|
on Investment |
| By: | Agossadou, Arsene J.; McCallum, Chloe; Siegrist, Michael; Finger, Robert; Nayga, Rodolfo M. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343877 |
| By: | Hecker, Dominik; Wolters, Maik H. |
| Abstract: | We estimate a New Keynesian model that allows endogenous transitions between a target equilibrium, with inflation fluctuating around the central bank's target and interest rates typically positive, and a low-inflation equilibrium, where the effective lower bound binds and de-anchored expectations keep inflation persistently below target. The model is estimated using Bayesian methods, employing an ensemble MCMC sampler with a particle filter to handle nonlinearities. We find that the United States remained in the target equilibrium after the global financial crisis, the euro area transitioned to the low-inflation equilibrium in 2015, with the subsequent inflation surge initiating a return to the target equilibrium in 2021, and Japan entered the lowinflation equilibrium in the early 2000s. Bayes factors strongly favor the equilibrium-transition model over an alternative specification in which the lower bound binds only occasionally and expectations remain anchored. |
| Keywords: | Multiple Equilibria, Nonlinear Estimation, Particle Filter, Deflation, Zero Lower Bound, Natural Interest Rate, Inflation Expectations |
| JEL: | C51 E31 E43 E52 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:imfswp:333406 |
| By: | Fatima Ahekkad (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Management des organisations et en Economie Appliquée - UMI - جامعة مولاي إسماعيل = Université Moulay Ismaïl); Abdelkader Charba (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Management des organisations et en Economie Appliquée - UMI - جامعة مولاي إسماعيل = Université Moulay Ismaïl) |
| Abstract: | Abstract : This article examines the role and perception of University Social Responsibility (USR) within Moroccan public universities. Drawing on a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted with eight key stakeholders (including faculty members, administrative staff, and a representative from the Ministry of Higher Education), the research highlights a growing interest in USR, increasingly regarded as a lever for modernization, improved governance, and enhanced institutional performance. Despite this emerging awareness, several structural and organizational constraints hinder the effective implementation of USR. These include the absence of a coherent national strategy, limited financial and human resources, insufficient training, and a weak culture of monitoring and evaluation. As a result, USR initiatives often remain fragmented, isolated, and disconnected from the universities' broader strategic planning. To address these shortcomings, the study formulates a series of recommendations aimed at integrating USR more effectively into university governance. These include the development of a national strategic framework for USR, the systematic training of academic and administrative staff, and the adoption of robust and context-sensitive evaluation tools. Ultimately, the study advocates for the institutionalization of USR as a core, measurable, and sustainable component of the university's mission, extending its role beyond teaching and research to a more active engagement with societal development and public accountability. Keywords: Social responsibility, public university, governance, qualitative analysis. Classification JEL: I23, M14 Paper type: Empirical Research |
| Abstract: | Résumé : Cet article examine de manière approfondie la place, la perception et les dynamiques de mise en œuvre de la responsabilité sociétale universitaire (RSU) au sein des universités publiques marocaines. En s'appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de huit acteurs institutionnels clés (enseignants-chercheurs, cadres administratifs, représentant du ministère), l'étude met en lumière une prise de conscience croissante de l'importance de la RSU. Celle-ci est perçue par les répondants comme un levier stratégique permettant non seulement de moderniser la gouvernance universitaire, mais également de renforcer son ancrage territorial, sa légitimité sociale et sa contribution au développement durable. Les résultats révèlent une série de freins structurels : absence de stratégie claire, ressources humaines et financières limitées, faible culture d'évaluation, et manque de coordination entre les initiatives existantes. Ces éléments entravent une institutionnalisation effective de la RSU. L'article souligne ainsi l'urgence de dépasser une approche fragmentaire ou symbolique. Parmi les recommandations issues de l'analyse figurent la création d'un cadre national cohérent pour la RSU, la formation des acteurs universitaires à ses enjeux et outils, ainsi que le développement d'indicateurs d'évaluation adaptés. L'objectif est de faire de la RSU une composante intégrée, mesurable et durable de la mission universitaire. Mots clés : Responsabilité sociétale, université publique, gouvernance, analyse qualitative. JEL Classification : I23, M14 Type du papier : Recherche empirique |
| Keywords: | governance, qualitative analysis., public university, Social responsibility, analyse qualitative., gouvernance, université publique, Responsabilité sociétale |
| Date: | 2025–08–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05308794 |
| By: | Salvador Currao, Carlos Alejo |
| Abstract: | La presente investigación analiza la relación estadística entre el crédito y la actividad económica a nivel internacional, abarcando 35 países en el período 2004-2019. Se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, donde se emplean fuentes de información secundarias provenientes de organismos nacionales e internacionales, tales como el BIS (Bank for International Settlements), la FRED (Reserva Federal del Banco de St. Louis) y Bancos Centrales. Este trabajo aplica técnicas estadísticas y econométricas específicas que incluyen modelos VAR (Vector Autorregresivo), test de causalidad de Granger, funciones impulso- respuesta y análisis de correlación contemporánea y cruzada, las cuales permiten evaluar la relación bidireccional entre el crédito y la actividad económica, utilizando series trimestrales. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que, en una proporción significativa de los países analizados, la actividad económica causa al crédito en sentido de Granger, constituyéndose como la dirección causal predominante. No obstante, esta dinámica varía según el nivel de desarrollo: en los países emergentes predomina una relación en la que el crecimiento del PIB impulsa la expansión del crédito, mientras que en los países desarrollados se observan patrones más diversos. Las funciones impulso-respuesta y los análisis de correlación cruzada refuerzan estos hallazgos, mostrando resultados consistentes. En síntesis, la investigación aporta evidencia en favor de la relación entre el crédito y el PIB destacando la importancia de considerar el nivel de desarrollo de cada país al analizar el vínculo entre las variables. Futuros estudios podrían beneficiarse de enfoques alternativos, como el uso de variables de flujo para representar el crédito, a fin de capturar de manera más precisa las dinámicas de corto plazo o extender el análisis al período de la pandemia y pospandemia. |
| Keywords: | Crédito; Actividad Económica; Producto Bruto Interno; Ciclos Económicos; Análisis Econométrico; 2004-2019; |
| Date: | 2025–11–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4425 |
| By: | Franck Taillandier (RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Corinne Curt (RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Annabelle Moatty (LGP - Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Di Maiolo (RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pénélope Brueder; Alexandra Schleyer-Lindenmann (ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - AU - Avignon Université - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Keywords: | Gestion des Risques, Implication des citoyens, Jeux sérieux |
| Date: | 2025–10–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05368839 |
| By: | Iván D. Montoya; Colleen Watson; Arnie Aldridge; Danielle Ryan; Sean M. Murphy; Brenda Amuchi; Kathryn McCollister; Bruce Schackman; Joshua L. Bush; Drew Speer; Kristin Harlow; Stephen Orme; Gary A. Zarkin; Mathieu Castry; Eric Seiber; Joshua A. Barocas; Benjamin P. Linas; Laura Starbird |
| Abstract: | Abstract Background Communities That HEAL (CTH) is a novel, data-driven community-engaged intervention designed to reduce opioid overdose deaths by increasing community engagement, adoption of an integrated set of evidence-based practices, and delivering a communications campaign across healthcare, behavioral-health, criminal-legal, and other community-based settings. The implementation of such a complex initiative requires up-front investments of time and other expenditures (i.e. start-up costs). Despite the importance of these start-up costs in investment decisions to stakeholders, they are typically excluded from cost-effectiveness analyses. The objective of this study is to report a detailed analysis of CTH start-up costs pre-intervention implementation and to describe the relevance of these data for stakeholders to determine implementation feasibility. Methods This study is guided by the community perspective, reflecting the investments that a real-world community would need to incur to implement the CTH intervention. We adopted an activity-based costing approach, in which resources related to hiring, training, purchasing, and community dashboard creation were identified through macro- and micro-costing techniques from 34 communities with high rates of fatal opioid overdoses, across four states—Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. Resources were identified and assigned a unit cost using administrative and semi-structured-interview data. All cost estimates were reported in 2019 dollars. Results State-level average and median start-up cost (representing 8–10 communities per state) were $268, 657 and $175, 683, respectively. Hiring and training represented 40%, equipment and infrastructure costs represented 24%, and dashboard creation represented 36% of the total average start-up cost. Comparatively, hiring and training represented 49%, purchasing costs represented 18%, and dashboard creation represented 34% of the total median start-up cost. Conclusion We identified three distinct CTH hiring models that affected start-up costs: hospital-academic (Massachusetts), university-academic (Kentucky and Ohio), and community-leveraged (New York). Hiring, training, and purchasing start-up costs were lowest in New York due to existing local infrastructure. Community-based implementation similar to the New York model may have lower start-up costs due to leveraging of existing infrastructure, relationships, and support from local health departments. |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/397482 |
| By: | Dong Yang |
| Abstract: | We set out to solve a dual puzzle regarding reproductive strategies: The "Ancient vs. Modern" Puzzle (why pre-modern elites adopted a "Survival" strategy while modern elites adopt an "Anxiety" strategy) and the "Class Divide" Puzzle (why modern involution manifests as a U-shaped fertility pattern). We develop a unified computational framework (DP + Monte Carlo) that introduces Cognitive Heterogeneity across classes. Our Hybrid Model (M-H) posits that the poor act as "Rational Survivors" (M1 utility, Reality parameters), while the middle/rich act as "Biased Strivers" (M4b utility, Belief parameters). Our simulations yield three core findings. First, we confirm that the "Survival" strategy is objectively rational whenever risk exceeds a low threshold ($\sigma > 0.45$). Given that real-world risk is massive ($\sigma_{Real} \approx 4.9$), the modern "Quality" strategy is objectively fragile. Second, the trap for the Middle/Rich ($B \ge 200$) is driven by a "Two-Stage Belief Error": they are first "baited" by a Causal Error (underestimating risk) to enter the status game, and then "trapped" by a Marginal Error (underestimating returns) which triggers a stop in fertility. Third, the U-shape is driven by the cognitive divide. The Poor escape the trap by retaining a "Rational Survival" strategy in the face of real high risk. Conversely, the Aspirational Middle Class ($HC \approx 12, B \ge 200$) is uniquely trapped by their Biased Beliefs. Their high competence raises their dynastic reference point ($R$) to a level where, under perceived low returns, restricting fertility to $N=1$ becomes the only rational choice within their biased belief system. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.19017 |
| By: | Kurani, Kenneth S.; Nordhoff, Sina; Hardman, Scott |
