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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Che, XiaoGang (University of Alberta, Department of Economics); Yang, Yibai (University of Sydney) |
| Abstract: | Patent protection may decrease R&D incentives due to the tournament effect. In this paper, we show that patent protection in the presence of a cooperative R&D option always increases the R&D incentive. In addition, this option dominates imitation to increase the R&D incentive under patent protection, and may also dominate royalty licensing depending on the R&D cost. |
| Keywords: | cooperative R&D; patent protection; R&D incentive |
| JEL: | O31 O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2012–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:2012_006&r=ipr |
| By: | Bronwyn H. Hall; Christian Helmers; Mark Rogers; Vania Sena |
| Abstract: | We survey the economic literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the choice of intellectual property protection by firms. Our focus is on the tradeoffs between using patents and disclosing versus the use of secrecy, although we also look briefly at the use of other means of formal intellectual property protection. |
| JEL: | K11 L29 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:17983&r=ipr |
| By: | Shardul Agrawala; Cécile Bordier; Victoria Schreitter; Valerie Karplus |
| Abstract: | Innovation in technologies that promote mitigation and adaptation will be critical for tackling climate change. It can decrease the costs of policy measures and provide new opportunities for the private sector. However, most discussions of innovation have focused on mitigation, while little attention has been paid to innovation for adaptation. This paper uses agricultural crop biotechnology as a case study of innovative activity. The agricultural sector is considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, in addition to facing the pressures of meeting the demands of a rising world population. Innovation in plant breeding to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to climate change impacts is one of several possible adaptation options for agriculture. This paper neither advocates nor discourages the use of biotechnology, but focuses on providing estimates of the level and trends of innovation in this field. |
| Keywords: | innovation, agriculture, patents, climate change, adaptation, biotechnology, innovation, agriculture, brevets, changement climatique, adaptation, biotechnologie |
| JEL: | O39 Q16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2012–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:40-en&r=ipr |
| By: | Ghafele, Roya; Gibert, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the role of collective trademarks in enhancing the ability of tourism clusters to stimulate economic growth, local ownership and innovative governance. Illustrating how intellectual property (IP) law can be leveraged to achieve this, we offer a new economic rationale for trademarks in the context of tourism. Two post-conflict case studies of Sierra Leone and Croatia provide a crash test for this approach. By emphasizing the role of law, institutions and infrastructure in stimulating tourism in post-conflict zones, this paper echoes new institutional economics perspectives that highlight the impact of legal structure on development. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the cluster attributes of tourism, the role of tourism and clustering in regional development policy is seldom addressed. To our knowledge, the role of collective trademarks in strengthening tourism clusters has not been investigated. |
| Keywords: | collective trademarks; intellectual property; clusters; new institutional economics; tourism management; governance |
| JEL: | O34 O43 O31 |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:37859&r=ipr |
| By: | Erika Farnstrand Damsgaard; Marie C. Thursby |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how institutional differences affect university entrepreneurship. We focus on ownership of faculty inventions, and compare two institutional regimes; the US and Sweden. In the US, the Bayh Dole Act gives universities the right to own inventions from publicly funded research, whereas in Sweden, the professor privilege gives the university faculty this right. We develop a theoretical model and examine the effects of institutional differences on modes of commercialization; entrepreneurship or licenses to established firms, as well as on probabilities of successful commercialization. We find that the US system is less conducive to entrepreneurship than the Swedish system if established firms have some advantage over faculty startups, and that on average the probability of successful commercialization is somewhat higher in the US. We also use the model to perform four policy experiments as suggested by recent policy debates in both countries. |
| JEL: | O3 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:17980&r=ipr |