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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒12‒04
ninety-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Marcelo Cajias; Rebecca Restle |
| Abstract: | Knowledge of emission sources is essential to take measures in time to mitigate the subsequent effects on health and the environment. In general terms, substances that are harmful to health and the environment are called air pollutants. The World Health Organization (WHO 2022b) estimated ~ 37.000 premature deaths related to ambient air pollution in Germany in 2016. Air pollution is a concern for everyone, but its effects are not compensated, and the originator is not required to cover the costs. Several methods have been developed to determine these costs. In the context of air pollution, the revealed-preference method is considered as it "involves determining the value that consumers hold for an environmental good by observing their purchase of goods in the market that directly – or indirectly – relate to environmental quality". Based on a semiparametric hedonic regression this paper evaluates the impact of air quality on the asking rents in Berlin between 2018 and 2021. The rental income of apartments located in areas with low pollution was 2% higher than market average. Assets in areas with high pollution were offered at a discount between –2% and -6% in comparison with average assets. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution; Geostatistics; Residential Real Estate; semiparametric geographic hedonic models |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_50&r=env |
| By: | Tiffany Hutcheson; Sara Wilkinson |
| Abstract: | The adverse impact of climate change on the environment has seen the building industry adopt environmentally-friendly building codes. In Australia, new buildings are required to meet minimum standards in terms of their use of energy. Green Star certification recognises the energy, water and ventilation efficiency in buildings. More efficient energy use in buildings decreasing the impact on the environment. Society’s support for buildings being more environmentally-friendly can be influenced by their views on the environment. This study surveys university students on their attitude and behaviour in terms of the environment. Undergraduate and postgraduate students studying finance and building subjects were surveyed. These subjects cover topics on environmental decision making. The findings of the survey provide insights into the behavioural attitudes towards the environment by individuals. They expose whether action needs to be undertaken to improve society’s understanding of the positive impact energy efficient buildings have on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Behavioural attitudes; Environment; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_204&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Piazolo |
| Abstract: | In the yearly United Nations Climate Change Conferences the participating countries have agreed to establish legally binding obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The climate change reduction measures as set out in the Paris Agreement are translated for the various countries into specific regulatory requirements by the nationally determined contributions – NDCs. The necessary reductions in greenhouse gas emissions until the year 2050 are split up for the various sectors like buildings, energy, industry, transport, agriculture or waste management. The building sector is decisive to limit global warming stemming from the increase in CO2 emissions. If the maximum temperature rise due to CO2 emission should be really kept to 2.0% (or even 1.5%) how much does the building stock has to decarbonize by when? Is this achievable for Europe? Seventy-five per cent of buildings in Europe are energy inefficient. Most of today’s buildings will still be in use in 2050. The annual renovation rate is only around 1.2 per cent. Investments in higher energy efficiency in real estate are often seen as low return and high risk. The perception of high risk is related to unclear investment costs, uncertain financing options and payback periods that are considered long. It is examined how the required route to net-zero for the real estate sector according to the nationally determined contributions match the present circumstances of the existing building stock in Europe. |
| Keywords: | Buildings; Climate Change; Decarbonization; Emissions |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_202&r=env |
| By: | Ms. Zeina Hasna; Ms. Florence Jaumotte; Jaden Kim; Samuel Pienknagura; Gregor Schwerhoff |
| Abstract: | Innovation in low-carbon technologies (LCTs), which is essential in the fight against climate change, has slowed in recent years. This Staff Discussion Note shows that a global climate policy strategy can bolster innovation in, and deployment of, LCTs. Countries that expand their climate policy portfolio exhibit higher (1) climate-change-mitigation-patent filings, (2) LCT trade flows, and (3) “green” foreign direct investment flows. Importantly, boosting innovation in, and deployment of, LCTs yields medium-term growth, which mitigates potential costs from climate policies. This note stresses the importance of international policy coordination and cooperation by showcasing evidence of potential climate policy spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Low-carbon technologies; green innovation; technological diffusion and deployment; environmental policies; economic performance; portfolio exhibit; green FDI inflow; Policy implication; LCT trade; policy coordination; Climate policy; Foreign direct investment; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Climate change; Global |
| Date: | 2023–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfsdn:2023/008&r=env |
| By: | Leonardo Gambacorta; Salvatore Polizzi; Alessio Reghezza; Enzo Scannella |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether the level of environmental disclosure in banks' financial reports matches less brown lending portfolios. Using granular credit register data and detailed information on firm-level greenhouse gas emission intensities, we find a negative relationship between environmental disclosure and brown lending. However, this effect is contingent on the tone of the financial report. Banks that express a negative tone, reflecting genuine concern and awareness of environmental risks, tend to lend less to more polluting firms. Conversely, banks that express a positive tone, indicating lower concern and awareness of environmental risks, tend to lend more to polluting firms. These findings highlight the importance of increasing awareness of environmental risks, so that banks perceive them as a critical and urgent pressing threat, leading to a genuine commitment to act as environmentally responsible lenders. |
| Keywords: | green banking, brown lending, banking, environmental disclosure, environmental risks, climate change |
| JEL: | G20 G21 M41 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1143&r=env |
| By: | Jean Chateau; Antonela Miho; Martin Borowiecki |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the economic effects of the EU's ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies using the OECD ENV-Linkage model, a dynamic, global Computable General Equilibrium model. The model projects macroeconomic, sectoral, energy and emission trends for the EU, and for the five largest EU economies separately, up to 2035. Policy scenarios combine carbon pricing with regulations to reach the ‘Fit For 55’ emission reduction target in 2030. Additional scenarios analyse i) harmonised carbon pricing across countries and sectors, ii) different forms of revenue recycling from carbon pricing, iii) the effect of the EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on competitiveness, and iv) the effect of Russia’s war against Ukraine on mitigation costs. Given the short time horizon of the analysis (until 2035), the model does not assess the positive economic benefits associated with fewer climate impacts and extreme climate events. ‘Fit for 55’ policies are projected to lead to a loss of GDP per capita of 2.1% in 2035 compared to the reference scenario (pre-‘Fit for 55’ policies), reflecting increasing production costs on the back of higher carbon pricing. Higher carbon pricing is also projected to lead to a loss of competitiveness in energy-intensive industries. The EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism may only partly mitigate the loss of competitiveness of energy-intensive industries. Harmonising carbon pricing across sectors would help limit the loss to GDP per capita, as a uniform carbon price is lower and allows for directing emission reduction efforts to sectors and countries with the lowest abatement costs. Finally, Russia’s war against Ukraine has not substantially increased the GDP costs of mitigation. Without the war, lower fossil fuel import prices would have led to higher fossil fuel demand, ultimately requiring more stringent mitigation action. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation, Computable General Equilibrium Model, energy, European Union |
| JEL: | C68 H23 Q42 Q48 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1775-en&r=env |
| By: | Martin Borowiecki; Joaquín Calvo Giménez; Federico Giovannelli; Francesco Vanni |
| Abstract: | The EU’s ambitious Green Deal aims at achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The EU is starting from a relatively good position. It has successfully reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the past decade. But further efforts are needed to reach the net zero target. These include an extension of emission trading to agriculture and the phase-out of generous subsidies for fossil fuels. Such efforts should be complemented by additional measures to shift to clean energy, notably more integrated electricity markets and deeper capital markets that provide the necessary investment in new technologies. Accelerating the green transition will also involve costs for displaced workers. Bolstering workers’ mobility and training will help improve labour reallocation and reduce transition costs. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, climate change mitigation, energy, European Union, transport |
| JEL: | H23 Q15 Q18 Q42 Q48 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1777-en&r=env |
| By: | Celso Brunetti; Benjamin Dennis; Gurubala Kotta; Adam Smith |
| Abstract: | The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme conditions that lead to disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, flooding, and wildfires. These climate-related physical risks are likely to disrupt local economic activity. |
| Date: | 2023–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2023-09-07&r=env |
| By: | Wang, Junbo; Ma, Zhenyu; Fan, Xiayang |
| Abstract: | Amid the escalating global climate crisis, the European Union (EU) has assumed a prominent role by introducing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This initiative aims to bolster climate action and mitigate carbon leakage. Nevertheless, considerable debate surrounds the practical efficacy of this measure and its conformity with World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations. This paper's objective is to quantitatively evaluate the welfare and carbon abatement effects of CBAM on the EU and other prominent economies. We develop a comprehensive multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model that incorporates EU carbon tariffs, global production networks, and carbon emissions to achieve this goal. The estimation of key parameters is conducted through a structural methodology that directly evaluates the impacts on welfare and carbon emissions resulting from unilateral or multilateral low-carbon policies. The analysis revealed that CBAM would enhance the welfare of the EU, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States. Conversely, all other economies would experience a reduction in welfare, with Russia suffering the most significant loss and China the least. Furthermore, despite CBAM's effective global carbon emission reduction, its impact on the EU's domestic carbon reduction is limited. Counterfactual analyses indicate that global carbon emissions decrease in scenarios involving a globally standardized carbon pricing mechanism, China's elevation of carbon pricing alongside a carbon tariff, and the European Union's extension of taxation to all sectors. However, these scenarios result in substantial disparities in welfare levels among countries, with the most substantial reduction in global carbon emissions occurring exclusively with a globally harmonized carbon price, accompanied by the most minor overall welfare loss. In conclusion, this paper advocates for enhanced international collaboration and dialogue among nations to foster harmonizing carbon pricing policies and adopt a universally standardized carbon pricing mechanism. |
| Keywords: | EU CBAM; Carbon leakage; Carbon abatement; Welfare analysis; Quantitative trade model |
| JEL: | F17 F64 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118978&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This diagnostic mission, financed under a SECO Transformative Statistics Agenda two-year project (FY23-25), assessed country priorities in view of Ghana’s climate challenges and identified key indicators for development under the Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program. Discussions were conducted during plenary and bilateral sessions with key national stakeholders representing data compilers and users to take stock of work already undertaken on climate change related statistics for Ghana, ongoing capacity development initiatives with other agencies, policy needs and data gaps, and data sources. These discussions were facilitated by provision of introductory training on climate change indicators. Participating agencies included the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation (MESTI), Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Energy Commission, National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), and the Bank of Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Ghana; climate change statistics; air emissions accounts; energy accounts; environmental statistics; physical and transition risks; carbon footprints. |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/355&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Climate change is both a major threat and a source of opportunities for Morocco’s development. On one hand, Morocco is one of the world’s most water-stressed countries, and water scarcity is a serious constraint to the country’s ambition to transition to a new model of development. The authorities are planning to boost investment in water infrastructure, but this should be complemented by demand management reforms that bring the price of water closer to its actual cost and induce a shift in consumption behavior. On the other hand, Morocco can take advantage of its abundant competitive renewable energy resources to reduce its still high dependence on fossil fuels. Decarbonizing the energy matrix would require significant investments in renewable energy, which should be largely shouldered by the private sector. It would also require deep regulatory reforms, including further efforts to liberalize the electricity sector. Fully exploiting this renewable energy potential could reduce Morocco´s reliance on imported fuels, help Moroccan firms’ competitiveness in neighboring markets that are embracing a green energy transition (most notably the European Union), and help create jobs. The strong earthquake that hit Morocco on September 8, exerting a heavy toll in terms of human lives and physical damages, highlights the importance of strengthening the country’s preparedness and resilience to natural disasters, including from climate change. |