| Abstract: | Meeting and sustaining a requirement that 100 percent of new passenger vehicle and light-duty truck sales be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) requires everyone who acquires a new vehicle to only acquire ZEVs. This puts an onus on understanding resistance to ZEVs: who is resistant and why. These questions are addressed using survey data from repeated cross-sectional samples of all-car buying households in California in the years 2017, 2019, and 2021. Concepts of resistance are introduced and provisionally mapped onto Consideration, a multidimensional assessment of what consumers have already done vis-à-vis two types of ZEVs: battery and fuel cell electric vehicles (BEVs and FCEVs). Results indicate that active consumer resistance did not abate for BEVs over the study period, and that while it did abate slightly for FCEVs the probability of active resistance became less dependent on assessments of FCEV performance, fuel availability, or comparisons to conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles. Resistance based in political beliefs is extended from ZEVs to thepolicy requiring ZEVs using data from an additional survey of car-owning households in California from late 2023 to early 2024. The attitude that cost and convenience matter more in daily decisions than do environmental effects has a strong influence on the likeliness of disagreeing with the ZEV sales requirement. Conceptual shortcomings are noted in the mapping of resistance onto Consideration which limit the usefulness of Consideration as proxy for resistances going forward as is the lack direct measures of political affiliation in the extension to resistance to policy. A comprehensive set of suggestions to improve the direct measurement of different forms of resistance is provided. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Attitudes, Automobile ownership, Consumer preferences, Electric vehicles, Fuel cell vehicles, Surveys |
| Date: | 2025–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2zz6v9zk |
| By: | Céline del Bucchia (Audencia Business School); Arnaud Stimec (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); José Maillet (Audencia Business School); Anastasia Dereppe (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Benoit Marienval (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Abstract: | When collectives committed to socio-ecological change act as incubators: the contribution of two committed organisations, La Fresque du Climat and L'Archipel la Bascule. In response to the insufficient or too slow transformation of societal models in the face of ecological challenges, some individuals are committing themselves personally and professionally to the ecological transition with a dual objective: to seek alignment between values, convictions and practices, both in the professional and personal spheres, but above all to contribute to ecological shifts, i.e. to aim for alignment with social and ecological limits. Here, we focus on the project leaders of these initiatives, who are initiating a dual movement of change and entrepreneurship. Drawing on their life stories, we seek to identify what makes their transition to action possible and encourages it. We report on how two committed collectives contribute to making this activist entrepreneurship possible. We discuss the specificities and complementarities of these collectives as committed communities of practice and emerging incubators. Within the literature on sustainable entrepreneurship, our contribution helps to nurture the notion of activist entrepreneurship and its support. |
| Abstract: | Quand des collectifs engagés pour les bascules socio-écologiques jouent le rôle d'incubateur : la contribution de deux organisations engagées, la Fresque du Climat et l'Archipel la Bascule. En réponse à l'insuffisante ou trop lente transformation des modèles de sociétés face aux défis écologiques, certains individus s'engagent personnellement et professionnellement dans la transition écologique avec un double projet : chercher un alignement entre valeurs, convictions et pratiques, tant dans la sphère professionnelle que personnelle, mais surtout contribuer aux bascules écologiques, c'est à dire viser un alignement avec les limites sociales et écologiques. Nous nous intéressons ici aux porteurs de projets de ces initiatives amorçant un double mouvement de bascule-et-entrepreneuriat. En nous appuyant sur leurs récits de vie, nous cherchons à identifier ce qui rend possible et favorise leur passage à l'action. Nous rendons compte de la manière dont deux collectifs engagés contribuent à rendre possible cet entrepreneuriat activiste. Nous discutons des spécificités et complémentarités de ces collectifs comme communautés de pratiques engagées et incubateur émergeant. Au sein de la littérature sur l'entrepreneuriat soutenable, notre contribution permet de nourrir la notion d'entrepreneuriat activiste et son soutien. |
| Keywords: | Socio-ecological shift, Engagement pathways, Alternative organisational model, Eco-activism, Shared governance, Sustainable entrepreneurship, Engagement trajectories, Emergent incubator, Pathways to engagement, Collective intelligence, activist entrepreneurship, Incubator, Shift, ecological transition, Gouvernance partagée, Trajectoires d’engagement, Intelligence collective, entrepreneuriat activiste, incubateur, communauté de pratique, bascule, transition écologique, Bascule socio-écologique |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05372743 |
| By: | Karadimas, Ioannis; Katsianis, Dimitris |
| Abstract: | With 6G networks on the horizon bringing ultra-low latency, built-in AI, and truly immersive connections—we have a unique chance to transform the telecom industry. As Communication Service Providers (CSPs) move towards more flexible and virtualized systems, marketplaces are becoming key platforms for unlocking new business models and revenue opportunities. This paper investigates the transformative role of next-generation marketplaces within the 6G mobile ecosystem. Through an extensive literature review and an analytical framework, we map the evolution of marketplace implementations, analyze the critical role of marketplace implementations in driving operational efficiency and revenue diversification, and propose a novel business model. A Marketplace-Driven Business Model for a CSP is proposed. In the proposed business model, various stakeholders and users are involved, creating an interconnected digital ecosystem where services are provided, consumed, and monetized. Understanding these interactions is vital for fostering sustainable growth and maximizing value creation in next-generation digital services. The results provide insights into monetization flows highlighting the strategic pathways for CSPs in the 6G era. |
| Keywords: | 6G networks, Communication Service Provider, Marketplace, Business model, Monetization, Mobile Network Operator |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331285 |
| By: | Yiven (Louis); Zhu |
| Abstract: | Neuroeconomics promises to ground welfare analysis in neural and computational evidence about how people value outcomes, learn from experience and exercise self-control. At the same time, policy and commercial actors increasingly invoke neural data to justify paternalistic regulation, "brain-based" interventions and new welfare measures. This paper asks under what conditions neural data can legitimately inform welfare judgements for policy rather than merely describing behaviour. I develop a non-empirical, model-based framework that links three levels: neural signals, computational decision models and normative welfare criteria. Within an actor-critic reinforcement-learning model, I formalise the inference path from neural activity to latent values and prediction errors and then to welfare claims. I show that neural evidence constrains welfare judgements only when the neural-computational mapping is well validated, the decision model identifies "true" interests versus context-dependent mistakes, and the welfare criterion is explicitly specified and defended. Applying the framework to addiction, neuromarketing and environmental policy, I derive a Neuroeconomic Welfare Inference Checklist for regulators and for designers of NeuroAI systems. The analysis treats brains and artificial agents as value-learning systems while showing that internal reward signals, whether biological or artificial, are computational quantities and cannot be treated as welfare measures without an explicit normative model. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.19548 |
| By: | Sidharth Gat |
| Abstract: | Many economic theories have been introduced over the course of history to articulate our understanding of the economy. Classical theories by Adam Smith and David Ricardo's Comparative Advantage have been foundational for the last century's work. Improvements have been achieved over time, incorporating insights from many disparate fields of study: contemporary frameworks like Behavioural Economics and Information Economics, which incorporate psychological insights and deviation from rational decision-making and insights from network theory and how the information flow affects the market behaviour, respectively. In this paper, I motivate the necessity of incorporating insights from Physics, and also show that trade as a phenomenon described by the comparative advantage theory cannot exist without the law of conservation of Energy, and incorporating this law leads to axiomatic completeness of the theory. Further, I also argue that while the economy is not a zero-sum game in terms of wealth, it does require at least one associated zero-sum parameter for trade and economy as phenomena to exist. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.14034 |
| By: | Scattarreggia, Emanuele |
| Abstract: | The digital economy is currently experiencing an unprecedented phase of transformation, driven by the relentless evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies have transcended from being mere tools of convenience to becoming integral components of daily life, ushering in what can be described as the era of consumer cyborgification. This term captures the essence of how humans are increasingly merging with technology, not just physically through wearable devices but also in decision-making processes through AI-driven insights and nudges. As these technologies grow more sophisticated, they collect, analyse, and act upon enormous volumes of personal data. This capability, while beneficial in tailoring services and enhancing user experiences, simultaneously raises profound questions about privacy, autonomy, and consumer rights. The potential for misuse or overreach in data handling poses threats to individual privacy, while the autonomous decision-making aspects of AI challenge traditional notions of consumer autonomy. Yet, there is a silver lining. AI presents significant opportunities to guide consumers towards more informed, healthier, or economically beneficial choices. Through strategic nudging, AI can enhance consumer well-being, leading to a more efficient market where consumers are not only protected but empowered. However, the integration of such technologies calls for a re-evaluation of existing regulatory frameworks to ensure that they are fit for purpose in this new digital landscape. This paper delves into how current AI and consumer protection regulations can be adapted to meet these emerging challenges. The objective is to propose a framework where technological advancement and consumer protection can coexist synergistically. We aim to explore how laws can be refined to safeguard privacy and autonomy without stifling the innovation that drives economic and social benefits. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331306 |
| By: | HARA, Yasushi |
| Abstract: | This study revisits the impact of customer concentration on the performance and survival of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) by proposing an integrated “Quantity-Quality-Structure” framework. Utilizing a large-scale panel dataset of Japanese manufacturing SMEs, we employ rigorous empirical methods—including two-way fixed-effects models with controls for export status, Cox proportional hazards models, and dynamic event studies—to disentangle the complex effects of inter-firm relationships. While the static relationship between customer concentration (Quantity) and sales growth is found to be inconsistent across industries, our survival analysis reveals a robust and critical finding: high concentration significantly increases the risk of firm exit, supporting the vulnerability tenet of Resource Dependency Theory. Conversely, simple network connectivity (Degree Centrality) acts as a powerful buffer, significantly reducing exit risk and functioning as “structural insurance, ” whereas network brokerage (Betweenness Centrality) can exacerbate risks in certain assembly industries. Furthermore, dynamic analyses of strategic change reveal that firms “decoupling” from major customers face a multiyear “danger zone” of increased vulnerability before achieving diversification. Successful growth strategies are shown to be driven not by expanding existing B2B ties, but by a strategic pivot to new market types, specifically direct-to-consumer (B2C) segments. These findings reframe the debate on customer concentration from one of performance optimization to one of existential risk management and dynamic adaptation. |
