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on Accounting and Auditing |
| By: | Agrar Walid (Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion Oujda - ENCG Oujda); Derraz Mimoun |
| Abstract: | Accounting is a discipline governed by standards, which means it cannot be practiced arbitrarily. Moreover, these standards are not intended solely for the company itself : many external stakeholders also rely on accounting information. This is why it must be prepared according to precise rules that are understandable both to those who produce it and to those who use it. The present article adopts a qualitative methodological approach and aims primarily to describe and explain the foundations of both Moroccan and international accounting systems, based on a thorough study and analysis of the CGNC and the IAS/IFRS standards. However, numerous key elements differ between the Moroccan and international frameworks, particularly in terms of the presentation of financial statements and the fundamental objectives of accounting. Indeed, IAS/IFRS standards emphasize the primacy of economic substance over legal form, whereas the CGNC favors a legal and tax-oriented view of accounting. |
| Abstract: | La comptabilité est une discipline régie par des normes, cela signifie qu'il n'est pas possible de la tenir de manière arbitraire. Par ailleurs, ces normes ne s'adressent pas uniquement à l'entreprise elle-même : de nombreux destinataires externes s'appuient également sur l'information comptable. C'est pourquoi elle doit être élaborée selon des règles précises, compréhensibles tant par ceux qui la préparent que par ceux qui l'utilisent. Notre article ci-présent repose sur une approche méthodologique qualitative et a comme objectif principal la description et l'explication du fondement de la comptabilité marocaine et celle internationale en se basant sur une étude et analyse suffisamment pointues du CGNC et des normes IAS/IFRS. Cependant, d'innombrables éléments essentiels divergent entre les deux référentiels marocain et international notamment au niveau de la présentation des états financiers, et des objectifs fondamentaux de la comptabilité. En effet, les normes IAS/IFRS prônent la prééminence de l'économique sur le juridique alors que le CGNC privilégie la vision juridique et fiscale de la comptabilité. |
| Keywords: | Comptabilité, normes comptables, CGNC, IAS, IFRS, African Scientific Journal, Comptabilité normes comptables CGNC IAS IFRS Accounting accounting standards CGNC IAS IFRS, IFRS Accounting, accounting standards |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05145018 |
| By: | Dulgeridis, Marcel; Schubart, Constantin; Dulgeridis, Sabrina |
| Abstract: | Accounting fraud poses significant financial and reputational risks for organizations. Traditional detection methods - such as manual audits and red-flag indicators - struggle to keep pace with the growing volume and complexity of financial data. In contrast, artificial intelligence technologies, including machine learning, anomaly detection, and natural language processing, offer scalable, realtime solutions to identify suspicious activity more efficiently. This paper compares conventional fraud detection techniques with AI-driven approaches, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations in terms of accuracy, efficiency, scalability, and adaptability. While AI enables faster and more comprehensive analysis, it also raises challenges related to data quality, algorithmic bias, and transparency. Ethical and legal considerations, including data privacy and compliance with regulations, are crucial for responsible implementation. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for adopting AI-based fraud detection systems - emphasizing AI readiness, robust data governance, and human oversight. With a thoughtful approach, AI has the potential to significantly enhance the detection and prevention of accounting fraud. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, Fraud Detection, Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Natural LanguageProcessing, Data Quality, Financial Fraud, Auditor Oversight, Transparency, AI Implementation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:321858 |
| By: | Bartels, Bernhard; Eichengreen, Barry; Schumacher, Julian; Weder di Mauro, Beatrice |
| Abstract: | Unprecedented balance sheet expansion in recent years has resulted in heightened financial risk for central banks, reflected initially in higher profits and subsequently in significant losses. Combining data on central bank balance sheets with market data on asset prices, we provide evidence on the evolution and determinants of financial risk-taking by 18 advanced economy central banks. Based on the estimated Value at Risk (VaR), we document that average central bank balance sheet risk increased to about 3 percent of GDP. Central banks took more risk in periods of low policy rates, less expansionary fiscal policies, and more favorable growth prospects. Less independent central banks were more risk averse than their more independent peers, contrary to the fiscal dominance view. JEL Classification: E52, E58, E63, G32 |
| Keywords: | central bank independence, central bank profitability, monetary-fiscal interactions, monetary policy |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253079 |
| By: | Benoit Mojon; Phurichai Rungcharoenkitkul; Dora Xia |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a new Monetary Policy Condition Index (MCI) that integrates conventional and unconventional monetary policy tools into a unified measure. The MCI is a weighted average of short-term interest rate and central bank balance sheet size, improving upon the shadow rate by capturing balance sheet policy effects away from the effective lower bound. We estimate the MCI's weight and its dynamic relationships with output, inflation and financial conditions using a Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) framework. Results suggest that large balance sheet policies have exerted a significant accommodative influence on monetary policy conditions, including away from the effective lower bound. Through historical decomposition and counterfactual exercises, the MCI provides new insights into unconventional policy's effectiveness and unintended consequences. The framework can flexibly accommodate numerous extensions, including possibly higher neutral balance sheet under ample reserve system. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy, monetary policy conditions, financial conditions, unconventional monetary policy, central bank balance sheet, ample reserves system |