| Date: | 2023–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/354&r=env |
| By: | Mahlkow, Hendrik; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | International trade is highly imbalanced both in terms of values and in terms of embodied carbon emissions. We show that the persistent current value trade imbalance patterns contribute to a higher level of global emissions compared to a world of balanced international trade. Specifically, we build a Ricardian quantitative trade model including sectoral input-output linkages, trade imbalances, fossil fuel extraction, and carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and use this framework to simulate counterfactual changes to countries' trade balances. For individual countries, the emission effects of removing their trade imbalances depend on the carbon intensities of their production and consumption patterns, as well as on their fossil resource abundance. Eliminating the Russian trade surplus and the US trade deficit would lead to the largest environmental benefits in terms of lower global emissions. Globally, the simultaneous removal of all trade imbalances would lower world carbon emissions by 0.9 percent or 295 million tons of carbon dioxide. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions, international trade, gravity |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuewep:279808&r=env |
| By: | Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez; Florian Mante; Ivan Haščič; Adelaida Rojas Lleras |
| Abstract: | Multifactor productivity is a comprehensive measure of productivity where the underlying production function accounts for multiple factor inputs, traditionally labour and produced capital. While single-factor productivity is intuitively simple, such measure offers a biased picture of the economy because it attributes all variation in output growth to a single factor input (e.g. consumption of fossil fuels or material resources) while the role of other factors is ignored. Multifactor productivity aims at addressing this shortcoming, and as such it is a valuable component of the OECD set of Green Growth headline indicators. This paper presents further progress in measuring the EAMFP and related growth accounting indicators in 52 countries for 1996-2018. An important novelty is the inclusion of renewable natural resources such as land, timber and fisheries, and ecosystem services such as coastal and watershed protection. Exploratory results on accounting for renewable energy resources are also included. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, costs, ecosystem services, environmental accounting, exhaustible resources, forest, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, income, indicators, land, minerals, multifactor productivity, natural capital, pollution, prices, production, renewable energy, renewable resources |
| JEL: | D24 O44 O47 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q52 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envddd:2023/01-en&r=env |
| By: | Wentao Yu (School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University and Business School, University of Western Australia); Yanrui Wu (Business School, The University of Western Australia); Xiaolan Tan (School of Public Administration, Hohai University and School of Marxism, Fuzhou University); Xiumei Guo (School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University) |
| Abstract: | The platform economy is growing fast in the world. Its expansion, exemplified by industry giants like Amazon, Airbnb, and Uber, is reshaping societal lifestyles and commercial business. However, its environmental impacts are uncertain. Currently, the relationship between e-commerce activities and environmental pollution has attracted a lot of attention. This paper attempts to construct a comprehensive theoretical model to investigate the nexus between e-commerce and regional environmental pollution, with a particular focus on the effects of air pollution and waste pollution. Fixed effect models and China’s provincial data during the period from 2008 to 2018 are employed to examine the roles of resource consumption and energy efficiency in such a nexus. The findings suggest that the development of e-commerce is linked to a reduction in regional air pollution through the channel of improving transportation energy efficiency. The results also show that e-commerce is associated with an increase in regional waste pollution due to the mechanism of resource consumption in the express packaging industry. As a result, the relationship between e-commerce and environmental pollution is quite complex at the regional level, transcending a binary distinction of solely positive or negative impacts. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the complex environmental impacts of e-commerce and helps governments design more efficient and targeted policies to reduce regional pollution. |
| Keywords: | e-commerce strategy; environmental pollution; energy efficiency; China |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:23-11&r=env |
| By: | Wilhelm, Maike; Aydemir, Ali; Rohde, Clemens |
| Abstract: | Previous international climate change agreements have primarily been driven by states, such as the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, followed by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the Paris Agreement in 2015. Perhaps due to the national focus of these agreements, discussions and actions to date have mainly centred on direct carbon emissions from households, transport and industry. However, it is important not to overlook the significant potential for the financial industry to contribute towards combating climate change. Through their lending activities, they determine which economic activities receive financing and which do not. This economic power is needed to achieve the Paris climate goals. While Germany's Climate Protection Act provides a framework for meeting these goals, it does not impose specific requirements on banks. However, German banks have voluntarily committed to fulfilling their responsibilities in regards to climate policy. In this study, we analyze the goals and measures that German banks plan to pursue in their efforts to combat climate change based on self-statements found in their strategy papers. |
| Keywords: | green finance, sustaible finance, policy measures |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:279796&r=env |
| By: | Kim, Hyunseok |
| Abstract: | As carbon reduction targets are being strengthened globally, it is increasingly important in Korea to comprehend the impact of two major greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction policies, Target Management System (TMS) and Emissions Trading System (ETS), on industrial competitiveness. ETS relies more on individual firms' economic incentives compared to TMS, which is a command-andcontrol regulation. While the transition from TMS to ETS in 2015 is found to have partially alleviated the burden for manufacturing firms, there is a need to enhance policy effectiveness by acknowledging their limited performance in reducing carbon emissions thus far. While TMS was introduced in 2011 with the aim of enforcing emissions reduction and enhancing energy efficiency across different sectors, heavy emitters have been managed separately through ETS since 2015. Knowing the low abatement performance in the manufacturing industry after mid-2010, the reduced burden can be attributed to two factors: i) improvement in efficiency resulting from the transition, and ii) alleviation of the burden through the provision of free allocations. The policy efforts should aim for a greater reduction by strengthening the targets for the regulated firms, which is in line with the reinforced policy goals announced in October 2021. Stricter goals are inevitable in the future, and therefore, policymakers must endeavor to bolster the sustainability of the manufacturing sectors by developing a detailed roadmap based on multiple indicators. Taking into account the varying impacts of GHG reduction policies on the competitiveness based on the energy intensity and emission intensity of each sector, the roadmap needs to be carefully crafted in order to impose a feasible burden on the regulated firms. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kdifor:279691&r=env |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | As a result of climate change’s effects on sea levels, storms, and precipitation patterns, the risk of flood damage is expected to increase in the United States. In this report, the Congressional Budget Office estimates how much flood damage homes with federally backed mortgages are expected to face in two multiyear projection periods—one centered on 2020, reflecting current climate conditions, and one centered on 2050, reflecting the further effects of climate change. |
| JEL: | G21 G22 G28 H12 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:59379&r=env |
| By: | Tony ShunTe Yuo; Chantalle Elisabeth Rietdijk; Yu-An Yang |
| Abstract: | In recent years, climate change has caused severe impacts on various countries and exacerbated the impact of natural disasters on human settlements. Due to Taiwan's high risk of multiple natural disasters and complex terrain changes, the impact and damage of disasters it faces are more severe than most countries. This makes Taiwan a suitable research site to observe and discuss the impact of natural disasters on human settlements. Research on natural disaster risk has long focused on the impact of a single disaster. However, the impact of disasters is often multiple and related to the vulnerability of the regional environment. In this case, the assessment of terrain is critical. On the premise of natural disaster prevention, the livable environment and areas not suitable for development should be defined first. Through the integration of topography and natural disasters, this study uses a geographic information system to explore the relationship between Taiwan's livable environment, unsuitable development areas, and the current population distribution and agglomeration; By contrasting the spatial distribution of disasters such as landslides, flooding, and land subsidence, we explore how the diversity of natural disasters directly affects the living environment and indirectly causes fluctuations in housing prices. |
| Keywords: | Disaster prevention; housing market; Livable environment; Multi-hazard risk |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_145&r=env |
| By: | Muhammad Yusaimi Hamid; Muhammad Najib Razali; Rohaya Abdul Jalil |
| Abstract: | This abstract discusses the increasing importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors in the real estate industry in Asia and Malaysia, where many listed property companies have begun to adopt ESG practices. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives on company performance remains unclear. This problem statement aims to investigate the potential benefits of integrating ESG practices into the operations of listed real estate companies and to identify the specific ESG factors that are most important in driving performance. Previous studies have shown mixed results, and there is a need to investigate the specific ESG factors that are most important in driving the performance of listed real estate companies in Asia and Malaysia. While academic research has been supportive of the increased value of ESG in real estate investing, this research aims to examine major real estate challenges and topics such as climate change risk issues, energy efficiency, and decarbonization frameworks. The significance of ESG in real estate investment decision-making for real estate investors globally moving ahead has been established, notably around the topics of climate risk reduction, climate resilience, and zero-carbon initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Asian; Esg; Listed Property Companies; Literature |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_281&r=env |
| By: | Shaun Bond; Shawn McCoy; Ian McDonough |
| Abstract: | The economic consequences of weather and climate disasters in the United States are of significant concern to institutional investors. In this paper we study commercial real estate market outcomes in response to natural disasters. In particular, we draw on recent research examining resilient regions and show how measures of resiliency may predict which markets and property types recover more quickly from natural disasters. We first investigate the price and cash flow impacts of a natural disaster to understand how market signals are responding to the occurrence of extreme climate events. Second, we consider how investors are responding to, and potentially mitigating, evolving climate risks by examining capital expenditure strategies in areas before and after extreme events occur. In each case we investigate these questions in the context of the economic resiliency of the region in which the property is located. |
| Keywords: | commercial real estate; Hurricanes; Institutional Investors; Natural disasters |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_38&r=env |
| By: | Kim, Dawool (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | North Korea recognized the importance of addressing climate change early on and has been an active participant in international cooperation on climate change. However, North Korea's vulnerability to climate change is still considered to be very high, and the country has been unable to participate in the international community's efforts to support climate change adaptation in developing countries due to sanctions. This study aims to analyze the climate change challenges that North Korea faces focusing on natural disasters and agriculture. For this purpose, it not only refers to domestic and international statistics, literature, and media data but also uses real-time satellite data to provide empirical evidence on climate change impacts and policy performance in North Korea. Also, It suggests the need for South Korea to support North Korea’s adaptation to climate change, especially in cooperation with the international community. |
| Keywords: | North Korea; Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2023_038&r=env |
| By: | Gegner, Martin |
