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on Accounting and Auditing |
| By: | O. Alhamad; S. Ahmad; J. Z. Zhang (Audencia Business School) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effect of blockholders' characteristics on audit fees by focusing on the Type II agency problem. Our study contributes to the debate on the interplay between blockholders' characteristics and audit fees on a sample of smaller and medium-sized firms listed on the United Kingdom (UK)'s Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Using voting rights as a proxy for blockholders' power, the findings of the study show that the presence and number of blockholders are positively associated with audit fees while voting dispersion is negatively associated with audit fees. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that the interplay between blockholders and external auditing is affected by coalition formation between blockholders and the largest controlling shareholder. Additional analysis reveals that if the first two and three largest blockholders are of the same type (such as all families or all corporations), then audit fees for those firms are higher than for firms where these blockholders are of a different type. In particular, the impact of blockholders on audit fees is more positive when firms are controlled by the holding of a family. Our findings have important implications for policymakers and audit practice regarding the interplay among external corporate governance mechanisms and institutional settings. |
| Keywords: | blockholders, multiple large shareholders, audit fees, Alternative Investment Market, GMM |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05365939 |
| By: | Y. Y. Ding; S. Mckinstry; P. Su (Audencia Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the accounting system of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, a Chinese government department led from 1861 to 1907 by Robert Hart, an Irishman, who reported directly to the Chinese Government in his capacity as Inspector General. Utilising reports produced by the system and instructions given to staff for its operation, the paper outlines the system's main features. It shows how Hart transformed it from being an inward-looking accounting system involved in the collection of duties and the payment of operational expenses reporting to the Government only, to one that created a mass of publicly available data on Chinese international trade that was provided across the world as well as to the Chinese Qing Government. The paper evaluates the system and sets it in the context of recent accounting history by commenting on its Western and Chinese features. |
| Keywords: | customs, reporting, accountability, Chinese accounting, Western accounting |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05369325 |
| By: | Amal Allouni (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]); Charaf Saidi (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the compliance behaviors of SMEs in response to digitalized tax audits, highlighting the relationship between the Tax Administration (AF) and SMEs. The study is based on game theory and agency theory to understand the reciprocal influence between the AF, which uses automated systems to intensify tax audits, and SMEs, which seek to optimize their tax burden to maximize profits. To achieve this objective, we adopted an interpretative approach with inductive reasoning to deepen our understanding of compliance behaviors. Our qualitative methodology is based on a case study and data collection using two main tools: document analysis and semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted with twelve professionals. The collected data were then analyzed using NVIVO software. The results show that digitalization contributes to improving the efficiency of tax audits and has a dual influence on SMEs' behaviors: in terms of compliance with regulations on one hand, and by increasing the perceived tax pressure on the other. Recommendations have been made to strengthen collaboration between the AF and SMEs, notably by simplifying access to digital platforms through detailed guides and specific training. It is also suggested to apply deterrent sanctions, such as financial penalties, along with incentives like tax reductions. |
| Abstract: | Cet article explore les comportements de conformité des PME face au contrôle fiscal dématérialisé, en mettant en lumière la relation entre l'Administration Fiscale (AF) et les PME. L'étude repose sur les théories de jeux et de l'agence pour comprendre l'influence réciproque entre l'AF, qui utilise des systèmes automatisés pour intensifier les contrôles fiscaux, et les PME, qui cherchent à optimiser leur charge fiscale pour maximiser leurs bénéfices. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons choisi un positionnement interprétativiste avec un raisonnement inductif pour approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conformité. Notre méthodologie qualitative repose sur une étude de cas et une collecte de données via deux outils principaux : l'analyse documentaire et les entretiens semi-directifs. Ces entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de douze professionnels. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été analysés à l'aide du logiciel NVIVO. Les résultats montrent que la dématérialisation contribue à l'amélioration de l'efficacité des contrôles fiscaux et influencée doublement les comportements des PME : en matière de conformité aux règles d'une part, et en accentuant la pression fiscale ressentie d'autre part. Des recommandations ont été formulées pour renforcer la collaboration entre l'AF et les PME, notamment en simplifiant l'accès aux plateformes numériques par le biais de guides détaillés et de formations spécifiques. Il est également suggéré d'appliquer des sanctions dissuasives, telles que des pénalités financières, et des incitations comme des réductions d'impôts. |
| Keywords: | Digitalization, Tax audit, Tax compliance, SMEs, conformité fiscale, PME, Contrôle fiscal, Dématérialisation |
| Date: | 2025–10–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05313847 |
| By: | Eduardo M. Azevedo; Florian Scheuer; Kent Smetters; Min Yang |
| Abstract: | Recent proposals to tax unrealized capital gains or wealth have sparked a debate about their impact on entrepreneurship. We show that accrual-based taxation creates two opposing effects: successful founders face greater dilution from advance tax payments, whereas unsuccessful founders receive tax credits that effectively provide insurance. Using comprehensive new data on U.S. venture capital deals, we find that founder returns remain extremely skewed, with 84% receiving zero exit value while the top 2% capture 80% of total value. Moving from current realization-based to accrual-based taxation would reduce founder ownership at exit by 25% on average but would also increase the fraction receiving positive payoffs from 16% to 47% when tax credits are refunded. Embedding these distributions in a dynamic career choice model, we find that founders with no or moderate risk aversion prefer the current realization-based tax system, while more risk-averse founders prefer accrual-based taxation. We estimate that a 2% annual wealth tax has a similar impact on dilution as taxing unrealized capital gains but produces no risk-sharing benefits due to the absence of tax credits in case of down rounds. |
| JEL: | D86 H2 H3 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34512 |
| By: | Alex Boutry (REIGENN - Représentations et identités. Espaces germanique, nordique et néerlandophone - SU - Sorbonne Université) |
| Abstract: | The evolution of the Danish tax system between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries illustrates a conflict between the desire to adapt to Western standards and the resistance of local populations attached to ancestral customs. The Danish kingdom, initially structured around an embryonic Nordic economy and tax system, gradually saw the emergence of a more complex tax system, influenced by the Roman Church and the southern kingdoms. This transformation led to a gradual loss of the unchanging freedoms of the bønder, who became subject to the fiscal will of an increasingly powerful king. Although refusals to adapt and attempts at revolt made themselves felt between the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the opposition faced by the royal power gradually diminished, allowing the legitimization of a fiscal policy that marked Denmark's integration into the feudal model of the Christian West. |
| Abstract: | L'évolution du système fiscal danois entre le XII e et le XIV e siècle illustre un conflit entre la volonté d'adaptation aux normes occidentales et la résistance des populations locales attachées aux coutumes ancestrales. Le royaume danois, initialement structuré autour d'une économie et d'une fiscalité embryonnaires nordiques, voit émerger progressivement un système fiscal plus complexe, influencé par l'Église romaine et les royaumes méridionaux. Cette transformation entraîne une perte progressive des libertés immuables des bønder, qui deviennent assujettis aux volontés fiscales d'un roi toujours plus puissant. Si les refus d'adaptation et les tentatives de révoltes se font sentir entre le XI e et le XII e siècle, l'opposition à laquelle le pouvoir royal fait face diminue progressivement, permettant la légitimation d'une politique fiscale marquant l'intégration du Danemark au modèle féodal de l'Occident chrétien. |
| Keywords: | tax revolts, tax policies, tax systems, taxation, révoltes fiscales economy, politiques fiscales, systèmes fiscaux, fiscalité, économie |
| Date: | 2025–11–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05371394 |