| Keywords: | Customer Concentration, Firm Survival, Inter-firm Networks, Strategic Adaptation, SMEs |
| JEL: | L14 L25 M10 C23 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:tdbcdp:e-2025-02 |
| By: | Kalmbach, Aino |
| Abstract: | Abstract The share of qualified early childhood education teachers has declined even as the total number of teachers has increased. This reflects the fact that the number of qualified teachers has not grown at the same pace as the teacher workforce overall. Demand has been driven by rising participation rates. There are clear regional differences: in many areas the decline in the share of qualified teachers has been modest and the number of qualified teachers has continued to increase, but in some regions, particularly Uusimaa, the number of qualified teachers has fallen and shortages have worsened. This report examines regional differences in the demand and supply of teachers and assesses how early childhood teachers’ wages relative to regional average earnings are associated with the extent of teacher shortages. The analysis covers the years 2010–2022, during which teaching qualifications could be obtained through both university and university of applied sciences degrees. Qualification requirements have since changed, and the expansion of study places is increasing the number of graduates. From 2030 onwards the need for tertiary-educated staff will grow as a result of the new qualification requirements. |
| Keywords: | Early childhood education, Participation rate, Regional labor markets, Teacher shortage, Public sector labor markets |
| JEL: | J13 J45 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:169 |
| By: | Yoann Pull (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This lecture note offers a rigorous introduction to Support Vector Machines (SVMs) at the crossroads of geometry, convex optimization, and kernel methods. We review Euclidean geometry and Rosenblatt's perceptron, then develop the large-margin classifier: primal/dual formulations, KKT conditions, and the role of support vectors. Kernelization is formalized through RKHS and the representer theorem, enabling nonlinear decision boundaries. Extensions include soft-margin SVM, SVR, LS-SVM, multiclass strategies (OvR/OvO), and probability calibration (sigmoid, isotonic). The final part gathers practical modeling principles and hyperparameter tuning. The course targets Master's-level students with background in statistical learning, functional analysis, linear algebra, and optimization; technical sections and further readings are flagged throughout. |
| Abstract: | Ce polycopié propose une introduction approfondie aux machines à vecteurs de support (SVM) à l'interface géométrie, optimisation convexe et méthodes à noyaux. Après un rappel de géométrie euclidienne et du perceptron de Rosenblatt, nous présentons le classifieur à grande marge : formulations primale/duale, conditions de KKT et rôle des vecteurs de support. La kernelisation est formalisée via les RKHS et le théorème de représentation, permettant des frontières non linéaires. Les extensions couvrent le soft margin, la régression SVR, les LS-SVM, le multiclasse (OvR/OvO) et la calibration probabiliste (sigmoïde, isotone). Une dernière partie rassemble des principes pratiques de modélisation et de réglage d'hyperparamètres. Le cours s'adresse à des étudiants de niveau Master disposant de bases en apprentissage statistique, analyse fonctionnelle, algèbre linéaire et optimisation; des sections techniques et des lectures complémentaires sont signalées tout au long du texte. |
| Keywords: | Support Vector Machines (SVM), Convex optimization, Kernel methods, Optimisation convexe |
| Date: | 2025–10–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05331339 |
| By: | Teo Firpo (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); Lukas Niemann (Tanso Technologies); Anastasia Danilov (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) |
| Abstract: | As firms increasingly adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, how they adjust hiring practices for skilled workers remains unclear. This paper investigates whether AI-related skills are rewarded in talent recruitment by conducting a large-scale correspondence study in the United Kingdom. We submit 1, 185 résumés to vacancies across a range of occupations, randomly assigning the presence or absence of advanced AI-related qualifications. These AI qualifications are added to résumés as voluntary signals and not explicitly requested in the job postings. We find no statistically significant effect of listing AI qualifications in résumés on interview callback rates. However, a heterogeneity analysis reveals some positive and significant effects for positions in Engineering and Marketing. These results are robust to controlling for the total number of skills listed in job ads, the degree of match between résumés and job descriptions, and the level of expertise required. In an exploratory analysis, we find stronger employer responses to AI-related skills in industries with lower exposure to AI technologies. These findings suggest that the labor market valuation of AI-related qualifications is context-dependent and shaped by sectoral innovation dynamics. |
| Keywords: | return to skills; technological change; labor market; hiring; signaling; human capital; field experiment; ai-related skills; |
| JEL: | O33 J23 J24 I26 |
| Date: | 2025–11–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:552 |
| By: | Castells, Pau; Zagdanski, Jakub |
| Abstract: | We investigate the economic justification for market-based payments from large internet traffic generators (LTGs) to network operators and internet service providers (ISPs) to support network investments, connectivity, and digital society objectives. Our analysis addresses ongoing debates about the LTG-ISP relationship. First, we confirm that traffic volume significantly influences network costs, countering claims to the contrary. Second, we frame telecommunications as a two-sided market where consumers access content and content providers reach consumers via networks, with payment structures varying based on market dynamics, as seen in other two-sided markets. We argue that extending incentives for efficient network use solely to consumers is ineffective due to their limited control over data consumption and transmission. In contrast, LTGs possess the technical expertise and capability to manage data flows, including optimizing their services' traffic generation, making them better candidates for such incentives. Despite this, market-based payment solutions have not gained traction. We identify regulatory constraints, such as net-neutrality rules, universal service obligations, and peering/interconnection regulations, as key factors reducing network operators' bargaining power. This asymmetry hinders their ability to negotiate agreements that effectively incentivize LTGs to use networks efficiently, limiting the adoption of such payment models. |
| Keywords: | Telecommunications economics, Large traffic generators (LTGs), Internet service providers (ISPs), Two-sided markets, Interconnection agreements |
| JEL: | L96 L51 L13 O33 D62 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331256 |
| By: | Bjerk, David J. (Claremont McKenna College) |
| Abstract: | This article derives an equation characterizing the difference between OLS and IV coefficients under potentially heterogenous treatment effects. This leads to what I call the Coefficient Difference Check, which consists of checking that the difference between the estimated OLS and IV coefficients has the same sign as the expected selection effect. I show failures of this check can arise because: IV is invalid, the expected selection story is incorrect, or there are particular heterogenous treatment effects that imply the IV estimate is both “fragile” and that it provides a more biased estimate of the ATT than OLS. Failures of this check are relatively common in the literature. I describe best practices given such failures. |
| Keywords: | adjudicator propensity to treat IV, judge fixed-effects, average treatment-on-the-treated, heterogenous treatment effects, selection, instrumental variables, examiner tendency IV, returns to schooling |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18274 |
| By: | Raffaele Miniaci (University of Brescia, Italy); Michele Pezzoni (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France; Observatoire des Sciences et Techniques, HCERES, Paris, France); Sotaro Shibayama (The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Abstract: | Exploration is a critical input for creativity and innovation. This paper aims to investigate how the innovator and her team's exploration activities boost the innovator's performance. In our empirical context, the innovator is a French professor at the university, and her team consists of her PhD students. We study 14, 978 research teams, led by an equivalent number of supervisors. Supervisors and students can explore by investigating research subjects that the supervisor has not previously investigated. Moreover, the direction of their exploration can be more or less aligned. We measure exploration by assessing the similarity of students' and supervisors' research documents using text analysis. Our regression analyses find that both supervisors' and students' exploration activities play a role in determining the supervisors' performance, as measured by publication quantity, impact, and novelty. We show that an optimal combination of exploration activities and alignment yields considerably higher supervisor performance compared to the average. Our results support the idea that PhD students' exploration activities are of paramount importance to their supervisors' performance, and that supervisors should pay close attention when assigning students' thesis subjects. |
| Keywords: | Research teams; Student exploration; Supervisor exploration; Scientific performance; Text analysis algorithm; Science of science |
| JEL: | I20 O30 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2025-49 |
| By: | Claire Xiaoying Deng |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the impact and behavior of socially responsible investment (SRI) funds in public and private real estate markets. Recent studies offer mixed evidence on the role of socially responsible funds in firm activities. However, little is known about the real impact of socially responsible funds in real estate industry and impact of the green shift on capital raising, our project fills the gap. The impact of this work points to important future directions for accessing capital and has implications for private and public investors, developers, and property managers. |
| Keywords: | Capital Raising; Green Properties; REITs; Socially Responsible Investing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_196 |
| By: | Lin, Rui PhD; Wang, Pei PhD |
| Abstract: | Onboard eco-driving systems provide drivers with real-time information about their driving behavior and road conditions, encouraging them to optimize their driving speed and consequently reduce fuel consumption and emissions. However, there are barriers to making eco-driving a habit. To determine the elements that influence drivers’ intentions to practice eco-driving and their acceptance of eco-driving technology, we developed a theoretical model based on established theories on planned behavior, technology acceptance, and personal goals. The findings showed that drivers’ intention to practice eco-driving has an indirect effect on their intention to use the system via the factor of perceived ease of use. We also explored how cognitive distraction while using an eco-driving system can be a potential barrier to acceptance. The intent is to put forward a solution to improve drivers’ usage eco-driving by turning off guidance when the system detects that the driver is experience from serious distraction. To investigate how to detect a driver’s cognitive distraction status when they are interacting with an eco-driving system, we used a driving simulator and leveraged machine learning algorithms to classify drivers’ attentional states. The findings showed that the glance features played a more important role than the driving features in cognitive distraction. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Eco-driving, connected vehicles, fuel consumption, traffic safety, mathematical models, driver performance, behavior, eye fixations, cognition, driving simulators |
| Date: | 2025–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt1cc649wh |
| By: | Johannes Hagen; Amedeus Malisa; Andrea Schneider; Jana Schuetz |
| Abstract: | We study the behavioral effects of a large-scale, repeated, and personalized reminder. Our empirical setting is Sweden’s annual pension statement, which is rolled out region by region to all working-age individuals. Combining this variation with unique individual-level user data from the national pension dashboard, we find strong and immediate effects. Dashboard users' likelihood of making a pension forecast rises by 28 percentage points in the statement week-a fourfold increase-before returning to baseline within three weeks. Remarkably, similar spikes occur each year, indicating that repeated reminders consistently reactivate attention rather than losing their impact over time. Complementary regional data on actual pension claims show a 33% surge in weekly claims during the week the statement is sent out. |