| Abstract: | Am 21. April 2023 wurde das Gesetz zum Neustart der Digitalisierung der Energiewende (GNDEW), eingebracht von den Fraktionen Bündnis 90/ Die Grünen, der SPD sowie der FDP und federführend entwickelt vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK), vom Bundestag, verabschiedet. Das GNDEW ist, eingebunden in die Novellen des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes, des Energiewirtschaftsgesetzes, des Gebäudeenergiegesetzes und Wärmeplanungsgesetzes, ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Vorhaben des grünen Koalitionspartners zur Förderung und Beschleunigung der Energiewende, wenn auch dieses weitaus weniger bekannt ist und diskutiert wurde als die anderen genannten Gesetze. Bezeichnenderweise gibt es eine für die Sektorenkopplung mit der Energie notwendige Verkehrswende, die Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des CO2 -Ausstoßes im Verkehr voranbringt, keine Gesetzesinitiativen des zuständigen Fachministers von der FDP. Im Gegenteil: 2023 wurden die geplante Anpassung der CO2 -Bepreisung verschoben und die Pendlerpauschale um 3 Cent pro Kilometer erhöht, also Maßnahmen beschlossen, die eher zur CO2 -Steigerung als zur Minderung beitragen. Damit liegt die Aktivität der Regierung beim Ziel, die Klimaneutralität möglichst in den 2030er Jahren zu erreichen, zurzeit einzig bei den Grünen und hier vor allem beim, von Vizekanzler Habeck geführten, BMWK. Die hier im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projekts Mobility2Grid interessierende Fragen lauten, ob die regulativen Vorhaben der derzeitigen Bundesregierung zur Förderung der Sektorenkopplung von Energie- und Verkehrswende auf die Akzeptanz der beteiligten Stakeholder stoßen, wer von den Maßnahmen profitiert und welche energiepolitischen und gesamtgesellschaftlichen Folgen sich daraus ergeben. Dies soll am Beispiel des GNDEW untersucht werden. |
| Abstract: | On 21 April 2023, the Act on the Re-launch of the Digitalisation of the Energy Transition (GNDEW), introduced by the parliamentary groups Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, SPD and FDP and developed by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection (BMWK), was passed by the Bundestag. The GNDEW, integrated into the amendments to the Renewable Energy Sources Act, the Energy Industry Act, the Building Energy Act, and the Heat Planning Act, is an important component of the green coalition partner's plans to promote and accelerate the energy transition, even though it is far less known and discussed than the other laws mentioned. Significantly, the transport turnaround (Verkehrswende), which is necessary for sector coupling with energy and which advances measures to reduce CO2 emissions in transport, has not been the subject of any legislative initiatives by the responsible minister from the FDP. On the contrary: in 2023, the planned adjustment of CO2 pricing was postponed and the commuter tax allowance was increased by 3 cents per kilometer, i.e. measures were adopted that contribute more to increasing CO2 than to reducing it. This means that the government's activity towards the goal of achieving climate neutrality, if possible in the 2030s, currently lies solely with the Greens, and here above all with the BMWK led by Vice-Chancellor Habeck. The questions of interest here in the context of the BMBF-funded project Mobility2Grid are whether the regulatory plans of the current federal government to promote the sector coupling of energy and transport transition meet with the acceptance of the stakeholders involved, who benefits from the measures and what are the consequences for energy policy and society as a whole. This will be investigated using the example of the GNDEW. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdms:279779&r=env |
| By: | François J. Dessart (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | (1) GreenComp is the recently published European Sustainability Competence Framework, which identifies sustainability competences that learners need for a more sustainable society. (2) This policy brief uses behavioural insights and evidence to assess whether and how these sustainability competences can make learners behave in a more sustainable way. (3) GreenComp’s competences leverage several proven psychological drivers of sustainable behaviour, and also address psychological barriers that evidence links to unsustainable behaviour. (4) The sustainability competences identified in GreenComp can thus indeed help learners behave more sustainably. This review therefore confirms the potential of acquiring these sustainability competences to contribute to a more sustainable society |
| Keywords: | sustainability, skills, competences, green |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130950&r=env |
| By: | Buchanan, Bonnie; Silvola, Hanna; Vähämaa, Emilia |
| Abstract: | Private investors are an increasingly important voice in sustainability challenges. We examine investors' attitudes and behavior towards sustainable investing through a survey of 5, 030 Finnish private investors. We document that 60 percent of all respondents consider environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors when making investment decisions. Our results indicate that women and millennials are more likely to follow sustainable investment strategies than investors on average. We also find that language background, location and education levels influence investment behavior. Moreover, our findings suggest that both sustainable and traditional investors are willing to take risks in their investment strategy. We also report the effects of the COVID pandemic on investor behavior and find that investors who started investing during the pandemic are less likely to choose traditional investment strategies. Our findings have implications for financial market participants and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | private investors, sustainability, investment strategies, ESG, risk-taking, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | G01 G21 G30 M14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofrdp:279564&r=env |
| By: | Estalia Rona Ratu Roy (Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Eri Dwi Wibawa Author-2-Workplace-Name: PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Gregorius Aji Sentosa Author-3-Workplace-Name: PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Ines Wahyuniati Riza Author-4-Workplace-Name: "PT Hutama Karya (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia " Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Air pollution is an environmental threat that significantly impacts human health as it can cause premature death to 7 million people every year. In 2010, human activities added at least 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Methodology/Technique - One opportunity to minimize this impact is environmentally friendly automotive technology. One example of such a solution is Toyota Motor Corporation's (TMC) research collaboration with BMW Group (since 2011), focusing on improving the performance and capacity of lithium-ion battery cells. Using an explanatory qualitative method and data from a deductive literature review, the author formulates indicators of the company's research success and collaboration impact. Finding - To support the success of the research, the authors use the Theory of International Economic Cooperation. This study argues that research cooperation in the automotive field based on green technology conducted by BMW Group and TMC can significantly impact the global economic sector Novelty - The benchmark for the success of corporate research cooperation between other countries in the future by determining a research agenda plan equipped with a market segment plan and adjusted to differences in regulations and culture. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Research Cooperation, BMW Group, TMC, Success Indicators, Collaboration Impact |
| JEL: | E30 E50 |
| Date: | 2023–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr636&r=env |
| By: | Ilaria Piatti (Queen Mary University of London); Joel Shapiro (Said Business School, University of Oxford); Xuan Wang (SBE Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Tinbergen Institute) |
| Abstract: | We model investors that take into account the amount of public good that firms produce (e.g., by reducing carbon emissions) when making their portfolio allocation. In an equilibrium asset pricing model with production and public goods provision, we find that environmentally conscious investors invest more than others, invest more in clean firms, and may invest more in dirty firms. Whether clean firms exhibit CAPM alphas depends on the amount of systematic risk of the firm and its relative contribution to the public good. There is underprovision of the public good in equilibrium. Lower government provision may lead to a surge in investment and government provision may be dominated by green subsidies. Finally, we extend the model to analyze negative externalities, donations, and uncertainty regarding public good provision. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance, ESG investing, public good pro-vision, asset pricing |
| JEL: | G11 G12 H41 |
| Date: | 2023–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:969&r=env |
| By: | Iveena Mukherjee |
| Abstract: | With the onset of climate change and the increasing need for effective policies, a multilateral approach is needed to make an impact on the growing threats facing the environment. Through the use of systematic analysis by way of C-ROADS and En-ROADS, numerous scenarios have been simulated to shed light on the most imperative policy factors to mitigate climate change. Within C-ROADS, it was determined that the impacts of the shrinking ice-albedo effect on global temperatures is significant, however differential sea ice melting between the poles may not impact human dwellings, as all regions are impacted by sea ice melt. Flood risks are also becoming more imminent, specifically in high population density areas. In terms of afforestation, China is the emerging leader, and if other countries follow suit, this can incur substantial dividends. Upon conducting a comprehensive analysis of global trends through En-ROADS, intriguing patterns appear between the length of a policy initiative, and its effectiveness. Quick policies with gradual increases in taxation proved successful. Government intervention was also favorable, however an optimized model is presented, with moderate subsidization of renewable energy. Through this systematic analysis of assumptions and policy for effective climate change mitigation efforts, an optimized, economically-favorable solution arises. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.03546&r=env |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Hallegatte, Stephane; Trinh, Trong-Anh |
| Abstract: | We offer an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impact of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperature on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa, there is inclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analyzing a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys, we find that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. Our findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, temperature, poverty, inequality, subnational data |
| JEL: | Q54 I32 O1 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1347&r=env |
| By: | Hokkanen, Topi |
| Abstract: | Carbon leakage is one of the major issues facing policymakers today when designing environmental regulation. While the empirical and trade literature on carbon leakage is rich, much less is known about the implications of carbon leakage risk on optimal regulatory policies under asymmetric information. To this end, I derive the optimal incentive compatible mechanism to regulate polluting firms under asymmetric information of both their abatement costs and carbon leakage risk, which I model as type-dependent outside options. The resulting regulatory distortions depend on the affiliation between the firm's abatement and relocation costs. The optimal policy is less strict than first-best whenever this affiliation is negative or mildly positive, whereas under strong positive affiliation I find a novel upwards distortion in the optimal policy. My results imply that rather than being a byproduct of unsuccessful regulation, carbon leakage may be the optimally induced outcome of incentive compatible regulation, contrasting with the received wisdom in policy debate. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, mechanism design, externalities, asymmetric information |
| JEL: | D62 D82 L51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofrdp:279565&r=env |
| By: | Pat McAllister; Ilir Nase |
| Abstract: | Energy transition from fossil fuels has been a key focus of governments post Paris Agreement. In 2019, the UK government legislated a net zero emissions target by 2050. Existing buildings account for roughly 40% of the energy related global CO2 emissions, of which nearly 30% comes from operational carbon. Given their contribution to total greenhouse gas emissions, residential buildings operations’ impact has received increased attention with targeted legislative frameworks at the national and supranational levels. A key aspect of the net zero transition are heat pumps as the alternative to fossil fuel, particularly in climates with limited solar energy potential. This paper investigates the heat pump take up rate by new dwellings across local authorities in England and Wales. In addition to documenting the perceived low take up rate, we analyse the factors determining the nuanced dispersion of these rates. We conclude that further action is needed in heat pump take up if they are to constitute a key factor in reducing CO2 emissions to help the UK government achieve its net zero ambition by 2050. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition; Heat pumps; Residential Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_328&r=env |
| By: | Bowen Yan |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) is extensively researched in the economic sector, but there is a gap in ESG literature in the real estate sector. This paper examines how ESG factors affect the London office market from the perspectives of occupiers and investors. Using a quantitative approach, the paper analyzes the preference of tenants to lease green across different industries, the correlation between a company's ESG rating and its occupancy cost in the London office market, the impact of ESG performance on its ability to attract and retain tenants in the London office market, and the extent to which ESG considerations affect rental pricing in the London office market. Preliminary results of the study indicate that ESG ratings are positively correlated with occupancy costs, that office buildings with higher BREEAM ratings generate more rental premiums and that tenants in specific sectors are more willing to pay a green premium. The study's adoption of stakeholder theory provides a broader perspective on the role of the London office market in society and emphasizes the importance of creating value for all stakeholders. The paper provides evidence to demonstrate the significance of ESG considerations in the London office market. The findings have important implications for real estate practitioners, investors, and policymakers interested in sustainable and socially responsible real estate practices. |
| Keywords: | CSR; Esg; London office market; Sustainable Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_169&r=env |
| By: | Pragati Anand (MNNIT Allahabad - Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad); Dilawar Husain (Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus); Ravi Prakash (MNNIT Allahabad - Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad) |
