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on Informal and Underground Economics |
| By: | M. Koubková (Department of Applied Economics and Economy, Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia In České Budějovice) |
| Abstract: | The aim is to find out the relation between the sharing and shadow economy and how influence each other. The partial goal is to analyse a situation in the selected countries. The partial aim is also to summarise the current state of knowledge in the sharing economy services in relation with shadow economy and to suggest possibilities for further research in this area. The partial aim is analysing situation of the shadow and sharing economy in providing accommodation services through Airbnb in the Czech Republic. The aim is also to identify the share of Airbnb accommodation in total accommodation capacity in the Czech Republic.Several methods are used to achieve the goals, such as forming hypothesis, secondary data analysis, questionnaire survey, theoretical output in the form of proposals for further investigation and correlation analysis. Based on the overview study, two hypotheses were established. The first hypothesis is focused on connection between sharing and shadow economy. The second hypothesis is focused on share of Airbnb accommodation in total accommodation capacity in the Czech Republic. The result of correlation analysis is that sharing, and shadow economy has strong negative correlation. These two topics has common influence. The result shows that non-payment of local tax authorities in the Czech Republic perceive as a significant problem. However, there is no communication between the city and the providers. |
| Keywords: | sharing economy, Airbnb, shadow economy, tourism, accommodation |
| JEL: | L83 Z32 O17 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boh:wpaper:05_2023&r=iue |
| By: | Andrew Bibler; Laura Grigolon; Keith F. Teltser; Mark J. Tremblay |
| Abstract: | Governments increasingly use changes in tax rules to combat evasion. We develop a general approach to point-identify tax compliance along with supply and demand elasticities; identification requires data on prices and quantities before and after changes in tax enforcement and a demand or supply shifter. We illustrate our approach using data on Airbnb collection agreements, where full enforcement is achieved by shifting the tax burden away from hosts to renters via the platform. We find that taxes are paid on roughly zero to 3.5 percent of Airbnb transactions prior to enforcement. |
| Keywords: | tax evasion, compliance, statutory incidence, tax invariance, Airbnb, sharing economy, voluntary collection agreements |
| JEL: | H20 H22 H26 L10 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_505&r=iue |
| By: | Rossel, Lucia; Santoro, Fabrizio; Hakizimana, Naphtal |
| Abstract: | Narrowing the ‘information problem’ through technology. Data on economic transactions is crucial for tax administrations to be able to enforce tax compliance. One way of obtaining more information is through technology. In the last decade, African tax administrations have increasingly adopted technological advances such as integrated systems, electronic filings, and electronic billing machines (EBMs). EBMs allow taxpayers to digitise their transactions and transfer billing information automatically to the revenue authority. They also hold high potential for taxpayers, as they can allow firms to lower administrative and compliance costs, streamline transactions, improve their record-keeping, strengthen their capacity, and in the case of small businesses, attract clients and engage in trade thanks to the improved accuracy. Rwanda is one of the fastest growing and most technology-oriented countries in Africa, whose tax authority, despite a steadily rising tax-to-GDP ratio, still faces challenges such as limited resources and high levels of informality. In 2013, the Rwandan Revenue Authority (RRA) introduced EBMs through a machine called EBM1. The machine used a SIM card, through which VAT registered taxpayers transmitted sale transaction data to the RRA in real-time. Like any technology, it came with several issues, such as high costs, storage limitations and lack of support. As a result, an improved free software version called EBM2 was rolled out in 2017, which could digitize and store receipts and capture core business information like inventory and item types. Summary of African Tax Administration Paper 30. |
| Keywords: | Finance, Technology, |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18228&r=iue |
| By: | Euamporn Phijaisanit (Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University) |
| Abstract: | Ageing societies pose a unique challenge for Thailand, where a large informal sector excludes most workers from mandatory retirement ages and social security coverage. While extending retirement ages is a pertinent consideration for the formal sector, policy considerations should also encompass the informal sector. Specifically, policies should strive to enhance the physical and cognitive abilities of older workers in the informal sector through appropriate guidance, empowering them to prolong their working years and bolster their financial security. Despite the availability of voluntary social security schemes, enrollment rates among informal workers remain low due to a combination of factors, including lack of awareness, perceived benefit inadequacy, financial burden, and reliance on alternative social welfare programs. Even those receiving the government's old-age allowance may struggle financially. This article highlights the underutilized potential of Thailand's extensive informal sector as a source of employment opportunities for older adults. Despite cross-country data suggesting a positive association between a large informal sector and high elderly employment rates, Thailand's labor force participation rate (LFPR) for individuals aged 65 and above remains comparatively low among similar developing nations. Furthermore, the LFPR decline for people transitioning from age group 55-64 to 65 and above is sharper in Thailand than in many other countries. The Active Ageing Index (AAI) can serve as a tool to investigate the factors contributing to Thailand's relatively low old-age LFPR by evaluating active ageing scores across various aspects. By identifying the missing elements in specific localities, the AAI and its sub-indices can guide local-area policy prioritization to address these gaps and enhance national policy effectiveness in promoting higher LFPR in old age. Fostering an active-ageing ecosystem within the informal sector will empower older individuals to continue working for longer periods and mitigate poverty risks in their later years. |
| Keywords: | Active Ageing, Informal Economy, Ageing Society, Labor Force Participation, Thailand |
| JEL: | E26 H53 I38 J14 J26 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tha:wpaper:20240215&r=iue |
| By: | Orozco, Jorge (Fundación Universidad del Norte); Vargas, Andrés (Fundación Universidad del Norte); Perilla , Juan (Fundación Universidad del Norte); Gómez, Carla (Fundación Universidad del Norte) |
| Abstract: | La investigación se enfoca en un análisis exhaustivo de la contribución de las distintas fuentes de ingreso de los hogares colombianos en la determinación de la pobreza. Usando técnicas de descomposición y simulación de escenarios contrafactuales que están bien establecidos en la literatura, los resultados de nuestra investigación sugieren que en el caso de la economía colombiana la informalidad se ha convertido en una vía de escape a fenómenos como la incidencia, intensidad y severidad de la pobreza monetaria. Específicamente, a pesar de que los ingresos del trabajo formal son los que en mayor proporción contribuyen a explicar los aumentos y reducciones en la tasa de pobreza, los ingresos del trabajo informal juegan un papel fundamental para modular o suavizar la incidencia/intensidad/severidad de la pobreza monetaria. Particularmente en períodos de recesión en la actividad económica. |
| Keywords: | Descomposición; Informalidad; Pobreza; Barranquilla; Ingresos. |
| JEL: | A00 |
| Date: | 2023–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000383:000055&r=iue |