| Keywords: | repeated nudge, retirement planning, pension dashboard, pension information, digital engagement |
| JEL: | D83 H55 J32 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12287 |
| By: | Edgardo Zablotsky |
| Abstract: | En noviembre de 2010 escribí una nota referente a la crisis educativa que enfrentaba nuestro país. Nunca me imaginé que a lo largo de 14 años escribiría otras 289 columnas sobre la misma temática, publicadas en los principales diarios de nuestro país. De ellas, noventa y nueve centran su atención en el concepto de libertad educativa; muchas veces asociado a vouchers educativos, otras a cuentas de ahorro para la educación, otras a charter schools, o a homeschooling, pero todas privilegian el rol de los padres frente a la educación de sus hijos. Es claro que considero al mismo la llave del reino para enfrentar la trágica realidad que hoy vive la educación argentina, no por ser una receta mágica, sino porque cambiaría radicalmente un sistema perverso del cual los niños y jóvenes de las familias más desfavorecidas económicamente son los principales perjudicados. Nunca, ni en mis sueños más disparatados, consideré la posibilidad que hoy, 14 años después, la libertad educativa podría convertirse en una realidad, en virtud del apoyo del gobierno del presidente Javier Milei. Es claro que la Argentina se encuentra frente a la potencialidad de un cambio radical de sistema que beneficiaría a miles de niños y jóvenes. Este paper pretende ser una pequeña contribución a esta gesta. El mismo compila las 99 notas que centran su interés en temáticas asociadas a la libertad educativa. Cada nota se encuentra precedida de una introducción en la cual extiendo la descripción del evento que dio origen a la misma y propongo referencias para el lector interesado. El paper culmina con la entrevista que me ha realizado La Prensa, pocas semanas atrás, donde me extiendo en detalle sobre mi visión de los problemas que enfrenta la educación argentina y el cómo enfrentarlos, privilegiando el rol de los padres como actores centrales en la educación de sus hijos. |
| Keywords: | Libertad educativa, vouchers educativos, Educard, cuentas de ahorro para la educación, charter schools |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:866 |
| By: | Li, Yanning PhD; Jenn, Alan PhD |
| Abstract: | California’s rapid shift toward vehicle electrification will require substantial upgrades to the state’s electricity distribution grid (i.e., the part of the electric power system that delivers electricity from substations to homes, businesses, and other end users). Without proactive planning, these upgrades risk exacerbating existing inequities in access to electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and grid capacity. Specifically, disadvantaged communities that already struggle with higher pollution and economic hardship have lower rates of EV adoption, but are more likely to need costly grid upgrades to support charging. To better understand these equity implications, we analyzed grid capacity and charging needs across more than 5, 000 distribution feeders in California. We combined real-world utility data with projections of EV adoption and charging behavior models for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2025–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5vx8c2h0 |
| By: | Matthes, Jürgen; Sultan, Samina; Issig, Clemens; Wünsch, Laurens |
| Abstract: | In diesem vom Auswärtigen Amt geförderten Report wird eine neue Methodik für ein IW-Monitoring hoher Importanstiege aus China und möglicher Umlenkungseffekte aus China nach Deutschland aufgrund der hohen US-Zölle auf chinesische Importe entwickelt. Sie hat erstens das Ziel, ungewöhnliche Anstiege der deutschen Einfuhr aus China auf Ebene disaggregierter Warengruppen zu ermitteln. Zweitens wird ein Umlenkungsverdacht chinesischer Produkte aus den USA geprüft, indem eine Schnittmenge gebildet wird zwischen Warengruppen auf der 6-Steller-Ebene mit einem Rückgang der US-Importe aus China und zugleich einem ungewöhnlich ungewöhnlichen Anstieg der deutschen Einfuhren aus China. Der Fokus der Betrachtung liegt auf dem zweiten Quartal 2025, in dem die US-Zölle auf China zeitweise prohibitiv hoch waren [...] Es bedarf eines regelmäßigen Monitorings von Importanstiegen aus China und möglichen Umlenkungseffekten, um betroffene und möglicherweise durch unfaire Konkurrenz bedrohte Industriebereiche zeitnah identifizieren zu können. Handelsschutzinstrumente sollten konsequent genutzt werden, wenn Wettbewerbsverzerrungen nachweisbar sind und europäische Produktion in nennenswertem Umfang betroffen ist. Zudem ist dringend nach Wegen zu suchen, die Anwendung dieser Instrumente einfacher, effizienter und in der Wirkungsbreite effektiver zu machen. Dagegen ist bei Buy-European-Regelungen Vorsicht angebracht. |
| Abstract: | This report, sponsored by the German Federal Foreign Office, develops a new methodology for a IW-monitoring of sharp increases in imports from China and possible diversion effects from China to Germany due to high US tariffs on Chinese imports. Its first objective is to identify unusual increases in German imports from China at the level of disaggregated product groups. Second, it examines potential diversion of Chinese products from the US by identifying intersections between product groups at the 6-digit level with a decline in US imports from China and, at the same time, an unusually high increase in German imports from China. The focus of the analysis is on the second quarter of 2025, when US tariffs on China were temporarily prohibitively high [...] Regular monitoring of import increases from China and potential diversion effects is needed in order to identify affected industrial sectors that may be threatened by unfair competition in a timely manner. Trade defense instruments should be used consistently when distortions of competition are evident and European production is significantly affected. In addition, ways must be urgently sought to make the application of these instruments simpler, more efficient, and more effective in terms of their scope of action. On the other hand, caution is advised with regard to Buy European clauses. |
| Keywords: | Import, Chinesisch, Zollpolitik, USA, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:331890 |
| By: | Harvey, John; Buscheck, Jeff; Brotschi, Julian; Yu, Justin; Rahman, Mohammad; Deng, Hanyu; Mateos, Angel |
| Abstract: | A pilot project for the inclusion of high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) was built on State Route 215 in San Bernardino County in September 2022. Five mixes were included in short test sections: (1) a controlmix with no recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) or RAP, (2) a mix with 25% RAP and recycling agent (RA), (3) a mix with 30% RAP and RA, (4) a mix with 35% RAP and RA, and (5) a mix with 40% RAP and RA. A sixth mix, which was a typically used mix with 23% RAP, was used for construction of the rest of the overall project. This technical memorandum presents the laboratory test results from plant mix produced for job mix formula verification and from one or two quality assurance (QA) samples, depending on the test, taken during test section construction as well as observations of plant production and construction. Only the control mix binder consisting of the virgin PG 64-28M base binder and the mix with PG 58-34M, 25% RAP, and RA passed the delta Tc specification. There is FHWA guidance and past UCPRC experience with other polymer-modified Caltrans mixes that indicate delta Tc may not be a good parameter to use with modified binders. The mixes with 30%, 35%, and 40% RAP and RA and the mainline mix did not meet the PG specification low temperature limit. All the mixes easily passed the IDEAL-CT (cracking tolerance) index number. Construction QA sampled binder test results indicated that the PG 58-34M binder was used for the control mix with no RAP instead of the specified PG 64-28M binder. Results are presented for volumetric tests, flexural and axial dynamic modulus tests, repeated load triaxial tests, flexural fatigue tests, Hamburg Wheel-Track tests, and IDEAL-CT tests with reheated and medium-term oven aged samples reported in terms of the IDEAL-CT index and indirect tensile strength. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), hot mix asphalt (HMA), pilot project |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt35m230ss |
| By: | Westerhout, Ed (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | Generational Accounting; Debt Sustainability Analysis; Population Ageing; Sustainability Gap |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:ed78d038-ad2e-4f6b-8550-3718ca0907fd |
| By: | Martin, Guillermo |
| Abstract: | Este ensayo procura describir los modelos adoptados para sistematizar las prestaciones de servicios destinadas al uso público en las áreas protegidas nacionales, analizando, en particular, lo sucedido desde inicios del siglo XXI. Para lograrlo, se han considerado los marcos normativos a la luz de las experiencias del autor como actor del proceso, de la necesidad de mejorar los instrumentos y de aminorar los riesgos observados que podrían impactar sobre visitantes y objetivos de conservación. La conclusión es que no hay normas permanentes ni perfectas, deben evolucionar y adaptarse al contexto. Pero los diseños regulatorios pueden ser insuficientes de no mediar miradas profesionales capacitadas, procedimientos participativos y una evaluación confiable de los impactos y externalidades. |
| Keywords: | Servicios Turísticos; Areas Protegidas; Parques Nacionales; Gobernanza; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4422 |
| By: | Jin Man Lee; James Shilling; Janet Ge |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the vulnerability of US households today (2020-2022) to the risk of rent increases compared to previous years, particularly 2007-2015. To measure vulnerability requires a normative framework. We follow the approach developed by Sinai and Souleles (2005). We find that households are more vulnerable to rent increases now than they were at the start of our sample period. Traditionally, owning a property has been the primary means of hedging against rising rent risk. However, not all households can afford this option. We propose that insurance contracts could provide an alternative solution for households to hedge against the risk of rising rents. Similar to renters insurance, which protects personal belongings, these contracts could offer protection against rent hikes. |
| Keywords: | housing; Investment Decision; Rents; Risk and Uncertainty |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_33 |
| By: | Dickmann, Christian (infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH); Jesske, Birgit (infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH); Torregroza, Sabrina (infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH); Beste, Jonas (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Dummert, Sandra (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Frodermann, Corinna (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Malich, Sonja (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Prospero, Valentina (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wenzig, Claudia (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Trappmann, Mark (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Zins, Stefan (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Bähr, Sebastian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Collischon, Matthias (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Gundert, Stefanie (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Müller, Marcel (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Stegmaier, Jens (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wunder, Anja (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "FDZ-Datenreporte (FDZ data reports) describe FDZ data in detail. As a result, this series of re-ports has a dual function: on the one hand, those using the reports can ascertain whether the data offered is suitable for their research task; on the other, the data can be used to prepare evaluations. This data report documents the data preparation of the PASS websurvey 2024." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Datenaufbereitung ; Datenorganisation ; Datenqualität ; Datenzugang ; Erhebungsmethode ; Datensatzbeschreibung ; personenbezogene Daten ; private Haushalte ; Stichprobe ; 10.5164/IAB.PASS-SUF0624.de.en.v1 ; IAB-Haushaltspanel ; 2017-2024 |
| Date: | 2025–11–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfda:202511 |
