on the current consumption and wealth accumulation of employees affected by the reform. In line with theoretical simulations, we find that each euro reduction in severance pay reduces the average propensity to consume by 3 cents and increases the wealth-income ratio by 0.32. The response is stronger for younger workers and for households where both spouses are public sector employees. |
| Keywords: | consumption; income shock; severance pay; wealth accumulation |
| JEL: | D12 D91 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10680&r=age |
| By: | Klimczuk, Andrzej |
| Abstract: | The complexity of population ageing effect is a significant challenge at a regional and local level. Adaptation activities require the cooperation of local governments, business entities and non-governmental organizations. The article describes the dimensions of interventions, typology of “shrinking regions” and two initiatives: Regions for All Ages and SEN@ER - Silver Economy Network of European Regions. In addition, essay discusses the dilemmas of creating special regional strategies with their implementation factors and barriers in the construction of silver economies. It is supplemented by some conclusions from the analysis of selected regional development strategies in Poland. Summary sets out possible directions for further research for national institutions. |
| Keywords: | Social cohesion; Local and Regional Development; Cross-Sector Cooperation; Shrinking Regions; Silver Economy; Silver Market; Regions for All Ages |
| JEL: | J14 O18 P48 R58 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:65372&r=age |
| By: | d’Albis, Hippolyte; Bonnet, Carole; Navaux, Julien; Pelletan, Jacques; Wolff, François-Charles |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose une caractérisation du déficit de cycle de vie suivant la méthode des Comptes de Transferts Nationaux. Il couvre la France pour la période 1979 - 2011. Des comparaisons entre générations et internationales sont également proposées. |
| Keywords: | Âges de la vie; Analyse du cycle de vie; |
| JEL: | J17 J10 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/15236&r=age |
| By: | Florentino Felgueroso |
| Abstract: | Ahora que España está saliendo de la recesión, es el momento de hacer balance, analizar si se ha aprovechado este largo período para mejorar las competencias de nuestra población adulta y reflexionar no solo sobre las deficiencias que se han de corregir sino también sobre el modo de hacerlo. El documento trata de analizar, en primer lugar, los datos más recientes sobre competencias y aprendizaje de nuestros adultos tratándolos desde dos perspectivas: por una parte, su evolución a lo largo de la última recesión y, por otra, en comparación con los países europeos que deberían servir de referencia, si deseamos mejorar nuestras tasas de participación en la educación y formación de adultos. Los resultados de este análisis permiten poner en evidencia nuestras principales carencias tanto en la educación y formación reglada como en la no reglada. En segundo lugar, trata de ofrecer una revisión de la evidencia empírica internacional sobre la eficacia de los incentivos públicos a la formación, prestando especial atención a los que se prevé incluir en la actual reforma de la formación para el empleo. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2015-12&r=age |
| By: | Fontaine, Roméo; Perronnin, Marc; Sirven, Nicolas; Zerrar, Nina |
| Abstract: | Avec le vieillissement de la population, la question de la prise en charge de la perte d‟autonomie revêt un intérêt grandissant et la place de la place du marché privé de l‟assurance dépendance reste débattue.Ce dernier peine cependant à se développer malgré des restes à charge important et la loi d‟orientation et de programmation « pour l‟adaptation de la société au vieillissement » prévue pour 2015 ne pourra que partiellement couvrir ces restes à charge. L‟ « énigme de l‟assurance dépendance » trouve ses explications tant du côté de l‟offre que du côté de la demande. De nombreux travaux américains indiquent la nécessité de questionner la demande puisque les limites de l‟offre ne suffisent pas à expliquer le faible développement du marché. Du côté de la demande, les préférences individuelles se sont avérées être un facteur explicatif non suffisant. Cet article vise à enrichir la littérature existante sur les freins à l‟assurance dépendance du côté de la demande en questionnant la perception du risque. Pour cela, nous exploitons la vague 2012 de l‟enquête santé et protection sociale (ESPS).En 2012, l‟enquête ESPS s‟est enrichie d‟un volet « dépendance » adressé aux individus âgés de 50 ans et plus. Elle permet de déterminer leur connaissance du risque d‟être dépendant et la manière dont ils font ou comptent faire face à ce risque.Dans ce but, nous proposons une étude empirique du rôle de la perception du risque dépendance dans l‟adoption d‟une couverture assurantielle en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, nous décomposons la probabilité déclarée d‟être dépendant dans les 30 prochaines années en une composante objective et une composante subjective dans l‟idée que cette composante subjective nous renseigne sur la possible déformation de cette probabilité. Dans un second temps, nous étudions les déterminants de la couverture assurantielle. Parmi les différents facteurs explicatifs, nous proposons les caractéristiques sociodémographiques usuellement identifiées dans la littérature auxquelles nous ajoutons les préférences individuelles (préférence pour le présent et aversion au risque) et les composantes « subjective » et « objective » de la perception du risque dépendance. Les résultats d‟estimations montrent le rôle significatif du risque perçu subjectif ; les individus sous-estimant leur probabilité d‟être dépendant dans les trente prochaines années par rapport à la moyenne, ont moins recours à une assurance dépendance privée. |
| Keywords: | Assurance dépendance; perception du risque; préférence pour le présent; aversion au risque; |
| JEL: | D84 G02 I13 J14 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/15248&r=age |