| Abstract: | India is one of the largest countries in the world, with a population mainly living in villages and primarily engaged in dairy activities along with agriculture. Despite being the largest milk-producing nation, lives of local farmers are challenging due to the lack of access to technology in rural areas. This study aims to develop an integrated system that can solve the problems faced by farmers by utilizing locally available resources. Due to the time lag between milking and storage, milk spoilage is more likely to occur in remote areas. Immediate pasteurization and storage facilities are required. Heating and refrigeration are essential for pasteurization. In India, most villages face power shortages, so biomass heat is suitable for pasteurizing milk. A steam jet refrigeration system is also proposed as it runs with waste biomass for chilling milk. Steam required for both heating and chilling milk is generated in the same biomass-fired boiler. Also, make-up water requirements in the boiler are fulfilled using a rainwater harvesting system. In a conventional dairy plant, a cooling tower is used to supply condensate water required in the condenser. Here this water requirement is fulfilled using a bore well. Subsequently, this water is stored in the irrigation pond to cool it by natural cooling through surface evaporation, making the water suitable for irrigation purposes. Also, the payback period of this system is estimated to be less than six months. Looking at the multiple benefits, this integrated system will further facilitate in achieving sustainable development goals through rural development by 2030. |
| Keywords: | rural development, milk pasteurization, carbon neutral, water purification |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04242883&r=env |
| By: | Nour Nassar (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University); Wadim Strielkowski (UC - University of California) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the article is to outline the relationship between the green management aspects in the financial sector that lead to the green competitiveness from the external stakeholders' perspective. The methodology used in this study is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR) approach seeking to develop a greater understanding of relevant terminology, core concepts, and key factors affecting the transition process towards the green financial sector. The main outcome of this research is constructing a model of transition towards the green financial sector for gaining green competitiveness in which the external stakeholders' perspective hass been emphasized. This study creates a research tool that can be used for weighting green managerial aspects from the external stakeholders' point of view. While performing this study, the authors were focusing on the Middle East area which constitutes the main limitation of this research. Therefore, more attention and focus on other geographical areas might be necessary for more accuracy. |
| Keywords: | transition, sustainable development, green competitiveness, green management, financial sector, stakeholders |
| Date: | 2022–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04242575&r=env |
| By: | Manuel T. Valdés; Mar C. Espadafor; Risto Conte Keivabu (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | -In late 2018, the government of Madrid instituted a low emission zone (LEZ) in the central district of the city, aiming primarily to alleviate traffic-related emissions and enhance air quality. Extensive research has documented the adverse effects of air pollution on academic performance. Consequently, the success of Madrid’s LEZ in reducing traffic-related emissions could potentially translate into improved performance among students schooled in the designated area. Through a difference-in-differences design, we demonstrate the policy's effectiveness in improving air quality during the four years following its implementation. Subsequently, we show a noteworthy increase of 0.17 standard deviations in the average EvAU scores (high-stakes examinations for university admittance) of high schools within the LEZ, a crucial advantage for gaining entry into the most competitive university programs. Importantly, our findings reveal positive spillover effects in the surroundings of the LEZ area and a larger effect the longer and earlier the exposure to cleaner air. In sum, our study offers compelling empirical evidence of the beneficial educational impacts resulting from the implementation of a low emission zone successful in improving air quality. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2023-048&r=env |
| By: | Anthony J. Venables; Frederick Van Der Ploeg |
| Abstract: | In the presence of strategic complementarities stemming from peer effects in demand or from technological spill-overs, propagation and amplification mechanisms increase the effectiveness of climate policies. This suggests that climate goals can be met with smaller policy interventions. However, if there are multiple equilibria, radical and more ambitious climate policies are needed to shift the economy from a high-emissions to a low-emissions path.. Once the radical shift has taken place the transformative policies can be withdrawn. More generally, such policies can set in motion social, technological, and political tipping points. The rationale for such policies is strengthened due to key households, corporations and institutions being at the centre of networks, and thus radical climate policies should identify those agents and leverage them. Our proposals offer a complementary perspective to scholars that have emphasised insights from the literature on early warning signals to advocate sensitive intervention points to get more effective and more transformative climate policies. |
| Date: | 2022–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:990&r=env |
| By: | Ombuya, Sherri; Shishlov, Igor; Michaelowa, Axel |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement reaffirmed the commitment to provide USD 100 billion in international climate finance to developing countries by 2020. This Working Paper delves into the history and challenges of international climate finance. We emphasize the complexities tied to diverse definitions and accounting practices, leading to disputes over climate finance figures, as well as the struggle of developed countries to meet the USD 100 billion annual target. With the need to mobilize finance for addressing loss and damage (L&D) gaining traction in UN climate negotiations, we examine how similar challenges may hinder progress on the L&D agenda. Furthermore, we stress the importance of fostering trust between donor and recipient countries in the context of financial support pledges under the Paris Agreement. We identify how key negotiation processes, like the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCGG), have the potential to change the status quo. |
| Keywords: | International Climate Finance, Loss and Damage, Climate Finance Accounting, Adaptation Finance, Conference of the Parties (COP) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsew:279804&r=env |
| By: | Cesar Barreto; Robert Grundke; Zeev Krill |
| Abstract: | The green transformation of the economy is expected to lead to a sharp reduction in employment in carbon-intensive industries. For designing policies to support displaced workers, it is crucial to better understand the cost of job loss, whether there are specific effects of being displaced from a carbon-intensive sector and which workers are most at risk. By using German administrative labour market data and focusing on mass layoff events, we estimate the cost of involuntary job displacement for workers in high carbon-intensity sectors and compare it with the displacement costs for workers in low carbon-intensity sectors. We find that displaced workers from high carbon-intensity sectors have, on average, higher earnings losses and face stronger difficulties in finding a new job and recovering their earnings. Our results indicate that this is mainly due to human capital specificity, the regional clustering of carbon-intensive activities and higher wage premia in carbon-intensive firms. Workers displaced in high carbon-intensity sectors are older, face higher local labour market concentration and have fewer outside options for finding jobs with similar skill requirements. They have a higher probability to switch occupations and sectors, move to occupations that are more different in terms of skill requirements compared to the pre-displacement job, and are more likely to change workplace districts after displacement. Women, older workers and those with vocational degrees as well as workers in East Germany, experience particularly high costs in case they are displaced from high carbon-intensity sectors. |
| Keywords: | carbon-intensive sectors, difference-in-differences, green transition, human capital specificity, Job loss effect, labour displacement, labour market concentration, labour reallocation |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J42 J63 J64 J65 Q52 |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1774-en&r=env |
| By: | Ben Höhn; Sven Bienert |
| Abstract: | We present an assessment of contemporary climate risk quantification tools utilized by the real estate industry. Given the escalating frequency and severity of extreme weather events, it is imperative for market participants to employ reliable and robust risk quantification methods to manage their portfolios. Our study evaluates the methods currently used against multiple criteria, including database quality, quantification methodology, transparency, actuality, scope, geographical suitability, and others. We employ publicly available information and the outcomes of a questionnaire sent to providers of risk quantification software. Furthermore, we calculate the physical climate risk for a pre-defined portfolio using the identified climate risk quantification methods. Our findings indicate that many of the available tools lack transparency in their methodology and that there are significant discrepancies in the physical risk quantifications. This paper contributes to the given objective in various ways. Specifically, it offers an overview of the available tools used by market participants, it defines criteria that can be employed to assess climate risk tools, with an emphasis on the real estate industry, and it identifies the weaknesses and strengths of the different approaches. |
| Keywords: | Risk quantification tools; Transparency |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_188&r=env |
| By: | Burke, Andrew; Fulton, Lewis |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, clean fuel, hydrogen, transportation fuel, synthetic natural gas |
| Date: | 2023–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt00h2k09h&r=env |
| By: | Sirini Jeudy-Hugo; Sofie Errendal |
| Abstract: | The Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) was established at COP26 to urgently enhance mitigation ambition and implementation in this critical decade. This paper explores how the MWP could build on and amplify relevant existing efforts, within and outside the UNFCCC, to trigger the rapid scale up of mitigation efforts required to keep the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement within reach. As a multilateral platform backed by the legitimacy and convening power of the UNFCCC, the MWP could help to raise awareness of available tools and solutions, build momentum behind relevant ongoing mitigation-related initiatives without being prescriptive, and deliver more effective, targeted mitigation efforts across all fronts in the near-term. This paper also outlines potential options for the annual decision on the MWP which provides an important opportunity to maintain attention on the need to urgently scale up mitigation efforts and encourages learning-by-doing. The annual MWP decision could be structured around different mutually supportive elements including lessons learned from the MWP’s first year, follow-up from MWP activities and related mitigation commitments at previous COPs, synergies with other UNFCCC processes, and how to complement the global stocktake. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global dialogues, international co-operation, investment-focused events, just energy transition, Mitigation Work Programme, non-Party stakeholders, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | D63 F53 H70 O29 Q49 Q54 Q56 Q58 E22 |
| Date: | 2023–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/03-en&r=env |
| By: | Vogel, Henrik |
| Abstract: | The fashion industry is considered one of the most relevant industries worldwide. At the same time, however, it is repeatedly accused of irresponsible behavior toward the environment and society. For fashion brands who identify Generation Z as an attractive customer target group, the increasing consumer sensitivity for environmental protection and corporate social responsibility (CSR) could offer promising potential for differentiation. Although this assumption is frequently cited, there has been surprisingly little research to date. In a quantitative-empirical study among n = 157 members of Generation Z in Germany, the impact, a) attitude toward responsible fashion consumption and b) environmental concern were analyzed. The results show that both, attitudes towards responsible fashion consumption and environmental concern have a positive effect on the intention to buy clothes from CSR-driven fashion brands. Furthermore, environmental concern has a reinforcing effect on the attitude-intention relationship. Recommendations for managerial practice and ideas for possible future research are derived from the results. The work is intended to contribute to a deeper understanding of the responsible fashion consumption behavior of Generation Z in Germany. |
| Keywords: | brand choice, consumer behavior, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental concern, fashion, Generation Z, purchase intention |
| JEL: | M14 M31 L67 L81 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhma:279795&r=env |
| By: | Sudries, Laura; Lapillonne, Bruno |
| Abstract: | This document is a contribution of ADEME and ECLAC to measurement of the progress in Latin America on energy policies related to Sustainable Development Goal 7 of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The document was prepared within the framework of the Energy Efficiency Indicators Database project, which aims to contribute to technical capacity-building in the countries of the region to monitor their progress towards affordable, efficient, secure and modern energy. |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68653&r=env |
| By: | Eichhorn, Christopher; Rahmadani, Nurdita |
| Keywords: | basic income, environment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fribis:279821&r=env |