| By: | Piera Bello (Bergamo University); Marius Cziriak (ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research); Mario Padula (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | Fees play a critical role in shaping the pension benefits provided by defined contribution (DC) pension funds. Even small differences in fees, when compounded over a long contribution period, can lead to substantial disparities in retirement income. In this study, we focus on Chile — a country with a large, mandatory DC pension system — to examine how individuals choose among pension fund administrators. Despite a regulated fee structure that ensures transparency and the absence of switching costs, we observe significant fee dispersion across providers and low switching rates among participants. Our findings reveal that individuals with higher financial literacy and a better understanding of the institutional framework are significantly more likely to switch providers, thereby minimizing fees. |
| Keywords: | Fees, defined contribution pension funds, investment mistakes, investor sophistication |
| JEL: | D14 G53 H55 J32 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2025:26 |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan; Andersson, Henrik; Cezera, Stéphane; Kanay, Ayşegül; Ouvrard, Benjamin; Panzone, Luca A.; Simon, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | What can be done to reduce the carbon footprint of consumption? To answer this, we conducted an online shopping experiment that tested the effects of two policy tools: a carbon tax (at two levels) and a behavioral nudge in the form of a traffic light-style label indicating a product’s carbon footprint (green for low, orange for medium, and red for high). To disentangle the tax’s substitution effect from its income effect, we held consumers’ purchasing power constant. We find that the tax alone significantly reduces the carbon footprint per euro spent but not per basket purchased, implying that the reduction is driven purely by the income effect. The label alone makes consumers buy fewer red products and more green products, although without reducing significantly their carbon footprint. We do find some substitution effect and a significant reduction of the carbon footprint per basket only when the tax is high enough and combined with the label. Next, we perform a welfare analysis grounded on a theoretical framework that accommodates for several assumptions about consumer’s preferences and motivations. We estimate the loss of consumer’s surplus from nudging consumers with the label. We also estimate the consumers’ valuation of a ton of CO2 avoided when they care about their climate impact. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax; nudge; green label; carbon footprint; climate change; moral; behavior. |
| JEL: | D12 D90 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131148 |
| By: | Joaquin Ameller (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Kaleab Baye (AAU - Addis Ababa University); Marie-Josephe Amiot (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Noora Kanerva (Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki); Agnes Le Port (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marinel Hoffman (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Abdelrahman Lubowa (MAK - Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda]); Gaston Ampe (MAK - Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda]); Mikael Fogelholm (Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki); Natalia Rosa-Sibakov (VTT Technical Res. Ctr. of Finland Ltd) |
| Abstract: | In 2023, between 713 and 757 million people experienced hunger globally, with Sub-Saharan Africa facing a prevalence of undernourishment at 20.4%. This study addresses the nutritional challenges affecting vulnerable groups, particularly women and young children, in eight African cities by modelling nutritionally adequate, economically affordable, and culturally acceptable diets. Our goal is to provide optimised diets for future consideration in food based national dietary guidelines for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We employ a mathematical programming approach to optimise diets, in order to achieve nutrient adequacy with minimal changes to current consumption patterns, under a budget constraint. The results show that nutritionally adequate diets are possible but often require dietary shifts, including increased intake of vegetables, fruits, and legumes, while moderately reducing the intake of cereals and, to a lesser extent, roots and tubers. Affordability remains a key constraint, some cities face larger tradeoffs than others, reflecting different levels of dietary diversity and purchasing power. Our discussion highlights the trade-off between cultural acceptability and economic affordability, suggesting that higher budgets may facilitate easier acceptance of dietary changes. Consequently, a focus on minimising food expenditures alone could compromise diet suitability by neglecting cultural acceptability. Lastly, we recommend a multifaceted policy approach to enhance frameworks for both demand and supply sides to achieve healthier diets. |
| Keywords: | Mathematical programming, Health and welfare, Diet affordability, Africa, Diet optimisation |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05299244 |
| By: | Yun-Feng Tu; Chuan-Hsiang Han |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates asymptotically optimal importance sampling (IS) schemes for pricing European call options under the Heston stochastic volatility model. We focus on two distinct rare-event regimes where standard Monte Carlo methods suffer from significant variance deterioration: the limit as maturity approaches zero and the limit as the strike price tends to infinity. Leveraging the large deviation principle (LDP), we design a state-dependent change of measure derived from the asymptotic behavior of the log-price cumulant generating functions. In the short-maturity regime, we rigorously prove that our proposed IS drift, inspired by the variational characterization of the rate function, achieves logarithmic efficiency (asymptotic optimality) by minimizing the decay rate of the second moment of the estimator. In the deep OTM regime, we introduce a novel slow mean-reversion scaling for the variance process, where the mean-reversion speed scales as the inverse square of the small-noise parameter (defined as the reciprocal of the log-moneyness). We establish that under this specific scaling, the variance process contributes non-trivially to the large deviation rate function, requiring a specialized Riccati analysis to verify optimality. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method yields substantial variance reduction--characterized by factors exceeding several orders of magnitude--compared to standard estimators in both asymptotic regimes. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.19826 |
| By: | Jones, David; Louw, Stephanus; Hand, Adam; Diefenderfer, Brian; Bowers, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | This report summarizes the work completed in Phase 1 of a study to investigate the feasibility of using cold central plant recycled (CCPR) asphalt mixtures on airport pavements. Tasks within this phase included a literature review, laboratory and limited accelerated wheel load testing, development of a procedure for designing airport pavements that include a recycled layer, development of test plans for accelerated pavement testing at the FAA’s William J. Hughes facility, development of specifications for constructing the cold central plant recycled layers on the test track, and development of just-in-time training for all personnel participating in the construction of the test track. The specifications and just-in-time training deliverables will be revised for general use based on observations and feedback from construction of the test track. The primary conclusions from the study include the following: (1) there is limited published literature on the use of cold recycled layers on commercial airport pavements, and successful implementation has been reported at 10 airports in Australia, where cold recycling was chosen over traditional remove-and-replace procedures because of speed of construction, lower environmental impact, and lower cost, (2) the FAA’s FAARFIELD design software in its current form cannot be used to design airport pavements that include a recycled layer, (3) current approaches for designing highway and airport pavements that include a recycled layer do not accurately model the behavior/performance of that pavement, approaches developed for highway designs cannot be readily adapted for airport pavements given the significantly higher gear loads and tire pressures, and a new approach was therefore required, and (4) the FAA does not have specifications for producing cold central plant recycled mixes or constructing layers with cold central plant recycled materials. Specifications therefore needed to be developed. A test plan, specification documents, and just-in-time training have been developed for the accelerated pavement testing component of the study. The test plans include test section layout, designs, and instrumentation, as well as the Heavy Vehicle Simulator trafficking plans. The specifications are consistent with the FAA’s Standard Specifications for Construction of Airports (AC 150/5370-10H, 12/21/2018) and include mix design procedures. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, cold central plant recycling, airfield pavement, Heavy Vehicle Simulator testing |
| Date: | 2025–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1nv61065 |
| By: | Toyin B, Ajibade |
| Abstract: | We developed “KasuwaGo” mobile app to remove barriers to market participation in West Africa agri-food value chains. Women's adoption and usage of the app remains low in Nigeria. To deepen usage, we introduced a youth-led market-based agent structure to provide ICT support services in transaction creation and trade facilitation for eighty women managed in eight groups in key markets. About 72.5% of the group members gave no consideration to gender in their choice of agent, as they were more concerned with agent's availability and accessibility. Female-managed groups consummated 18% more transactions than male-managed groups (p<0.05) indicating some level of same-gender affinity on engagements beyond transaction initiation. Although potential trade location counts for group members was higher by 6±1 over a 4-week cycle compared to non-group members, the interaction response time to potential trade partners was lower for non-group members app users who were smart phone owners (p<0.05). We found no significant difference in distance of markets participated in by group and non-group members who were “KasuwaGo” app-users on own-smart-phones. Averagely, women traders were willing-to-pay additional NGN110.13 as monthly subscription for app usage. Our findings suggest that providing marketing ICT support is beneficial to mainstreaming women into priority nodes on food value chains. |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae24:344400 |
| By: | Mukherjee, Sacchidananda (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | The GST rates for numerous items were recently revised, with the updated rates coming into effect on 22 September 2025. In this paper, we aim to assess the impact of GST rate restructuring on consumers’ GST liability using the National Sample Survey Office’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2022-23. Depending on how rate reductions translate into lower prices, consumer behaviour is expected to change. Variations in the price and income elasticities of demand for goods and services will influence the size and composition of the consumption basket. However, we employ a static framework in which the price and income elasticities of demand for goods and services are assumed to remain constant from HCES 2022-23. Under these assumptions, the findings of this study suggest that GST liability on household consumption expenditure will decrease by 10% to 16% under the new GST rate structure compared to the previous one. The average GST liability rate will fall from 5-7% under the old structure to 4-6% under the new structure. We observe a one percentage point decline in GST liability across all MPCE fractile classes under the new GST rate structure compared to the old one. |
| Keywords: | Goods and Services Tax (GST) ; Rate restructuring ; household consumption expenditure ; India |
| JEL: | H22 D30 E21 D63 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:25/440 |
| By: | Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana; Nieves Carmona-González; Maria Fatima Romero-Rojo |
