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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Petra Moser; Paul W. Rhode |
| Abstract: | The Plant Patent Act of 1930 was the first step towards creating property rights for biological innovation: it introduced patent rights for asexually-propagated plants. This paper uses data on plant patents and registrations of new varieties to examine whether the Act encouraged innovation. Nearly half of all plant patents between 1931 and 1970 were for roses. Large commercial nurseries, which began to build mass hybridization programs in the 1940s, accounted for most of these patents, suggesting that the new intellectual property rights may have helped to encourage the development of a commercial rose breeding industry. Data on registrations of newly-created roses, however, yield no evidence of an increase in innovation: less than 20 percent of new roses were patented, European breeders continued to create most new roses, and there was no increase in the number of new varieties per year after 1931. |
| JEL: | K0 N12 O3 O31 O34 Q0 |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:16983&r=ipr |
| By: | Chu, Angus C.; Cozzi, Guido; Galli, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Inspired by the Chinese experience, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model of distance to frontier in which economic growth in the developing country is driven by domestic innovation as well as imitation and transfer of foreign technologies through foreign direct investment. We show that optimal IPR protection is stage-dependent. At an early stage of development, the country implements weak IPR protection to facilitate imitation. At a later stage of development, the country implements strong IPR protection to encourage domestic innovation. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that supports this theoretical finding. |
| Keywords: | economic growth; stage-dependent intellectual property rights |
| JEL: | O34 O31 O40 |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:30553&r=ipr |
| By: | Noriaki Matsushima; Koki Arai; Ikuo Ishibashi; Fumio Sensui |
| Abstract: | Using a simple downstream duopoly model with vertical relations and downstream R&D, we investigate the effect of non-assertion of patents (NAP) provisions. A monopoly upstream firm decides whether to employ NAP provisions. If it does so, it freely incorporates the R&D outcomes into its inputs. Incorporation improves the efficiency of the downstream firms' production. We have interpreted the introduction of NAP provisions as a source of technology spillover. Using the technologies of two downstream firms is optimal for the upstream firm if and only if the degree of technology spillover is small. In addition, if the ex ante cost difference between the downstream firms is significant, such technology spillovers erode both the profit of the efficient downstream firm and social welfare. We interpret our result in the context of an actual antitrust case related to this model. |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:0807&r=ipr |
| By: | Toole, Andrew A; King, John L |
| Abstract: | Prior research identifies a direct positive link between the stock of public scientific knowledge and agricultural productivity; however, an indirect contribution to agricultural productivity is also possible when this stock facilitates private sector invention. This study examines how âconnectednessâ between the stock of public scientific knowledge and private firms influences firm-level research productivity. Bibliographic information identifies the nature and degree to which firms use public agricultural science through citations and collaborations on scientific papers. Fixed effects models show that greater citations and collaborations with university researchers are associated with greater agricultural research productivity. |
| Keywords: | public science, research productivity, patents, citations, collaboration, R&D, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Q16, O31, |
| Date: | 2011–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea11:103211&r=ipr |
| By: | Rizea (Pirnea), Ionela Carmen |
| Abstract: | In a knowledge economy, innovation is the competitiveness key and the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge in social systems is the result of collaboration between individuals and communities of interest. Managers can not measure the innovative capacity of the organization, but they may improve his performance. Managers can improve the rate and quality of innovation and competitiveness on the market. Intellectual capital through its three forms - human capital, organizational capital and structural capital, it makes organizational performance. The purpose of this article is to highlight the relationship between innovation, intellectual capital and organizational performance. |
| Keywords: | innovation; entrepreneurship; human capital; intellectual capital; structural capital; performance. |
| JEL: | L25 O32 |
| Date: | 2011–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:29889&r=ipr |
| By: | Yuko Ito (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies); Hiroshi Nagano (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies) |
| Abstract: | Accountability for investment of public funds is required and it is necessary to explain the social contribution or social return of research based on evidence. In case of life sciences R&D, we consider that the innovation in the medical treatment (drug discovery) is its goal, which will contribute to the furtherance of public health. Therefore, collaborative research between public institutions and hospitals is regarded to be crucial. We conducted an on-line survey among hospital physicians. The results indicated that physicians in national/incorporated administrative agency hospitals seem to act as a mediator between basic research and clinical trial (such as those willing to conduct clinical research or clinical trial, who have the ability to publish paper written in foreign language, etc.). In addition, we examined collaborative models between public institutes (NIH, INSERM) and hospitals abroad. Based on these models, we propose that the collaboration between the RIKEN Institute and the National Hospital Organization may create Japanese styled collaborative model covering from basic research to clinical (phase II), similar to the NIH in the United States. |
| Keywords: | translational research, public institutes, social return, hospital physicians,collaboration |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:10-36&r=ipr |