| By: | Naveen Kumar (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics); Dibyendu Maiti (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Emerging economies (EMEs) often ignore effective mitigation strategies for climate risks to prioritise growth acceleration. This paper shows that EMEs cannot sustain their economic growth trajectory due to the adverse impact of climate change on total factor productivity (TFP). Using a standard growth model, it demonstrates how temperature rise and variation from growing industrial emissions reduce capital productivity along with the damage to ecosystem services and labour productivity, adversely impacting total factor productivity (TFP). A cross-sectional augmented auto-regressive distributed lag model (CS-ARDL), which addresses the issues of endogeneity and cross-sectional dependence with stochastic trends, has been applied to 21 EMEs over the period from 1990 to 2018 and reveals a strong negative impact of temperature rise on total factor productivity. Although EMEs have heterogeneous impacts across the countries depending upon their climatic zones and income levels, a one-degree increase in temperature, on average, decreases the TFP by approximately 3 per cent. It is much higher in the extreme climatic zones and less developed EMEs. JEL Code: O47, Q50, O44 |
| Keywords: | TFP, Temperature Shocks, Panel CS-ARDL, Emerging markets |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:342&r=env |
| By: | Muhammad Najib Razali; Muaz Muzir; Muhammad Yusaimi Hamid; Rohaya Abdul Jalil |
| Abstract: | This study attempts to propose ecosystem valuation approach for river by using contingent valuation. This study offers a thorough yet straightforward and useful framework for valuing ecosystem products and services. In addition, this study provides a survey based on contingent valuation methodology for estimating the non-use benefits of Malaysia's Johor River's improvement in ecosystem services. As far as the literature review is concerned this will be the first study of such kind in Malaysia. This study is also unique because it will utilise the freely available satellite data and advanced image classification technique of deep learning to classify different land use types. This study combineD economic valuation of ecosystem services to better highlight the importance of ecosystem services. The study findings on spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services can help guide future land-use policy i.e development of appropriate land use options and water resources management to enhance ecosystem services. |
| Keywords: | Contingent Valuation; ecosystem; Malaysia; River |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_25&r=env |
| By: | Jacob Funk Kirkegaard (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | The European Union managed to overcome Russian energy blackmail in 2022 and used the political motivation from this national security crisis to accelerate its decarbonization process. The planned dramatic increase in the scope of carbon pricing in the European Union can herald the total decarbonization of sectors covered in the EU Emissions Trading System and expand into important new ones. The interplay between the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and the US Inflation Reduction Act may cause transatlantic trade friction. But these two approaches could also offer a path to greater cooperation. Kirkegaard outlines proposals for how both the European Union and the United States can implement additional policies to secure their comprehensive decarbonization. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb23-13&r=env |
| By: | Marjan Petreski; Stefan Tanevski; Irena Stojmenovska |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how investment in environmentally sustainable practices impacts employment and labor productivity growth of firms in transition economies. The study considers labor skill composition and geographical differences, shedding light on sustainability dynamics. The empirical analysis relies on the World Bank-s Enterprise Survey 2019 for 24 transition economies, constructing an environmental sustainability index from various indicators through a Principal Components Analysis. To address endogeneity, a battery of fixed effects and instrumental variables are employed. Results reveal the relevance of environmental sustainability for both employment and labor productivity growth. However, the significance diminishes when addressing endogeneity comprehensively, alluding that any relation between environmentally sustainable practices and jobs growth is more complex and needs time to work. The decelerating job-creation effect of sustainability investments is however confirmed for the high-skill firms, while low-skill firms benefit from labor productivity gains spurred by such investment. Geographically, Central Europe sees more pronounced labor productivity impacts, possibly due to its higher development and sustainability-awareness levels as compared to Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.18989&r=env |
| By: | Kremer, Michael; Miguel, Edward |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, economic development, foreign aid |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:econwp:qt46d3765f&r=env |
| By: | Domeshek, Maya (Resources for the Future); Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future); Roy, Nicholas (Resources for the Future); Shih, Jhih-Shyang (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) promises to deliver important reductions in CO2 emissions from the electricity sector along with a host of other benefits to citizens and electricity consumers, but it falls short of achieving the 80 percent reduction below 2005 levels by 2030 (80x30) consistent with meeting the nation’s Paris goals. This paper examines the consequences of the IRA and of policies designed to hit the Paris targets for generation mix, consumer costs of electricity, the federal budget, air quality, and human health. Our modeling shows that the IRA substantially reduces the allowance price for necessary an emissions cap to meet the 80x30 goal in the power sector and that doing so yields savings to consumers, particularly those with lower incomes, and additional health benefits beyond those promised from the IRA. |
| Date: | 2023–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-42&r=env |
| By: | Asani Sarkar |
| Abstract: | A previous Liberty Street Economics post found that minority-owned small businesses in the Federal Reserve’s Second District have been particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Here we focus on the aftermath of disasters (such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires, droughts, and winter storms) and examine disparities in the ability of these firms to reopen their businesses and access disaster relief. Our results indicate that while white- and minority-owned firms remain closed for similar durations, the latter are more reliant on external funding from government and private sources to cope with disaster losses. |
| Keywords: | climate; racial disparities; Second District |
| JEL: | Q54 R10 |
| Date: | 2023–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:97318&r=env |
| By: | Alkis Blanz |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the long-term distributive impact of climate change through rising food prices. We use a standard incomplete markets model and account for non-linear Engel curves for food consumption. For the calibration of our model, we rely on household data from 92 developing countries, representing 4.5 billion people. The results indicate that the short-term and long-term distributive impact of climate change differs. Including general equilibrium effects change the welfare outcome especially for the poorest quintile. In the presence of idiosyncratic risk, higher food prices increase precautionary savings, which through general equilibrium affect labor income of all agents. Furthermore, this paper studies the impact on inequality for different allocations of productivity losses across sectors. When climate impacts affects total factor productivity in both sectors of the economy, climate impacts increase also wealth inequality. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.16490&r=env |
| By: | Nils Ferrand (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UM - Université de Montpellier, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Christelle Gramaglia (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sylvie Morardet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Caroline Lejars (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - AgroParisTech - CEMAGREF - Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Emeline Hassenforder (UM - Université de Montpellier, INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Patrice Garin (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Comment mettre en participation un modèle issu d'experts ? Comment concilier expertise économique et/ou technique et participation ? Comment faire dialoguer avec des spécialistes ? |
| Keywords: | Expertise, ingénierie de la participation, aide à a décision, transitions, participation du public |
| Date: | 2021–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04234193&r=env |
| By: | Brückbauer, Frank; Cézanne, Thibault; Kirschenmann, Karolin; Schröder, Michael |
| Abstract: | On February 28, 2023, the European Union (EU) reached a political agreement on a future regulation of green bonds, the European Green Bond Standard (EU GBS). Last Friday, the European Parliament officially adopted this new regulation. The regulation aims to improve the effectiveness, transparency, comparability and credibility of the green bond market in the EU. In this policy brief, we evaluate the potential advantages and limits of this new regulation. The EU GBS certainly makes sense from a political point of view. It could become a reliable benchmark for evaluating the "greenness" of a bond that directly aligns with regulatory and political action. However, the EU GBS is unlikely to be widely accepted by market participants. The already existing market-based green bond standards seem to be well established. Apart from that, the EU GBS can be seen as a combination of some of those already existing labels, but with the additional obligation for issuers to provide some legally binding information in their prospectuses. The latter could indeed discourage green bond issuers from using the EU GBS. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:279678&r=env |
| By: | Hokkanen, Topi |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the externalities and market failures in cryptocurrency markets. In particular, I highlight the significant environmental externalities created by Proof-of-Work (PoW) cryptocurrencies, the most prominent of which is Bitcoin. The main goals of this paper are to quantify these externalities, illustrate the mechanisms by which they arise, and finally discuss feasible mechanisms to regulate them. Latest estimates show that Bitcoin mining consumes roughly the same amount of electricity as Argentina or Sweden, with commensurate carbon dioxide emissions. The two main factors driving these externalities are Bitcoin's electricity-intensive consensus protocol and Bitcoin prices, which directly influence mining incentives. Efficient supply-side regulation of these externalities is hamstrung by the internationally mobile nature of Bitcoin miners, creating a risk of carbon leakage and regulatory arbitrage in the absence of a global carbon tax. Moreover, the cryptocurrency market and exchanges themselves are to a high degree unregulated and opaque. This exacerbates the situation since cryptocurrency prices are directly linked to mining incentives. Instead of regulating the miners i.e. the supply side of the market, as the literature has broadly suggested, I recommend focusing on regulating the demand side, the exchanges and marketplaces, as a reasonable first step in the comprehensive regulation of cryptocurrencies. Cross-border coordination is likely to be a crucial aspect in mitigating the environmental externalities of cryptocurrencies. |
| Keywords: | forecasting, investment, Tobin's Q, discrete wavelets, bitcoin, cryptocurrency, externalities, crypto mining |
| JEL: | D62 E42 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofecr:279702&r=env |
| By: | Reynaert, Mathias; Souza-Rodrigues, Edouardo; Van Benthem, Arthur |
| Abstract: | The world has pledged to protect 30 percent of its land and waters by 2030 to halt the rapid deterioration of critical ecosystems. We summarize the state of knowledge about the impacts of protected area policies, with a focus on deforestation and vegetation cover. We discuss critical issues around data and measurement, identify the most commonly-used empirical methods, and summarize empirical evidence across multiple regions of the world. In most cases, protection has had at most a modest impact on forest cover, with stronger effects in areas that face pressure of economic development. We then identify several open areas for research to advance our understanding of the effectiveness of protected area policies: the use of promising recent econometric advancements, shifting focus to direct measures of biodiversity, filling the knowledge gap on the effect of protected area policy in advanced economies, investigating the long-run impacts of protection, and understanding its equilibrium effects. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q24 Q57 R14 |
| Date: | 2023–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128689&r=env |
| By: | Britos, Braulio; Hernandez, Manuel A.; Puricelli, Estefania; Sahajpal, Ritvik |
| Abstract: | International migration is a recurrent and growing phenomenon and a large share of emigrants originate from rural areas. This study examines the association between climatic stresses and rural emigration in Guatemala. We exploit variations on climatic stress situations and emigration flows at the subnational level and over time to examine whether the observed migration dynamics can be explained by the occurrence of specific adverse weather events. We find that drought periods affect emigration positively the following year, especially among men, while periods of high temperatures and low soil moisture affect male and female emigration negatively. The results are generally not much sensitive to alternative model specifications and estimations. The apparent mixed findings point to both direct effects where climatic stresses may encourage people to migrate in search of better opportunities, as well as indirect effects in the sense that climatic stresses affect agricultural productivity and household liquidity, which may prevent people from migrating despite their willingness to emigrate. |
| Keywords: | GUATEMALA; LATIN AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; migration; rural population; climate change; weather hazards; gender; households; agricultural production; climatic stresses |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:136920&r=env |
| By: | Nils Ferrand (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UM - Université de Montpellier, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Keywords: | multi-stakeholder decision support, governance, public participation, Brazil, water management |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04233344&r=env |