| Abstract: | This paper applies fractional integration methods to obtain evidence on ocean acidification, namely the decrease in the pH level in the Earth’s oceans, using the annual Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station ALOHA series as well as the logged one for the period 1985-2024. The chosen modelling framework is more general than standard ones based on the I(0) versus I(1) dichotomy and sheds light on the long memory and persistence properties, as well as on the possible presence of trends, in the pH Level in the Earth’s oceans. The results indicate that the series exhibit a negative and significant time trend; however, whether or not the null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected depends on the assumption made about the errors. The key finding (when the errors are not incorrectly specified as I(0) processes) is the presence of long memory, which implies that the effects of shocks are long-lived, regardless of whether or not mean reversion occurs. Moreover, the recursive analysis indicates that both the degree of persistence and the downward trend in the pH level have increased over time. This evidence points to the urgent need for decisive policies to address the issue of ocean acidification and protect marine life and biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | ocean acidification, PH level, earth’s oceans, persistence, fractional integration, recursive estimation |
| JEL: | C22 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12281 |
| By: | Antonini, Marcello; Costa-Font, Joan |
| Abstract: | Health status can alter individuals’ social preferences, and specifically individuals' preferences regarding fairness in the access to and financing of health care. If individuals follow a healthy self-interested rationale, health improvements are expected to weaken individuals' support for fairer health care financing and access, as they perceive reduced need for healthcare services. Conversely, if healthier people face a higher opportunity cost of deteriorating health, they may endorse fairer financing and access in anticipation of future health challenges—which we label as the 'unhealthy self-interest' hypothesis. We draw on a dataset of 73, 452 individuals across 22 countries and a novel instrumental variable strategy that exploits variation in health status resulting from cross-country exposure to the national childhood Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination schedules. We document causal evidence consistent with the unhealthy self-interest hypothesis, which indicates that better health increases preferences for a fairer health care system. We estimate that a one-unit increase in self-reported health increases support for fair health care access by 11% and the willingness to support fair financing by 8%. Our findings suggest that improving population health, they may give rise to stronger support for interventions to improve equitable health system access and financing. |
| Keywords: | health status; preferences for healthcare financing fairness; willingness to pay; social preferences; BCG vaccine; instrumental variables |
| JEL: | I38 |
| Date: | 2025–11–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:130090 |
| By: | Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gabin Guillemaud (UMR ITAP - Technologies et Méthodes pour les Agricultures de demain - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Loïc Guindé (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marc Blazy (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Joaquin Ameller Pavez (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Eléonore Loiseau (UMR ITAP - Technologies et Méthodes pour les Agricultures de demain - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Thao Uyen Vu (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pascaline Rollet (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marlène Perignon (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Caroline Méjean (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | In Guadeloupe, the agricultural sector is specialized in export crops, and the local supply of products for the domestic market does not meet demand. Moreover, various studies have highlighted public health issues related to food. The goal of this study is to develop a "fork to farm" approach to analyze the capacity of local agriculture to meet the objective of improving the nutritional quality of food in Guadeloupe, while minimizing environmental impacts. We evaluated two dietary scenarios through a diet optimization model. The first one aims at improving the diet quality of Guadeloupe population without impairing the food budget. The second add a constraint of increasing the share of local food in the diet. Results are integrated in a bioeconomic model of Guadeloupe agricultural sector to assess socio-economic impacts of this new dietary patterns. Finally, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) evaluate environmental effects. Results show that local food share could rise from 30% in the baseline to 75% in the second scenario which involves increased quantities of locally grown roots, tubers, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and eggs. To make this feasible, the bioeconomic model suggests land and workforce reallocation, notably from sugarcane and bananas to cattle and vegetable farming. The LCA reveals that climate change impacts remain similar across scenarios, with meat and fish consumption being the primary contributors. Even if the "local" scenario is the least impactful, it remains high in water eutrophication and land use. While improving nutrition through local agriculture is feasible, it requires structural changes such as increased agricultural labor and expanded farmland. Policy recommendations include promoting plant-based diets, adopting sustainable farming practices, and encouraging the next generation to join the agricultural workforce. This study underscores the importance of addressing environmental, economic, and social factors to create a resilient and sustainable food system in Guadeloupe. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomic model, Life cycle assesment, Diet optimisation, French Overseas Departments and Territories, Local food, Guadeloupe |
| Date: | 2025–08–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05301057 |
| By: | Pike, Susan PhD; Matute, Juan; Reginald, Monisha; Saphores, Jean-Daniel PhD |
| Abstract: | Open-loop payments systems allow riders to pay fares using general-purpose payment methods like credit cards, debit cards, or mobile wallets (Apple Pay, Google Pay), rather than being limited to a single transit agency’s own payment system. Broad adoption of open-loop payments offers major benefits for public transit, including lower costs, greater convenience for riders, and improved operational efficiency. The California Integrated Travel Project (Cal-ITP) has helped pave the way for transit agencies interested in this technology by providing resources, guidance, and hands-on support. Cal-ITP works directly with transit agencies to address known challenges and identify solutions to emerging barriers. Understanding how agencies decide whether to adopt open-loop and other technologies is key to ensuring the effectiveness of programs like Cal-ITP. To explore this, we surveyed transit agencies in California to identify the factors that influence adoption of open-loop payments. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0xk7v8g8 |
| By: | Giuseppe Ciccarone; Giovanni Di Bartolomeo; Valentina Peruzzi; Maria Luigia Signore |
| Abstract: | We model creativity as capital built by costly cognitive effort that complements social capital and is often accompanied by routines that economize attention and time. Higher effort costs deter entry into the creative state, while openness and trust increase the productivity of cognitive effort mainly through creative capital. Using lab-in-the-field data from an Italian music festival and a recursive bivariate probit, we find that costs depress creativity, whereas creativity strongly boosts festival collaboration, volunteering, and territorial cooperation. Consistent with a routinization perspective, the creativity–engagement link is stronger when participation occurs in more socially "structured" environments. To encourage creativity, policies should reduce cognitive frictions and improve the productivity of cognitive effort. |
| Keywords: | Creativity; cognitive effort; social capital; routinization; field experiment |
| JEL: | C93 C35 D01 Z13 O31 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sap:wpaper:wp267 |
| By: | Krzysztof Nowak; Magorzata Snarska |
| Abstract: | The spatial dependencies in commercial real estate markets nowadays have become quite a general knwoledge. However, most of papers based on spatial analysis investigate dependence in prices or rents. The two factros influence capital gains of CRE investments. The third indicator of property investment efficiency is vacancy which reflects market potential risk. Nevertheless, vacancy has not received much spatial analysis research. At the same time it seems to be quite clear that the location of commercial real estate affects prices and rents but also vacancy / occupation of buildings. We verify the impact of charateristics and location effects of office buildings on changes in vacancy in the CEE capital. The study is focused on a use of the spatial econometric methodology to monthly transaction based changes in vacancy in the office market in Warsaw for a period of 2019-2024. |
| Keywords: | office buildings' hedonic features; Office Market; Spatial dependence; vacancy rate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2025_274 |
| By: | Marco A. Fernández (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Laura Noemi Herrera (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Rubén Sánchez Álvarez (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Roberto Duran-Fernandez (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Ernesto Stein (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Ileana Rossell (Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey) |
| Abstract: | Este informe analiza las desigualdades estructurales que condicionan las oportunidades educativas y económicas en Oaxaca, y propone un marco estratégico para impulsar un desarrollo inclusivo con enfoque territorial. Pese a los avances en la cobertura educativa inicial, persisten brechas profundas a lo largo del trayecto escolar: solo 22% de las y los jóvenes accede a la educación superior, más de 80 municipios carecen de planteles de nivel medio superior y más de 500 no cuentan con oferta de nivel superior. Estas disparidades territoriales limitan la capacidad de la juventud para imaginar y construir un futuro mejor, generando abandono escolar asociado a necesidades económicas, desconexión entre escuela y entorno productivo, y falta de modelos que permitan aprender sin renunciar al sustento familiar. La migración se convierte así en la principal alternativa para mejorar ingresos, pero implica una pérdida constante de talento local y debilita el tejido productivo y social del estado. No obstante, Oaxaca posee activos culturales, comunitarios y productivos únicos que, articulados bajo una visión de equidad, pueden transformar su trayectoria de desarrollo. El informe plantea un enfoque integral y territorial que incluye ampliar la infraestructura educativa, implementar modelos de formación dual y certificación laboral y diseñar políticas públicas orientadas a cerrar brechas de acceso, calidad y pertinencia. Más que una hoja de ruta técnica, el documento es un llamado a construir un nuevo pacto de desarrollo basado en la inclusión, el talento y la justicia, donde las y los jóvenes puedan prosperar en sus comunidades y el progreso económico se traduzca en bienestar compartido y no en migración forzada. |
| Keywords: | Capital humano, desigualdad estructural, desarrollo regional, talento |
| JEL: | I24 I25 R23 O15 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnt:wpaper:17 |
| By: | Peter Deffebach; David Lagakos; Yuhei Miyauchi; Eiji Yamada |
| Abstract: | We study how the spatial distribution of income and commuting patterns within cities vary across the development spectrum, drawing on new granular data from 50, 000 neighborhoods in 121 cities across developed and developing countries. We document that in developing countries, poorer urban households are significantly more likely to live far from city centers, in hilly terrain, and near rivers. These patterns are absent or reversed in developed cities. Commuting shares decline more sharply with distance in less developed countries, indicating higher commuting costs that exacerbate spatial inequality in job access. Job-access measures are considerably worse for the urban poor than for the urban rich in developing countries, while the opposite is true in developed countries. We interpret these findings in a quantitative urban model and show that a parsimonious set of factors—nonhomothetic preferences over amenities, commuting costs, and the spatial concentration of jobs—helps explain most of the cross-country patterns we document. |
| JEL: | O11 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34505 |
| By: | Herbert-Faulkner, Rowland A. PhD; Macfarlane, Jane PhD; Frick, Karen T. PhD; Walker, Joan L. PhD |