| JEL: | E51 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1281 |
| By: | Philumena BAUER (Institut für Management Accounting, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria); Dorothea GREILING (Institut für Management Accounting, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | The 2022 Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive significantly expands the number of companies required to disclose non-financial information, now including many large municipal utilities (MUs) for the first time. The study focuses on 14 Austrian and German MUs and examines the current state, challenges, and opportunities of a double materiality analysis in line with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 28 sustainability reports. In addition, five expert interviews were conducted with representatives of large Austrian MUs in February 2025. The findings show that only a few pioneering MUs have embedded their highly material topics in their corporate strategy. In other MUs, structured double materiality analyses have been carried out and can be allotted to the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) dimensions required by the CSRD. The identification of narrative and quantitative data points and the embeddedness in the strategy process is not yet completed. The 14 highly prioritized topics of MUs can be divided into three dimensions. The environmental dimension (E) focuses on five key aspects: (1) energy efficiency; (2) (greenhouse gas) emissions; (3) climate protection measures; (4) energy, heating and mobility transition and (5) reliable and high-quality waste disposal. The social dimension (S) also comprises five key topics: (1) health protection; (2) attractiveness as an employer; (3) security of service provision/security of supply; (4) sustainable cities and (5) product responsibility. In the governance dimension (G), four key aspects are very important: (1) compliance and anti-corruption; (2) security and data protection; (3) industry, innovation and sustainable infrastructure; and (4) efficient operations. There is a clear trend that "ESRS E1: Climate Change", "ESRS S1: Own Workforce" and "ESRS G1: Business Conduct" are of utmost importance for all studied MUs. The range of qualitative and quantitative data points is broad in the analysed MUs. This ranges from estimates of around 200 data points based on the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) guidelines to MUs that have already defined up to 650 qualitative and quantitative data points for their ESG reporting. Key challenges include the complexity of Scope 3 emissions accounting, a meaningful stakeholder engagement, and high consultancy costs. Despite regulatory uncertainty and differing levels of ESG maturity, the double materiality process offers strategic potential like corporate resilience or stakeholder trust improvement. Pioneering MUs can serve as benchmarks, while others should leverage best practices. However, policymakers need to address quite soon the uncertainties of an ESG reporting landscape that has been further fragmented by the EU Omnibus I proposal in February 2026 and should provide regulatory clarity. |
| Keywords: | Municipal Utilities, Austria, Germany, double materiality analysis, ESG-Reporting |
| JEL: | Q56 H83 M41 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2502 |
| By: | Philumena BAUER (Institut für Management Accounting, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria); Dorothea GREILING (Institut für Management Accounting, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | The 2022 Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive significantly expands the number of companies required to disclose non-financial information, now including many large municipal utilities (MUs) for the first time. The study focuses on 14 Austrian and German MUs and examines the current state, challenges, and opportunities of a double materiality analysis in line with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 28 sustainability reports. In addition, five expert interviews were conducted with representatives of large Austrian MUs in February 2025. The findings show that only a few pioneering MUs have embedded their highly material topics in their corporate strategy. In other MUs, structured double materiality analyses have been carried out and can be allotted to the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) dimensions required by the CSRD. The identification of narrative and quantitative data points and the embeddedness in the strategy process is not yet completed. The 14 highly prioritized topics of MUs can be divided into three dimensions. The environmental dimension (E) focuses on five key aspects: (1) energy efficiency; (2) (greenhouse gas) emissions; (3) climate protection measures; (4) energy, heating and mobility transition and (5) reliable and high-quality waste disposal. The social dimension (S) also comprises five key topics: (1) health protection; (2) attractiveness as an employer; (3) security of service provision/security of supply; (4) sustainable cities and (5) product responsibility. In the governance dimension (G), four key aspects are very important: (1) compliance and anti-corruption; (2) security and data protection; (3) industry, innovation and sustainable infrastructure; and (4) efficient operations. There is a clear trend that "ESRS E1: Climate Change", "ESRS S1: Own Workforce" and "ESRS G1: Business Conduct" are of utmost importance for all studied MUs. The range of qualitative and quantitative data points is broad in the analysed MUs. This ranges from estimates of around 200 data points based on the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) guidelines to MUs that have already defined up to 650 qualitative and quantitative data points for their ESG reporting. Key challenges include the complexity of Scope 3 emissions accounting, a meaningful stakeholder engagement, and high consultancy costs. Despite regulatory uncertainty and differing levels of ESG maturity, the double materiality process offers strategic potential like corporate resilience or stakeholder trust improvement. Pioneering MUs can serve as benchmarks, while others should leverage best practices. However, policymakers need to address quite soon the uncertainties of an ESG reporting landscape that has been further fragmented by the EU Omnibus I proposal in February 2026 and should provide regulatory clarity. |
| Keywords: | Municipal Utilities, Austria, Germany, double materiality analysis, ESG-Reporting |
| JEL: | Q56 H83 M41 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2501 |