| By: | Thanh Tam Nguyen-Huu (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie); Khac Minh Nguyen; Quoc Tran-Nam |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the nexus between environmental compliance, innovation, and Total Factor Productivity convergence. We use two measures of environmental practices: the firm environmental standard certification and environmental treatment. As for innovation, it has three increasing-levels: no innovation, product or process innovation, and both types of innovation. Using a sample of Vietnamese small-and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises from 2007 to 2015, the environmental practices are not correlated with total factor productivity. By contrast, there is a strong correlation between innovation and environmental treatment. Factors contributing to the firm productivity growth rate, and consequently the speed of convergence, are innovation, firm size, and legal form. |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche examine le lien entre la conformité environnementale, l'innovation et la convergence de la productivité totale des facteurs. Nous utilisons deux mesures de pratiques environnementales : la norme de certification environnementale et le traitment environnemental. Quant à l'innovation, il s'agit d'une variable qualitative ayant trois modalités croissantes : aucune innovation, innovation de produit ou de procédé et deux types d'innovation. En utilisant une base de données des petites et moyennes entreprises manufacturières vietnamiennes entre 2007 et 2015, les pratiques environnementales ne sont pas corrélées avec la productivité totale des facteurs. En revanche, il existe une forte corrélation entre l'innovation et le traitement environnemental. Les facteurs qui contribuent au taux de croissance de la productivité des entreprises, et par conséquent à la vitesse de convergence, sont l'innovation, la taille de l'entreprise et la forme juridique. |
| Keywords: | Innovation TFP growth rate β-convergence Environmental practices, Innovation, TFP growth rate, β-convergence, Environmental practices |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04248191&r=env |
| By: | Claire Lepault (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, untreated sewage exposes people to alarming water pollution levels, yet there is limited knowledge about the effectiveness of wastewater treatment investments. I leverage the national inventory of sewage treatment plants in India and various granular datasets on river water quality measures, as well as geo-localized information on child births and deaths, to identify robust effects of wastewater treatment installations. To do so, I use estimators robust to staggered adoption within a difference-indifferences design and compare urban areas that started wastewater treatment from 2010 onwards and urban areas where such treatment was planned or under construction in 2020. I show that after starting wastewater treatment, levels of fecal coliforms decreased by 50%, and downstream mortality under the age of six months declined by 20%. A back-of the-envelope calculation suggests that starting wastewater treatment earlier-from 2010 onwards-in urban areas later selected into treatment-after 2020-would have prevented over 40, 000 child deaths in downstream sub-basins. |
| Keywords: | infrastructure, wastewater treatment, water quality, infant mortality, India |
| Date: | 2023–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04232407&r=env |
| By: | Lee, So Jeong |
| Abstract: | En julio de 2021, la Comisión Europea presentó el paquete Fit for 55 con el objetivo de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la Unión Europea en al menos un 55% para 2030. Este paquete incluye el mecanismo de ajuste fronterizo de carbono (CBAM) dirigido inicialmente al cemento, fertilizantes, hierro, acero, aluminio, electricidad e hidrógeno. La introducción de este impuesto transfronterizo al carbono ha generado debates a nivel mundial y ha suscitado preocupaciones sobre la posibilidad de que se convierta en una vía para el lavado verde, así como sobre acusaciones de proteccionismo y neocolonialismo climático atribuidas a la Unión Europea. A pesar de que se espera que su impacto en la subregión sea limitado, es fundamental que los países se preparen para esta iniciativa y futuras acciones similares. Esto implica la implementación de políticas laborales y el respaldo a los sectores más vulnerables. Asimismo, la coordinación de políticas comerciales y de adaptación al cambio climático, así como la creación de alianzas regionales, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la respuesta a los desafíos climáticos que se avecinan. |
| Date: | 2023–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68639&r=env |
| By: | Bangsund, Dean A.; Hodur Nancy M. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:338861&r=env |
| By: | Rodríguez Rubí, Jorge |
| Abstract: | Esta publicación es un producto del programa de trabajo conjunto entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y los ministerios de agricultura de los países miembros del Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), y coordinado con su Secretaría Ejecutiva (SECAC) y su Grupo técnico de cambio climático y gestión integral de riesgos. Este documento es el resultado de identificar los diferentes niveles de vulnerabilidad del sector agrícola al cambio climático a nivel municipal para los países de la región SICA con la metodología del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC). La construcción de mapas de vulnerabilidad de la actividad agrícola es un insumo para aplicar y medir el efecto de las políticas de adaptación al cambio climático. |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68648&r=env |
| By: | Giulia Buccione (Brown University); Martín Rossi (Department of Economics, Universidad de San Andrés) |
| Abstract: | Adoption rates of safe drinking water are low in developing countries. In regions where centralized water treatment infrastructure is absent, the conventional policy response is to enhance access to safe water via point-of-use chlorination. Previous research, however, reports a ceiling in adoption rates of chlorinated water at 50 percent, even when chlorine is provided for free. We report experimental evidence that a cultural-friendly technology, which provides filtered water that resembles local ancestral water, leads to higher adoption rates and willingness to pay than usual chlorinated water provision. We document adoption rates of 91 percent for filtered water, 42 percentage points higher than for chlorinated water. Willingness to pay is 61 percent higher for filtered water compared to chlorinated water. Our findings suggest policymakers should redirect their efforts away from the current mainstream approach of subsidized chlorine and instead explore alternative strategies that consider local communities’ culture and preferences. |
| Keywords: | Middle East, water-borne diseases, field experiments |
| JEL: | D10 I10 C93 Q53 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sad:wpaper:167&r=env |
| By: | Julien Guyot (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Akhil Rao; Sebastien Rouillon (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Orbital space enables many essential services, such as weather forecasting, global communication, navigation, Earth observation for environmental and agricultural management, and national security applications. Orbit use is increasingly defined by firms launching coordinated fleets—"constellations"—of satellites into low-Earth orbit. These firms operate in markets with few or no competitors, such as the market for broadband internet provision to rural areas. How will oligopolistic competition shape the allocation of orbital space? We analyze orbital-use patterns and economic welfare when two profit-maximizing firms operate satellite constellations with sophisticated collision avoidance systems. We compare this duopoly equilibrium to public utility constellations designed and regulated to maximize economic welfare from orbit use. We show that imperfect competition reduces economic welfare from orbit use by up to 12%—$1.1 billion USD—per year and distorts the allocation of orbital space. The nature of the distortion depends on the magnitude of constellation-related environmental damages. When damages are low, economic welfare is maximized by larger-than-equilibrium constellations. When damages are high, economic welfare is maximized by smaller-than-equilibrium constellations. Between the growing commercial and national interests in outer space and the importance of low-Earth orbit to space exploration, orbit-use management is likely to be a fruitful and policy-relevant area for economic research. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions in orbit-use management relevant to policymakers around the world. |
| Keywords: | Space economics, Satellites, Oligopoly, Common-pool resources, Game theory |
| Date: | 2023–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04255554&r=env |
| By: | Samuel Juhel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Adrien Delahais (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vincent Viguie (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Given the interconnectedness of economies and the prevalence of just-in-time production processes, even small interruptions to production caused by natural disasters can lead to great indirect economic impacts. A substantial body of literature on this subject exists, notably with the help of input-output analysis, CGE and agent-based models. However, such models rely on parameters and data which are often unobserved empirically or estimated with wide margins of uncertainty. The reliability of the models is therefore difficult to assess. Here, taking the example of the July 2021 floods in Germany, we analyze to what extent the results of the ARIO model are robust to input data and parameter choices. ARIO model is a widely used model in the literature, and has laid theoretical foundations for several other models. We conduct a sensitivity analysis by varying its key parameters, as well as the multi-regional input output tables which it uses as its main input data. For this, we develop a new resource-efficient Python implementation of the ARIO model, which enables a large number of simulations to be run. Our results show that the choice of the data source and parameters indeed heavily influences the outputs of the model. To ensure the robustness of their results, future studies on indirect economic impacts should incorporate several scenarios and employ data from various sources. |
| Keywords: | Indirect economic risk, Input-Output models, Natural disasters |
| Date: | 2023–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04196749&r=env |
| By: | Christopher Hautbois (Université Paris-Saclay); Michel Desbordes (Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Sport is one of the most popular social activities in the world. It is also one of the most thriving industries from an economic standpoint. The sport sector is at the crossroads of economic, political and social issues. For this reason, sport organisations have to consider sustainability as a major concern. When facing such major issues (environmental protection, social connections, the concern of business for society), sport can appear as the "most important insubstantial thing". But it could be seen both as the best and the worst example in terms of sustainability. This article addresses two complementary objectives. The first one is to provide an overview of the current state of sustainability-in-sport research over the last 20 years and demonstrate how this field became a major topic in the last 10 years. This has been done through a systematic search of existing academic research concerning sustainability in sport. The second is to offer an explanation of how the field of sport currently manages different sustainability-related issues. This has been accomplished by interviewing an industry panel, which also gives some perspectives for the future. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, sport, carbon footprint, event, industry, sport venues |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04252259&r=env |
| By: | Tesemma, Tewodros (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | The extent of vehicle ownership is increasing in many <p> developing countries. Most of the increase takes place <p> through import of second-hand vehicles that are usually <p> fuel-inefficient and have poor emissions standards. This is <p> creating enormous environmental pressures, since most <p> developing countries also lack the necessary policies to <p> regulate the sector. This study investigates the effect of <p> a recent policy reform in Ethiopia that aimed at <p> encouraging adoption of cleaner vehicles. In March 2020, <p> Ethiopia introduced a new vehicle excise tax that linked the <p> excise tax rate to engine size and age of vehicles, <p> imposing lower rates on ‘fuel-efficient’ vehicles and higher <p> rates on ‘fuel-inefficient’ ones. Exploiting the <p> quasiexperimental nature of the reform and employing a <p> difference-in-differences design, the study investigates the <p> reform’s effect on vehicle ownership and composition of the <p> vehicles, and in reducing CO2 emissions. The results show <p> that while the reform has no significant effect on total <p> vehicle ownership, it has a significant effect in increasing <p> the adoption of newer vehicles. We also find no significant <p> increase in the adoption of smaller-engine vehicles. The <p> reformled to no significant reduction on CO2 emissions <p> intensity of the vehicles. The reform, however, <p> significantly increased adoption of small-engine but new <p> vehicles - relatively the most ‘fuel-efficient’ <p> alternatives. The results are robust to various robustness <p> checks. The study discusses the policy implications of the <p> results, especially for developing countries. |
| Keywords: | transportation; environment; policy instruments; developing countries |
| JEL: | H23 Q40 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0838&r=env |
| By: | Vega Rodríguez, Róger; Lennox, Julie |
| Abstract: | El proyecto RIDASICC tiene como objetivo contribuir a la integración de la reducción de riesgos de desastres (RRD) y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático (ASICC) en los proyectos de inversión pública, conservando y mejorando los servicios que brindan a la población de los países miembros del COSEFIN/SICA. La iniciativa es coordinada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Hacienda o Finanzas de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (COSEFIN), con la estrecha participación de los siete ministerios de hacienda o finanzas y tres ministerios o secretarías de planificación responsables de los sistemas nacionales de inversión pública (SNIP) de dichos países y otras instituciones socias nacionales y regionales del SICA, contando con el apoyo financiero de la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE). |
| Date: | 2023–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68644&r=env |
