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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Shiyuan Pan (School of Economics and Center for Research of Private Economy, Zhejiang University); Tailong Li (School of Economics & Management, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University); Ying Zhou (School of Economics, Zhejiang University); Heng-fu Zou (Central University of Finance and Economics, CEMA; Wuhan University IAS; Peking University; China Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We develop a directed-technological-change model to address the issue of the optimal patent system and investigate how the optimal patent system influences the direction of technological change and the inequality of wage, where patents are categorized as skill- and labor-complementary. The major results are: (i) Finite patent breadth maximizes the social welfare level; (ii) Optimal patent breadth increases with the amount of skilled (unskilled) workers; (iii) Optimal patent protection is skill-biased, because an increase in the amount of skilled workers increases the dynamic benefits of the protection for skill-complementary patents via the economy of scale of skill-complementary technology; (iv) Skill-biased patent protection skews inventions towards skills, thus increasing wage inequality; And, (v) international trade leads to strong protection for skill-complementary patents, hence increasing skill premia. |
| Keywords: | Patent Breadth, Skill-Biased Patent Protection, Skill-Biased Technological Change, Wage Inequality, Growth |
| JEL: | O31 O34 J31 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cuf:wpaper:538&r=ipr |
| By: | Shiyuan Pan (School of Economics and Center for Research of Private Economy, Zhejiang University); Tailong Li (School of Economics & Management, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University); Heng-fu Zou (Central University of Finance and Economics, CEMA; Wuhan University IAS; Peking University; China Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We develop a directed-technological-change model to address the issue of the optimal patent system and investigate how the optimal patent system influences the direction of technological change and the inequality of wage, where patents are categorized as skill- and labor-complementary. The major results are: (i) Finite patent breadth maximizes the social welfare level; (ii) Optimal patent breadth increases with the amount of skilled (unskilled) workers; (iii) Optimal patent protection is skill-biased, because an increase in the amount of skilled workers increases the dynamic benefits of the protection for skill-complementary patents via the economy of scale of skill-complementary technology; (iv) Skill-biased patent protection skews inventions towards skills, thus increasing wage inequality. |
| Keywords: | Patent Breadth, Skill-Biased Patent Protection, Skill-Biased Technological Change, Wage Inequality, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | O31 O34 J31 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cuf:wpaper:537&r=ipr |
| By: | Schmoch, Ulrich; Thielmann, Axel |
| Abstract: | After many years of tremendous growth, the patent activities in nanotechnology have slightly decreased and the growth of publication numbers in this field is slowing down. With these patterns nanotechnology exhibits typical characteristics of the cyclical de-velopment of complex science-based technologies which may be labelled double-boom development. However, the decrease of patents should not be interpreted as the end of the growth of nanotechnology, but rather as an intermediate stagnation before a second steep growth. This intermediate period will probably be short compared to other science-based technologies, as cognitive bottlenecks are largely compensated by a strong market pull and substantial public support from the science side. -- |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:31&r=ipr |
| By: | Maaß, Frank; Führmann, Bettina |
| Abstract: | Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie ist eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der Innovationstätigkeit kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) im Vergleich zu Großunternehmen in Deutschland. Hierzu wird die vorhandene Literatur ausgewertet und die existierenden Daten-sammlungen in ihrer Erfassungssystematik analysiert. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Großunternehmen häufiger als KMU innovativ sind. Dies ist insbesondere hinsichtlich der technologischen Innovationen zu beobachten. Neueste Berichtssysteme basierend auf der erweiterten OECD-Begriffsdefinition berücksichtigen auch nicht-technologische Innovationen. Hier zeigt sich eine besondere Stärke der KMU. In der Gesamtbetrachtung sind die KMU deutlich häufiger innovativ als bislang angenommen. 78 % der Unternehmen mit 10 bis 49 und 84 % der Unternehmen mit 50 bis 249 Beschäftigten beteiligen sich am Innovationsprozess. Der Anteilswert für die Großunternehmen liegt bei 95 %. -- The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to innovation in Germany. The paper reviews the empirical literature on SMEs' innovation activities and conceptualises indicators to identify the key dimensions of innovation processes and outputs. The analysis of statistical data and surveys from various sources shows that large enterprises on the whole are more often innovative than SMEs. This is particularly the case for technological innovations. As new data based on the OECD wider concept of innovation reveal, the strength of SMEs lies in their non-technological innovation capacity. Covering both types of innovation activities SMEs turn out to be innovative more often than presumed. Indeed, 78 % of all small enterprises with 10 to 49 employees engage in innovation activities. The share of innovators is even higher among the enterprises with 50 to 249 employees (84 %) and the large enterprises with more than 250 employees (95 %). |
| Keywords: | Innovationsindikatoren,Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE),Patentanmeldungen,technologische Innovationen,nicht-technologische Innovationen,KMU,Deutschland,innovation indicators,R&D measurement,patent data,technological innovation,non-technological innovation,SME,Germany |
| JEL: | C80 D01 O12 O30 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmmat:212&r=ipr |
| By: | A. Mantovani; J. Vandekerckhove |
| Abstract: | In this paper, two pairs of complementors have to decide whether to merge and eventually bundle their products. Depending on the degree of competitive pressure in the market, either both pairs decide to merge (with or without bundling), or only one pair merges and bundles, while rivals remain independent. The latter case can very harmful for consumers as it brings surge in prices. We also consider the case in which one pair moves first. Interestingly, we find a parametric region where first movers merge but refrain from bundling, to not induce rivals to merge as well. |
| JEL: | D43 L13 L41 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp814&r=ipr |