| Abstract: | This report explores how local DOTs can leverage advanced traffic modeling software to narrow the gap between their network management authority and their analytical capacity. Limited computational and analytical capacity among local DOTs has historically made detailed on-demand analytics inaccessible. Using the Mobiliti traffic simulation platform, we examine the City of San José's Safer Streets program to determine the operational and social impacts of the city’s traffic management strategies. We find that imposing a 20 mph speed limit cap on residential streets in San José’s Equity Priority Communities leads to a 39% reduction in passthrough traffic on those streets, but a 76% increase in traffic on streets in the surrounding network. Using this analytical approach, instead of relying on technical assistance from MPOs network managers can more quickly gain quantified insights into the response of network dynamics to localized interventions. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, (Traffic simulations, Advanced traffic management systems, Transportation equity, Speed limits, Traffic volumes, Network analysis (Planning)) |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3cr711sz |
| By: | Alcaráz, Alba; Capilla, Javier; Garcia-Hiernaux, Alfredo; Pérez-Amaral, Teodosio; Valarezo-Unda, Angel |
| Abstract: | In this work, a cost function is estimated for eight models from the M4 competition. The main objective of the M competitions is to evaluate the accuracy of numerous forecasting models. This study introduces metrics to measure the environmental cost associated with running different time series models during the training and forecasting phases. This approach enables the construction of an environmental cost function that depends on other explanatory variables. Interpretable models help identify key drivers of environmental impact, while more complex machine learning models are used to predict emissions without rerunning the algorithms. The findings contribute to Green AI by promoting the evaluation of forecasting models not only by forecasting precision but also by sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Green IA, M-competitions, forecasting, machine learning, sustainability |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331246 |
| By: | Marie Beck (LUMEN - Lille University Management Lab - ULR 4999 - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | Résumé La curiosité est un concept particulièrement étudié en psychologie. Elle est aujourd'hui utilisée en marketing pour soutenir une stratégie d'attraction, de motivation ou de captation de l'attention par les praticiens. Cet article propose une synthèse multidisciplinaire sur ce concept à travers une analyse bibliométrique et une analyse bibliographique. Un cadre conceptuel est proposé pour les chercheurs en marketing s'intéressant à la curiosité en proposant une nouvelle définition du concept, de ses antécédents et de ses effets. Un agenda de recherche priorisé par les praticiens peut servir de base à de futurs travaux. |
| Keywords: | curiosity, novelty, nouveauté bibliometry, motivation, information, curiosité, bibliométrie, bibliométrie curiosité information motivation nouveauté bibliometry curiosity information motivation novelty |
| Date: | 2024–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05300342 |
| By: | Damásio, Bruno; Silva, Eduardo; Mendonça, Sandro |
| Abstract: | Recent years have recorded a growth in the number of patent applications filed by digital platforms. This paper argues that by profiling these patent portfolios, we can obtain insightful patterns on platforms' business and innovation strategies. For this purpose, we build a dataset of over 380, 000 patent applications filed at least by one of ten large US and Chinese digital platforms between 1986 and 2024. A significant rise in patent activity has taken shape since 2012, largely due to an impressive number of applications filed by Chinese platforms. Platforms tend to patent alone and concentrate their patenting activity on computer technology and electric communication, with machine learning being an overarching theme. However, some platforms like Apple pursue the development of a diversified patent portfolio, while others build one more specialized and aligned with their core business. Additionally, platform applications receive a significant number of citations, despite a skewed distribution which is only slightly challenged by Apple. Finally, applications by Chinese platforms have a more limited international protection when compared to their American counterparts, as attested by their patent family sizes. |
| Keywords: | patents, digital platforms, portfolio, China |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331264 |
| By: | Bolotova, Yuliya V. |
| Abstract: | The motivations for this case study are recent developments in the U.S. broiler chicken industry involving allegations of an illegal exercise of buyer market power by the five largest broiler chicken processors in the country in the market for broiler grow-out services. This case study introduces economic, business, and legal issues related to the alleged input price-fixing cartel of the five largest broiler processors. The case study describes the broiler processors’ conduct and presents a theoretical framework that may explain market and price effects of the alleged input price-fixing cartel. In addition, the case study introduces a comprehensive analysis of a sample broiler production agreement between a broiler grower and a broiler processor with a particular attention paid to design of the payment (compensation) system included in this agreement. The teaching note provides suggested answers to discussion and analytical questions, and it also includes multiple-choice questions that can be used as in-class assignments, quizzes, and exam questions.1 This case study is suitable for a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses taught in agricultural economics and agribusiness programs and for extension and outreach audiences. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344127 |
| By: | Yaa Akosa Antwi; Marion Aouad; Nathan Blascak |
| Abstract: | We examine the financial consequences of the 2007 California Fair Pricing Law, which places a price ceiling on hospital bills for financially vulnerable individuals. Exploiting cross-sectional variation in exposure to the law, we estimate its impact on individual financial distress. We find that the law reduces the likelihood of incurring non-medical debt in collections by 19.8 percent and the number of non-medical collections by 39 percent for an individual living in a county with average exposure in California. In addition, we find suggestive evidence that the number of delinquent accounts decreased for exposed individuals. Our results suggest hospital billing regulations can improve targeted individuals’ financial outcomes. |
| Keywords: | financial distress; consumer credit; hospitals; health care |
| JEL: | G51 I18 H75 |
| Date: | 2025–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:102195 |
| By: | Beniwal, Ezaboo; Kishore, Avinash |
| Abstract: | Over the past few decades Agricultural irrigation in South Asia has emerged to be dominantly groundwater sourced. The size and structure of a region’s groundwater economy is closely intertwined with its energy economy. Until only a few years ago, diesel was the main source of energy for groundwater irrigation in the region while farmers in the rest of South Asia had access to subsidized or free electricity to operate their pumps. With rapid improvements in rural energy supply, this energy-divide is now disappearing. This has potential to change the area’s groundwater energy nexus. Farmers in Bihar, a populous state of India, have installed more than 200 thousand electric pumps for irrigation since 2015. We use data from a representative sample of 1440 farmers from the state to assess the pattern of electrification of groundwater irrigation and its impact on pump ownership, water markets, and water use in agriculture. Electrification of irrigation is skewed towards west and south Bihar. On average, electric pump owners have smaller landholdings than diesel pump owners and they charge significantly lower irrigation fees from water buyers. However, three out of four pump owners report not selling water from their pumps. Farmers using electric pumps—owned or rented—irrigate their crops more intensively and have higher cropping intensity. Near free electricity for irrigation may undermine the fiscal and environmental sustainability of the irrigation led agricultural growth in Bihar. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae24:344383 |
| By: | Hu, Peicong; Sobel, Joel |
| Abstract: | A manager has access to expert advisers. The manager selects at most one project and can implement it only if one expert provides support. The game in which the manager consults experts simultaneously typically has multiple equilibria including one in which at least one expert supports the manager’s favorite project. We describe the set of outcomes that survive iterative deletion of weakly dominated strategies. These outcomes typically exclude the manager’s most preferred equilibrium outcome. We introduce sequential procedures and compare their performance to the simultaneous game. In general, sequential consultation may be superior or inferior to simultaneous consultation. |
| Keywords: | 38 Economics (for-2020), 3801 Applied Economics (for-2020), 3803 Economic Theory (for-2020) |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt3q79f8sh |
| By: | Álvarez Nogal, Carlos; Prados de la Escosura, Leandro |
| Abstract: | Contemporary perspectives highlight significant inequality in early modern Spain.Quantitative measures of inequality are often either broad and rough or based on local orscattered estimates, which do not offer a precise overall picture over time. The sale of theBull of the Crusade provides an opportunity to examine inequality trends consistently inearly modern Spain. The Bull of the Crusade was a form of almsgiving granted by the Popeand collected by the Hispanic Monarchy, widely purchased by a population convinced of itsspiritual benefits. There were two types of bulls: the standard 2 Reales bull for ordinarypeople and the 8 Reales bull for the wealthy and individuals of high social standing. Weargue that the ratio of the 8 Reales to the 2 Reales bulls sold reflects concentration at theupper end of the distribution. Three main phases emerge: fluctuations around a flat trendfrom 1570-1630, a sustained decline in the following century, and a notable upward trendthereafter, reaching its peak in the late eighteenth century. A closer study reveals distinctpatterns within the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon that converged in the lateeighteenth century. |
| Keywords: | Top income concentration; Inequality; Early modern Spain |
| JEL: | N33 O15 Z12 |
| Date: | 2025–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:whrepe:48551 |
| By: | Fahmida Khatun; Muntaseer Kamal; Foqoruddin Al Kabir; Preetilata Khondaker Huq |
| Abstract: | Due to its geographic location and land characteristics, Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which includes rising sea levels, floods, and frequent extreme weather events. As a result, the country incurs a significant loss and damage owing to climate-related shocks every year. |
| Keywords: | climate change challenges, Bangladesh climate vulnerability, developed economy aspiration, climate resilience, loss and damage, extreme weather events |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:70 |
| By: | Van Wolleghem, Pierre; Soares, Marta Bruno; Puga-Gonzalez, Ivan; Shults, LeRon |
| Abstract: | As climate change intensifies, European local authorities (LAs) face growing pressure to adapt effectively. This article explores how LAs acquire and disseminate climate and policy knowledge, with a focus on their participation in EU-funded Research and Innovation (R&I) projects and Transnational Municipal Networks (TMNs). We map over 500 LAs involved in climate-related R&I projects and nearly 14, 000 LAs participating in 12 TMNs. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is used to identify influential hubs, LAs that have potential to both generate and spread adaptation knowledge. We find considerable variation in participation across LAs, both in R&I projects and TMN membership. Cities like Lisbon, Milan, and Tampere emerge as potential “super-spreaders”, displaying high centrality and the potential to bridge otherwise disconnected parts of the European network. |
| Date: | 2025–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:erxqg_v1 |
| By: | Gustavo de Souza; Haishi Li; Ziho Park; Yulin Wang |
| Abstract: | On April 2, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced the "Liberation Day" tariffs, creating an unexpected, precisely timed, and country-specific episode of trade policy uncertainty. The proposal threatened U.S. trade partners with additional tariffs ranging from 10% to 50%, depending on the outcome of bilateral negotiations. Using transaction-level U.S. import data, we find that firms rapidly shifted sourcing from countries facing high tariff risk to those facing low tariff risk. Firms didn't change their total import values but this reallocation came at the cost of higher import prices. Firms with stickier or contract-dependent trade relationships and greater reliance on trade finance drove this preemptive reallocation, which is consistent with them being hit hardest had tariffs been implemented before they could adjust. Our findings demonstrate that even brief periods of trade policy uncertainty can significantly disrupt supply chains. |
