nep-iue New Economics Papers
on Informal and Underground Economics
Issue of 2021‒05‒17
four papers chosen by
Catalina Granda Carvajal
Universidad de Antioquia

  1. Fertility as a Driver of Maternal Employment By Julia Schmieder
  2. Are your tax problems an opportunity not to pay taxes? Evidence from a randomized survey experiment By Blesse, Sebastian
  3. Health of Elderly Parents, Their Children’s Labor Supply, and the Role of Migrant Care Workers By Wolfgang Frimmel; Martin Halla; Jörg Paetzold; Julia Schmieder
  4. Crises, informalité et reconfigurations sur le marché du travail : quatre décennies de bouleversements économiques au Brésil By François Roubaud; Mireille Razafindrakoto; Alexis Saludjian

  1. By: Julia Schmieder
    Abstract: Based on findings from high-income countries, typically economists hypothesize that having more children unambiguously decreases the time mothers spend in the labor mar- ket. Few studies on lower-income countries, in which low household wealth, informal child care, and informal employment opportunities prevail, find mixed results. Using Mexican census data, I find a positive effect of an instrument-induced increase in fertility on maternal employment driven by an increase in informal work. The presence of grandparents and low wealth appear to be important. Econometric approaches that allow extrapolating from this complier-specific effect indicate that the response in informal employment is non-negative for the entire sample.
    Keywords: Fertility, Female Labor Supply, Middle-Income Countries, Informality
    JEL: J13 J16 J22 J46
    Date: 2020
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp13496&r=
  2. By: Blesse, Sebastian
    Abstract: Taxpayers often view tax rules and filing processes as complicated. In this paper I study whether the perceived tax uncertainty among peers leads to a reduction of voluntary tax compliance. I find strong supportive evidence for this hypothesis using a survey experiment for a large representative sample of the German population. Providing randomized information that others are uncertain about how to file their taxable income decreases individual tax morale. This suggests that subjects use negative peer signals as an excuse in order to opt-out of tax compliance. Studying related heterogeneous treatment effects, I find that both older and left-wing subjects are more responsive to tax uncertainty of others. I also show persistent treatment effects among very honest taxpayers in a follow-up survey.
    Keywords: Tax Complexity,Taxpayer Uncertainty,Tax Morale,Survey Experiments
    JEL: H26 Z13 K42 C9
    Date: 2021
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21040&r=
  3. By: Wolfgang Frimmel; Martin Halla; Jörg Paetzold; Julia Schmieder
    Abstract: We estimate the impact of parental health on adult children's labor market outcomes. We focus on health shocks which increase care dependency abruptly. Our estimation strategy exploits the variation in the timing of shocks across treated families. Empirical results based on Austrian administrative data show a significant negative impact on labor market activities of children. This effect is more pronounced for daughters and for children who live close to their parents. Further analyses suggest informal caregiving as the most likely mechanism. The effect is muted after a liberalization of the formal care market, which sharply increased the supply of foreign care workers.
    Keywords: informal care, formal care, aging, health, labor supply, labor migration
    JEL: J14 J22 I11 I18 R23
    Date: 2020
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp13774&r=
  4. By: François Roubaud (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université); Mireille Razafindrakoto (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université); Alexis Saludjian (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).)
    Abstract: Cet article analyse les ajustements du marché du travail brésilien sur longue période, notamment lors des périodes de crise macroéconomique, qui occupent quasiment la moitié des quarante dernières années. Un des objectifs est de soumettre les différentes théories de l’informel à l’épreuve des faits, et tout particulièrement l’hypothèse de son rôle anti-cyclique que lui attribue la thèse dualiste (le modèle que nous qualifions de crise « canonique »). Sur le plan empirique, notre approche se base sur un important travail « d’archéologie statistique » de reconstitution de séries historiques, et de traitement de première main de millions d’observations de micro-données d’enquêtes ou de registres administratifs. Les trois angles d’analyse adoptés (au niveau macro dans une perspective historique, puis en resserrant la focale sur les seules périodes de crise au niveau le plus fin, et enfin en recomposant la dynamique d’ensemble sur les deux dernières décennies) convergent. Parmi les résultats, nous montrons la formidable résilience du marché du travail brésilien qui s’inscrit dans l’histoire, la disparition progressive depuis les années 1990 des mécanismes de la crise « canonique », supplantée par un processus d’exclusion multiforme (chômage, sous-emploi et surtout retrait forcé du marché du travail, principale force à l’oeuvre lors de la crise en cours de la COVID-19), ainsi que l’effacement partiel des frontières formel/informel, en défaveur des droits des travailleurs. Mais les crises ne sont pas toujours le meilleur point d’observation : par exemple, la phase de croissance des années 2000 apparait comme la seule période « transformative », qui a laissé une empreinte positive et durable sur le monde du travail, démonstration que des politiques progressistes sont susceptibles de jouer un rôle de premier plan. En conclusion et en s’appuyant sur nos résultats, nous ébauchons les perspectives d’un programme de recherche collectif et de longue haleine. This article analyzes the adjustments of the Brazilian labor market over the long term, particularly during periods of macroeconomic crisis, which have occupied almost half of the last forty years. One of the objectives is to submit the various theories of the informal to empirical evidence, and in particular the hypothesis of its anti-cyclical role postulated by the dualist thesis (a model that we qualify as the “canonical crisis »). Empirically, our approach is based on an important work of "statistical archeology" to reconstruct historical series, and first-hand processing of millions of observations of micro-data from surveys or administrative records. Our three approaches (at the macro level from a historical perspective, then by narrowing the focus only to the periods of crisis at the microdata level, and finally by recomposing the overall dynamics over the last two decades) converge. Among the main findings, we show the tremendous resilience of the Brazilian labor market, which goes down in history, the gradual disappearance since the 1990s of the mechanisms of the “canonical” crisis, supplanted by a process of multifaceted exclusion (unemployment, underemployment and above all forced withdrawal from the labor market, the main force at work during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis), as well as the partial erasure of formal / informal borders, to the detriment of workers' rights. However, crises are not always the best starting point: for example, the growth phase of the 2000s appears to be the only “transformative” period, which left a positive and lasting imprint on the world of work, a demonstration that progressist policies are likely to play a leading role. In conclusion and based on our results, we outline the prospects for a collective and long-term research program.
    Keywords: Marché du travail, crises, informalité, dynamique de long terme, Brésil, COVID-19, Labour Market, Crisis, Informality, Long Term Dynamics, Brazil
    JEL: O17 J23 J38 I38 O54
    Date: 2021–02
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt202103&r=

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