| By: | Núñez, Georgina; Velloso, Helvia; Lehuedé, Héctor; Da Silva, Filipe; Poveda, Laura |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to examine the relationship between investments in environmental, social and governance (ESG) activities and the cost of debt financing in the corporate sector in Latin America and the Caribbean, and (ii) to map the region’s sustainability-related disclosure requirements by conducting a survey of local capital market regulators. The second part of the study looks at the current state of sustainability-related disclosure standards at the global and regional levels. To gain a deeper understanding of where Latin America and the Caribbean stands in this regard, regulators and standard-setters from a sample of 10 countries —Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru and Uruguay— were surveyed, with the goal of identifying areas where focalized support (i.e. technical assistance, training or coordination promotion) could yield positive harmonization results to facilitate corporate ESG investments and improve the stability of capital markets across the region. |
| Date: | 2023–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68029.2&r=env |
| By: | JUNG, Jione (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts. There is an urgent need to establish a plan to promote international emission reduction and to prepare specific implementation measures. The government needs to play a role in se-curing funding and providing support for international emissions reduction projects, as well as establishing laws and regulations to promote emissions reduction activities abroad. |
| Keywords: | Paris Agreement Artcle 6; NDC; ITMOs |
| Date: | 2023–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2023_039&r=env |
| By: | Baumgart, Eike; Blaufus, Kay; Hechtner, Frank |
| Abstract: | Amid global climate change concerns, policymakers worldwide are increasingly scrutinizing environmentally harmful subsidies. This study examines the tax-deductibility of job-related commuting expenses, which has faced criticism for promoting longer commutes and congestion. Through a controlled, randomized survey experiment, we confirm that the tax-deductibility of commuting expenses results in longer commutes but does so with minimal economic impact. Increasing the deduction rate by e0.10 leads to an average acceptance of 377-meter-longer commutes. Surprisingly, subjects are inattentive to changes in the tax deduction's size when such changes are presented as tax-deductible expenses rather than as direct cash effects. In contrast, abolishing the tax deductibility significantly reduces average commuting distances by nearly 9 percent. These findings highlight people's responsiveness to the mere presence of the commuter tax break while being less sensitive to its specific size. Policymakers should consider these findings when evaluating the effectiveness of such tax deductions in mitigating climate change or their economic efficiency effects. |
| Keywords: | Commuting Behavior, Commuting Subsidies, Tax Policy, Tax Complexity, Rational Inattention |
| JEL: | D90 H21 H24 J22 R23 R28 R41 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arqudp:279813&r=env |
| By: | Badr Hayar; Jan Muckenhaupt; Bing Zhu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between ESG ratings and the operational, financial and market performance of Public Real Estate Companies (PRECs). By investigating a large sample of listed real estate firms from 2015 to 2021 in 35 countries, we find a positive relationship between overhead ESG metrics (and its sub-components) and firms’ market performance. Furthermore, we observe a negative relationship between ESG-Scores and the net operating income, general and administrative costs and financial costs. Our results remain robust after correcting for selection bias. Our results suggest that firms engaged in more socially responsible practices suffer from more financial costs and thus, have lower operational and financial performance. On the other hand, the stock market appreciates any decent investment in ESG, by overvaluing the corresponding companies. |
| Keywords: | Esg; Listed Real Estate; Performance; Public Real Estate Companies |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_71&r=env |
| By: | Floris Blok; Angelika Brändle; Ante Busic; Franz Fuerst; Marius Zumwald |
| Abstract: | Using a hedonic regression, we examine the relationship between natural hazard exposure and residential rents using a sample of 18.339 dwellings in Switzerland. Hillslope debris flow and storm hazard are found to be associated with a significant discount across the study area. Flooding and surface runoff hazard are associated with significant discounts outside of urban areas, but results are inconsistent within urban areas. We explore some possible explanations for this finding. Results on the effect of avalanches, debris flow, landslides, hail and rockfall on rents are inconclusive. Exposure to heat is not associated with lower rents in Switzerland. Similarly, we find no evidence that increased exposure to flooding and surface runoff (in the form of living on the ground floor) is associated with lower rents relative to dwellings on higher floor levels. Furthermore, we find that the “MINERGIE” energy-efficiency rating is associated with a small premium depending on the general standard of the building. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Hedonic Price Method; Natural hazards; Residential Rents |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_258&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento se basa en las ponencias y presentaciones de la reunión ministerial del Foro de Ministros y Autoridades Máximas de la Vivienda y el Urbanismo de América Latina y el Caribe (MINURVI), organizada por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Hábitat de Argentina, quien asumió la presidencia durante el periodo 2023. El encuentro se celebró los días 10 y 11 de abril de 2023 en el Centro Cultural Kirchner, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y contó con la destacada presencia de 28 países miembros y con la representación de CEPAL en su rol de Secretaría Técnica de MINURVI. Durante este encuentro, autoridades, líderes y expertos en vivienda y urbanismo, así como bancos de desarrollo, se reunieron con el objetivo de abordar el tema del financiamiento para la mitigación del cambio climático en las ciudades. Del mismo modo, se abordaron estrategias y alternativas para atender el déficit habitacional y promover el desarrollo de las cadenas de valor vinculadas con la construcción y la vivienda sostenible. La reunión ministerial permitió dialogar sobre posibles estrategias para la creación de un fondo verde de financiamiento a nivel regional. Con ello, se buscaría ampliar el financiamiento de proyectos y programas con impacto significativo en el aumento de la resiliencia al cambio climático y/o que busquen la disminución de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en zonas urbanas. |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68650&r=env |
| By: | Hanming Fang; King King Li; Peiyao Shen |
| Abstract: | Coal heating in residential homes is an important source of indoor air pollution, leading to detrimental health effects. We conduct a randomized field experiment in northern China using three types of SMS campaigns targeting three potential biases that may hinder the adoption of electric heating: a Cost SMS campaign, designed to address the overestimation of electricity expenses; a Health SMS campaign, aimed at addressing the underestimation of health damage associated with coal heating; and a Social Comparison SMS campaign, intended to inform households about the popularity of electric heating. We find that the Cost SMS backfires: it instead leads to a substantial reduction in electric heating, which can be attributed to salience bias induced by the Cost SMS, which drew heightened attention to the cost of electricity. The Health SMS is ineffective for households that underestimate the health damage of coal heating and even backfires for those who expressed little concern about the health consequences. Social Comparison SMS is only effective for a small proportion of households who were concerned about their neighbors' heating choices. Overall, our findings suggest that SMS campaigns targeting these biases are largely ineffective, and caution should be exercised when applying plausible nudge interventions. The findings also suggest that households may be motivated to maintain their beliefs and resist paternalistic interventions. |
| JEL: | C93 D91 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31841&r=env |
| By: | Masako Ikefuji; Jan Magnus; Andrey Vasnev |
| Abstract: | In Bayesian theory, the data together with the prior produce a posterior. We show that it is also possible to follow the opposite route, that is, to use data and posterior information (both of which are observable) to reveal the prior (which is not observable). We then apply the theory to equilibrium climate sensitivity as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in an attempt to get some insight into the prior beliefs of the IPCC scientists. It appears that the data contain much less information than one might think, due to the presence of correlation. We conclude that the prior in the fifth IPCC report was too low, and in the sixth report too high. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1217&r=env |
| By: | Massimo Biasin; Andrea Delle Foglie; Emanuela Giacomini |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the risk-adjusted performance contribution of ESG REITs and real estate companies from a portfolio management perspective by comparing the diversification benefit of investing in conventional real estate indexes compared to ESG real estate indexes. Using a sample of European REITs and real estate companies from January 2006 to September 2022, we construct a set of novel ESG real estate indexes and shed light on the effect of ESG real estate investments in the portfolio risk-adjusted performance, testing three different models. The results suggest that the performance of portfolios using different strategies and levels of ESG screening in the real estate asset class varied, with the portfolio with the most stringent ESG requirements for real estate having the highest levels of volatility and return and the real estate portfolios with environmental screening having the best risk-adjusted performance. However, a socially responsible real estate portfolio would produce valuable positive externalities as real estate drives almost 40% of global emissions. |
| Keywords: | asset allocation; Esg; real estate companies; REITs |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_72&r=env |
| By: | Rimmer, Matthew (Queensland University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Refereed Article - Matthew Rimmer, 'The Medical Right to Repair: Intellectual Property, the Maker Movement, and COVID-19" (2023) 15 (20) Sustainability Article No. 14839. Abstract This article considers the strengths and limitations of the use of 3D printing and additive manufacturing for the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 public health crisis. It explores the role of the Maker Movement in addressing the shortfall in medical equipment during the public health pandemic. Taking a comparative approach, this article evaluates the responses of both the commercial and amateur sides of the 3D printing community to the COVID-19 public health crisis. In the EU, the Fab Lab Network sought to overcome a breakdown in supply chains. In the US, Dale Dougherty of Make Magazine promoted Plan C, in which volunteers have worked together to produce PPE. In Australia, 3D printing has been used to augment supplies of PPE. In this context, a key issue across jurisdictions has been the tension between intellectual property rights and the right to repair—particularly when 3D printing has been applied to deal with shortages in PPE. Senator Ron Wyden put forward the Critical Medical Infrastructure Right-to-Repair Act of 2020 (US) to try to resolve these tensions. Open licensing has proven to be a helpful mechanism to enable open collaboration and sharing of 3D printing designs for the purposes of health care. Nonetheless, it is argued that there should be stronger recognition of the right to repair—particularly in the context of health-care and medical devices. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted that there needs to be a broader array of intellectual property flexibilities to deal with public health emergencies—including in respect of the right to repair. As such, this article supports a broad vision of a TRIPS Waiver which includes the right to repair. The recognition of a right to repair will help promote the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals and a COVID-19 recovery. The topic of the medical right to repair has larger implications for sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in respect of responsible production and consumption (SDG 12), as well as good health and well-being (SDG 3), innovation (SDG 9), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17). Keywords: intellectual property; 3D printing; the Maker Movement; the right to repair; COVID-19; sustainability; sustainable development goals; pandemics |
| Date: | 2023–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:eqkbt&r=env |
| By: | Henger, Ralph; Voigtländer, Michael |
| Abstract: | Der schnelle Anstieg der Zinsen in Kombination mit den stark gestiegenen Baukosten hat nicht nur den Wohnungsbau in Deutschland ausgebremst, sondern auch die Zielkonflikte zwischen erschwinglichem Wohnen und Klimaschutz offengelegt. Höhere energetische Standards steigern die Erstellungskosten von Wohnraum und tragen damit zu höheren Mieten bei, ebenso wie höhere Standards bei energetischen Sanierungen. Flächeneinsparziele stehen konträr zum Wohnungsbau, denn ausreichend Bauflächen sind für eine erhöhtes preisgünstiges Angebot eine Grundvoraussetzung. Für die Politik stellt sich damit die Herausforderung, diese Ziele trotz der vorhandenen Konflikte bestmöglich miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Der vorliegende Beitrag entwickelt dazu die folgenden Vorschläge: Neubaustandards: Die Neubaustandards sind in den letzten 20 Jahre immer wieder angepasst worden. Nach der Umsetzung des EH 55 Standards zum 1.1.2023 sollte nach den Planungen der Bundesregierungen zum 1.1.2025 der EH 40 Standard kommen. Dieser Schritt soll nun verschoben werden, was ausdrücklich zu begrüßen ist, da der damit erreichbare Energieeffizienzstandard im Verhältnis zu den Klimaschutzbeiträgen und den damit induzierten Zusatzkosten nicht gerechtfertigt ist. Die Wahl der Energieträger ist bei den erreichten Standards wesentlich relevanter für den Klimaschutz als der Energieeffizienzstandard. Bestand: Der größte Hebel für den Klimaschutz liegt im Gebäudebestand. Verbote und Sanierungspflichten führen aber zu Widerständen und verursachen Zusatzkosten, da CO2-Emissionen nicht dort vermieden werden, wo es am günstigsten ist. Zentraler Anker für mehr Anreize für Bestandssanierungen muss der CO2-Preis sein, denn nur so können gleichsam Innovationen angeregt werden sowie besonders effizient Einsparungen vorgenommen werden. Zusätzlich stehen über den CO2-Preis auch Einnahmen zur Finanzierung von Förderungen zur Verfügung. Förderung: Klimaschutz ist eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufgabe, weshalb Förderungen geboten und nötig sind. Die Rahmenbedingungen hierfür müssen dringend verstetigt werden, um Eigentümern Planungssicherheit zu geben. Daher empfiehlt sich eine deutliche stärkere Förderung über die Einkommenssteuer, da diese nicht den jährlichen Haushaltsplanungen unterliegt und Verlässlichkeit herstellen kann. Aktuell ist die Einkommenssteuer klimapolitisch nicht richtig ausgestaltet und wirkt hemmend auf umfassenden Modernisierungsmaßnahmen der Gebäude. Bauland: Die ausreichende Ausweisung von Bauland ist bei einem stetigen Bevölkerungswachstum ein Schlüssel für mehr und günstigeren Wohnungsbau. Dies lässt sich auch mit den Flächeneinsparzielen der Bundesregierung vereinbaren, wenn neben einer verstärkten Innenentwicklung in den Standorten weiterhin Baulandausweisungen ermöglicht werden, wo es hohe Bedarfe gibt. Dies spricht für eine überregionale Steuerung der Baulandausweisung mit einem Flächenzertifikatehandel. Finanzmarktregulierung: Die BaFin hat die Eigenkapitalanforderungen für Immobilienkredite deutlich gesteigert. Die Ankündigung dieser Maßnahmen erfolgte Anfang 2022, also noch vor dem Marktzinsanstieg. Angesichts der nun deutlich veränderten Rahmenbedingungen ist es geboten, die Eigenkapitalanforderungen wieder zu normalisieren, um den Markt nicht weiter zu belasten. |