| Keywords: | global supply chains, trade war, trade adjustment |
| JEL: | F14 F63 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12285 |
| By: | Küblböck, Karin; Papatheophilou, Simela; Tröster, Bernhard; Ulrici, Leonhard |
| Abstract: | As part of its efforts to secure access to critical raw materials (CRMs), the EU has concluded Strategic Partnerships on Raw Materials with 14 non-EU countries. These partnerships aim to diversify supply sources and to deepen ties with resource-rich countries, thereby strengthening the resilience of CRM supply chains. They are part of the EU's partnership approach that has become a central feature of the EU's diplomacy efforts in the context of growing geopolitical competition, supply chain vulnerabilities, and China's dominance in the CRM sector. This paper critically examines these partnerships and analyzes the nature, objectives, and implementation of the 14 Strategic Partnerships currently in place, focusing particularly on the cases of Kazakhstan, Chile, and Rwanda. These countries represent different regions, income levels, and resource endowments, offering insights into how the EU's partnership approach unfolds in different contexts. The Strategic Partnerships are formalized through Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) and roadmaps, though the latter are mostly not publicly available. Our analysis reveals that their stated goals - local value addition, ESG compliance, and mutual benefits - often remain vague and are formulated without civil society participation. Where legally binding treaties, such as Free Trade Agreements constrain partner countries' domestic policy space to generate greater local benefits of raw material extraction, the provisions of Strategic Partnership do not mitigate these constraints. The impacts of the partnerships ultimately depend on the extent to which companies can be successfully engaged in the cooperation, which, in turn, crucially depends on funding opportunities. Yet EU funding structures are fragmented and heavily reliant on blended finance mechanisms and private sector alignment. This reliance limits the scope for achieving declared objectives such as industrial upgrading in the respective partner countries. We conclude that, while the EU's Strategic Partnerships are framed as equitable and sustainable, in practice they risk reproducing extractive asymmetries under a new geopolitical logic. Without more concrete commitments, stronger transparency, and real incentives for inclusive development in partner countries, these partnerships fall short of delivering the promised mutual benefits on the one hand, and sustainable supply security on the other. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefser:333404 |
| By: | Hie Joo Ahn; Thomas R. Cook; Taeyoung Doh; Elias Kastritis; Jesse Wedewer |
| Abstract: | This paper uses text data from Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting transcripts to estimate the reference levels of full employment, inflation, and financial conditions perceived by voting members and to uncover time variation in the Taylor rule parameters. We construct topic dictionaries on economic slack, inflation, and financial markets, and infer reference levels from members’ sentiment using a state-space model. The estimated employment reference level indicates that FOMC voting members generally perceived the labor market as tighter than implied by the Congressional Budget Office’s estimates between the mid-1980s and early 2000s, whereas the two measures align closely during the Great Recession and its subsequent recovery. The members’ perceived inflation target varies widely in the 1970s and 1980s, trends downward in the 1990s, and stabilizes slightly below two percent thereafter. The estimated Taylor rule exhibits shifting policy weights over time—stronger emphasis on inflation stabilization before the mid-1990s, greater responsiveness to employment deviations thereafter, and renewed emphasis on the inflation trend following the Great Recession—while interest-rate smoothing remains substantial throughout. |
| Keywords: | Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC); Taylor rule; Federal Reserve monetary policy; sentiment |
| JEL: | C32 E43 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2025–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:102162 |
| By: | Gannon, John PL |
| Abstract: | The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into pricing systems has heightened longstanding concerns about tacit collusion, particularly in structurally concentrated sectors like telecommunications. While competition authorities struggle with doctrinal limits around algorithmic coordination, this paper argues that sectoral regulators, such as in telecommunications, are well placed to respond. Furthermore, rather than expanding direct oversight of AI tools, regulators should adopt a posture of focal point disruption: strategically examining how regulation itself influences the predictability, observability, and dimensionality of competition. Drawing on coordination theory and recent merger jurisprudence, the paper identifies existing rules, such as those governing offer presentation, personalization limits, and product standardisation, that may inadvertently entrench collusive equilibria. In AI-mediated environments, these effects can be magnified. The paper proposes practical criteria for regulatory design that preserve asymmetries, support selective transparency, and reintroduce unpredictability into market interactions. Rather than waiting for general competition law to evolve, sector-specific regulators must actively assess whether their frameworks stabilize tacit alignment. The aim is not to constrain innovation but to ensure that regulatory architecture does not inadvertently make collusion easier in the age of AI while maximizing the benefits it might bring to competition. This approach offers a flexible, forward-looking alternative to AI-specific regulation or contorted competition law of uncertain effect, grounded in structural awareness and anticipatory governance. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331270 |
| By: | Xavier D'Haultfoeuille; Christophe Gaillac; Arnaud Maurel |
| Abstract: | We study linear regressions in a context where the outcome of interest and some of the covariates are observed in two different datasets that cannot be matched. Traditional approaches obtain point identification by relying, often implicitly, on exclusion restrictions. We show that without such restrictions, coefficients of interest can still be partially identified, with the sharp bounds taking a simple form. We obtain tighter bounds when variables observed in both datasets, but not included in the regression of interest, are available, even if these variables are not subject to specific restrictions. We develop computationally simple and asymptotically normal estimators of the bounds. Finally, we apply our methodology to estimate racial disparities in patent approval rates and to evaluate the effect of patience and risk-taking on educational performance. |
| JEL: | C14 C21 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34507 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Swiss financial system has navigated turbulent times since the 2019 FSAP. The COVID 19 pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, and the collapse of Credit Suisse (CS) in 2023—previously the second largest G-SIB relative to domestic GDP in the world—have tested the resilience of the Swiss financial center and the economy. Financial stability has been maintained, even though the government-assisted merger between UBS and CS, entailing significant contingent fiscal liabilities, has undermined the credibility of the Too-Big-To-Fail (TBTF) regime and revealed gaps in supervision, resolution, and crisis management in Switzerland. |
| Date: | 2025–11–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/311 |
| By: | Reed, David P.; Schnitzer, Jason; Sekar, Dhanavikram |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel longitudinal analysis of U.S. broadband performance trends from 2011 to 2023 using the Measuring Broadband America (MBA) dataset created and managed by the Federal Communications Commission. By systematically analyzing over a decade of actual user measurements, we quantify the evolution of key performance indicators including download and upload speeds, latency under load, along with their interquartile ranges (IQRs), providing the most comprehensive, empirically grounded portrait of broadband quality change available in the US to date. For example, we document the cumulative annual growth rates (CAGR) of median broadband service download speed of 20% (1.6 Mbps) for DSL, 30% (22 Mbps) for Cable, and 28% (28 Mbps) for Fiber systems between 2011 - 2023. Notably, between 2020 through July 2023, the CAGR in download speed for Fiber increased to 40% (73 Mbps) for Fiber. Our analysis indicates there may be some increase IQR for downstream and upstream speed across all DSL, Cable, and Fiber technologies over the 13-year study, meaning that there may have been an increase in the variability of broadband speeds across the middle 50% of users in the MBA program. We discuss the policy implications of these and other findings and make a concluding argument that as the FCC's MBA program was sunset in 2023, there is a strong need for the creation of a new open data platform to ensure that future broadband policy remains transparent, data-driven, and accountable. This study's data products and software artifacts are available to the research community at https://github.com/UCBoulder/bclear/tree /main. |
| Keywords: | Broadband performance measurement, Internet performance measurement, broadband speed, broadband latency, longitudinal data analysis, Digital Divide |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse25:331298 |
| By: | Ayers, Sam; Hogg, Jennifer; Lacoe , Johanna; Perez, Alan; Rothstein , Jesse |
| Keywords: | Education |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt0qg2h5xv |
| By: | Sascha O. Becker (U Warwick and Monash University); Hartmut Egger (University of Bayreuth); Michael Koch (Aarhus University); Marc-Andreas Muendler (UC San Diego) |
| Abstract: | This paper links globalization, worker efficiency, and wage inequality within plants to internal labor market organization. Using German plant–worker data and information on the task content of occupations, we document that larger plants (i) use more occupations, (ii) assign fewer tasks per occupation, and (iii) exhibit greater wage dispersion. We develop a model where plants endogenously bundle tasks into occupations, improving worker-task matching at the cost of higher fixed span-of-control costs. Embedding this into a Melitz framework, we show that trade increases worker efficiency and wage inequality in exporting plants, whereas non-exporting plants experience the opposite effects. Structural estimation and simulations confirm the model’s predictions and point to non-monotonic economy-wide effects. |
| Keywords: | Tasks;, specialization;, international trade;, irm-internal labor allocation |
| JEL: | F12 F16 J3 L23 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2025-21 |
| By: | Sascha O. Becker; Hartmut Egger; Michael Koch; Marc-Andreas Muendler |
| Abstract: | This paper links globalization, worker efficiency, and wage inequality within plants to internal labor market organization. Using German plant–worker data and information on the task content of occupations, we document that larger plants (i) use more occupations, (ii) assign fewer tasks per occupation, and (iii) exhibit greater wage dispersion. We develop a model where plants endogenously bundle tasks into occupations, improving worker-task matching at the cost of higher fixed span-of-control costs. Embedding this into a Melitz framework, we show that trade increases worker efficiency and wage inequality in exporting plants, whereas non-exporting plants experience the opposite effects. Structural estimation and simulations confirm the model’s predictions and point to non-monotonic economy-wide effects. |
| Keywords: | tasks, specialization, international trade, firm-internal labor allocation |
| JEL: | F12 F16 J3 L23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12284 |
| By: | Fahmida Khatun; Syed Yusuf Saadat; Foqoruddin Al Kabir |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh stands at the forefront of the global fight against climate change, facing immense challenges due to its geographical vulnerability. Bangladesh's climate-related disasters wreak havoc on the economy and society, impacting livelihoods in far-reaching ways. |
| Keywords: | Climate Budget, Geographical vulnerability, Economic losses, Gender inequalities, Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:54 |