| JEL: | H23 H30 Q48 Q58 R31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkpps:279788&r=env |
| By: | Sandoval Minero, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | El proyecto RIDASICC tiene como objetivo contribuir a la integración de la reducción de riesgos de desastres (RRD) y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático (ASICC) en los proyectos de inversión pública, conservando y mejorando los servicios que brindan a la población de los países miembros del COSEFIN/SICA. La iniciativa es coordinada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Hacienda o Finanzas de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (COSEFIN), con la estrecha participación de los siete ministerios de hacienda o finanzas y tres ministerios o secretarías de planificación responsables de los sistemas nacionales de inversión pública (SNIP) de dichos países y otras instituciones socias nacionales y regionales del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), contando con el apoyo financiero de la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE). |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68649&r=env |
| By: | Hanxin Zhao |
| Abstract: | Green ammonia is poised to be a key part in the hydrogen economy. This paper discusses green ammonia supply chains from a higher-level industry perspective with a focus on market structures. The architecture of upstream and downstream supply chains are explored. Potential ways to accelerate market emergence are discussed. Market structure is explored based on transaction cost economics and lessons from the oil and gas industry. Three market structure prototypes are developed for different phases. In the infancy, a highly vertically integrated structure is proposed to reduce risks and ensure capital recovery. A restructuring towards a disintegrated structure is necessary in the next stage to improve the efficiency. In the late stage, a competitive structure characterized by a separation between asset ownership and production activities and further development of short-term and spot markets is proposed towards a market-driven industry. Finally, a multi-linear regression model is developed to evaluate the developed structures using a case in the gas industry. Results indicate that high asset specificity and uncertainty and low frequency lead to a more disintegrated market structure, and vice versa, thus supporting the structures designed. We assume the findings and results contribute to developing green ammonia supply chains and the hydrogen economy. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.19498&r=env |
| By: | Brixy, Udo (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Janser, Markus (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Mense, Andreas (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Climate change requires a restructuring of the economy. This also increases the need for specific skills in the workforce. Vocational training plays a particularly important role in meeting this need. How can this restructuring succeed if a particularly large number of employees retire in the next years and at the same time the number of school leavers is rather small? The authors examine how the vocational training market for occupations with green skills has developed since 2013." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Ausbildungsberufe ; Ausbildungsplatzangebot ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Ausbildungsplatznachfrage ; Ausbildungsquote ; Ausbildungsstellenmarkt ; Dekarbonisierung ; Auswirkungen ; Berufsgruppe ; Berufswahl ; Klimaschutz ; greenness-of-jobs-index ; Umweltberufe ; 2013-2022 |
| Date: | 2023–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202319&r=env |
| By: | Linde Kattenberg; Nils Kok; Piet Eichholtz |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency in the housing market is considered an important tool to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, as well as to enhance national energy independence and protect consumer balance sheets. Home insulation plays an important role in improving the energy efficiency of a home. However, the impact of insulation measures on actual gas consumption is typically based on engineering predictions, and the efficacy of insulation measures is subject to debate. This study exploits a unique home insulation sample, combined with detailed household data on actual gas consumption before and after these interventions, and information on the socio-economic characteristics of occupants. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we document that home insulation reduces gas consumption by about 20%, on average, both for owner-occupied and rental homes. For the latter, the treatment is plausibly exogenous. We find no evidence of a temporal rebound effect: the reduction in gas consumption is consistent up to ten years after the intervention. At 2022 gas prices, the average treatment effect translates into an €866 reduction in the annual gas bill, and an average rate of return of 41.6% on the initial investment. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; insulation; Residential |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_57&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento se basa en las ponencias y presentaciones de la XXXI Asamblea General del Foro de Ministros y Autoridades Máximas de la Vivienda y el Urbanismo de América Latina y el Caribe (MINURVI), celebrada los días 5 y 6 de diciembre de 2022 en la sede de la CEPAL en Santiago de Chile. Durante este encuentro, autoridades, líderes y expertos en vivienda y urbanismo se reunieron con el objetivo de poner al hábitat y a la vivienda como pilares fundamentales para lograr un desarrollo urbano sostenible en la región e impulsar ciudades más inclusivas, justas y resilientes. La Asamblea generó reflexiones acerca de los desafíos, avances y oportunidades para crear ciudades que promuevan los derechos humanos y el derecho a la ciudad, la reactivación económica, la reducción de la desigualdad y del impacto ambiental, así como repensar el papel del Estado en la consecución de estos objetivos. El evento se centró en cuatro ejes temáticos principales: i) el rol del Estado en la producción de viviendas y el desarrollo urbano, ii) la financiación y el mercado de suelo y vivienda, iii) la incorporación del enfoque de género y los sistemas de cuidado en ciudades inclusivas, y iv) la importancia de la sostenibilidad y el cambio climático en las urbes. Estos temas se exploraron en profundidad a través de paneles, conferencias e intercambios en los que participaron autoridades, expertos técnicos, académicos y representantes de la sociedad civil. |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68652&r=env |
| By: | Valérie Angeon (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Les travaux présentés dans cet article sont issus du projet GAPRA Gouvernance alimentaire et pratiques des ménages agricoles : une approche par les flux d'approvisionnement alimentaire et la multi-localisation familiale qui s'inscrit dans le Métaprogramme GLOFOODS cofinancé par INRAe et le CIRAD et le projet PADIT, Paysages alimentaires et développement d'une interface de transport : Les systèmes alimentaires en Guadeloupe, entre globalisation et territoires, financé par le Ministère de la transition écologique. Les auteures remercient Esther Sanz Sanz pour sa relecture attentive d'une version préliminaire de ce texte. |
| Date: | 2022–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04241899&r=env |
| By: | Agata Klaus-Rosinska |
| Abstract: | The literature research carried out points to a large number of publications on the management of research projects, but not many address the issue of success in the context of such projects, identifying criteria and success factors for this type of project. The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the success of research projects. Based on the conducted quantitative research, the importance of individual success factors and success criteria of research projects was determined, taking into account the opinions of various stakeholders thereby a sustainable approach. The research results indicate the high importance of most of the success factors and the success criteria of research projects pointed in the literature and those in turn are important for project management and supports decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Project success; Success factors; Success criteria; Research projects; Project stakeholders; Sustainable approach |
| JEL: | O22 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahh:wpaper:worms2202&r=env |
| By: | Ruly Marianti |
| Keywords: | disaster management |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:348&r=env |
| By: | Barragán, Daniel |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68630&r=env |
| By: | Küster Simic, André; Schönfeldt, Janek |
| Abstract: | Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über wesentliche Branchenstrukturdaten der Schmiedeindustrie in Deutschland. Schwerpunktthemen sind die "grüne Transformation" der Industrie und neue regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen für die (zukünftige) Geschäftstätigkeit der Schmieden. Ebenfalls beleuchtet wird der Wettbewerb der Schmiedeindustrie mit der Türkei, aber auch mit China und weiteren außereuropäischen Ländern. Zusätzlich zur Bestandsaufnahme werden Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert. |
| Keywords: | grüne Transformation, Emissionshandel, CO2-Fußabdruck, internationaler Wettbewerb, Massivumformung |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:279559&r=env |
| By: | Josse, Carmen |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68632&r=env |
| By: | Monwabisi Mdleleni; Kolawole Ijasan |
| Abstract: | Cell phone tower deployment is globally met with public concerns relating to the aesthetically unappealing nature, health risks associated the electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions from these devices, and as a result, the negative effect of these devices on property values for properties in close proximity to these devices. As such, this study analyses the impact of cell phone towers on the house prices. Using a GIS tool to determine distance of cell phone towers to the houses, the study employed a hedonic price model using sales prices of residential transactions between 2012 and 2022 for Randpark Ridge, Johannesburg, to determine the actual impact of proximity to cell phone towers on house prices. In the Johannesburg context, the results of the study found that were no statistically significant findings that suggest there is a correlation between the presence of cell phone towers in close proximity and house prices. The findings of the study were contrary to the findings of the majority of similar studies, where cell phone towers were found to have a negative impact on the price of houses. Due to the limitations of line-of-sight confirmation, budget constraints and time limitations, there is difficulty in using the findings for generalizability. |
| Keywords: | cell phone towers; Hedonic price model; House Prices; Property Values |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2023_275&r=env |
| By: | González Grau, Angela |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68634&r=env |
| By: | Koleff Osorio, Patricia |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:68635&r=env |
| By: | Williner, Alicia; Tognoli, Joaquín |
| Abstract: | Ante los múltiples desastres socionaturales que amenazan los territorios de América Latina y el Caribe resulta imperativo fortalecer las capacidades de los agentes para prevenir y mitigar los impactos negativos de tales desastres. Más aún, la gestión del riesgo de desastres debe abordarse con un enfoque de capacidades endógenas y desde una comprensión profunda de las condiciones y desafíos de cada territorio en particular. La presente guía ofrece herramientas y recursos para planificar estratégicamente intervenciones que conduzcan a una mejor preparación y respuesta frente a las amenazas a las que se encuentran expuestos los territorios. Se espera que esta guía amplíe el conocimiento de los agentes gubernamentales y las comunidades presentes en los territorios con miras al diseño de estrategias para la resiliencia frente a desastres y genere una reflexión acerca de la importancia de integrar la gestión del riesgo de desastres en la planificación y las políticas que promueven el desarrollo territorial. |
| Date: | 2023–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68620&r=env |
| By: | Manetta, Matías; López, María José; Bertoni, Marcela |
| Abstract: | Los destinos turísticos litorales presentan particularidades y desafíos que demandan enfoques integrales e innovadores de gestión donde la cuestión ambiental es central en su desenvolvimiento. El presente trabajo propone una aproximación metodología para analizar el estado de situación ambiental de Miramar y es parte de un proyecto mayor que procura elaborar un marco de análisis para la valoración del desempeño de la gestión y planificación de destinos turísticos. La herramienta propuesta podrá ser aplicada a otros destinos y será de utilidad para observar el grado de bienestar y daño ambiental, lo que permitirá generar intervenciones eficientes a largo plazo. |
| Keywords: | Medio Ambiente; Gestión Ambiental; Miramar; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3978&r=env |
| By: | Luciano Campi; Federico Cannerozzi; Fanny Cartellier |
| Abstract: | Coarse correlated equilibria (CCE) are a good alternative to Nash equilibria (NE), as they arise more naturally as outcomes of learning algorithms and they may exhibit higher payoffs than NE. CCEs include a device which allows players' strategies to be correlated without any cooperation, only through information sent by a mediator. We develop a methodology to concretely compute mean field CCEs in a linear-quadratic mean field game framework. We compare their performance to mean field control solutions and mean field NE (usually named MFG solutions). Our approach is implemented in the mean field version of an emission abatement game between greenhouse gas emitters. In particular, we exhibit a simple and tractable class of mean field CCEs which allows to outperform very significantly the mean field NE payoff and abatement levels, bridging the gap between the mean field NE and the social optimum obtained by mean field control. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.04162&r=env |