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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Krane, J. |
| Abstract: | Saudi Arabia’s stated goal of reaching net zero by 2060 puts the kingdom in a paradoxical position. The Saudi leadership proposes to decarbonize an oil-intensive society and economy while selling oil to the world. As such, the credibility of the Saudi commitment will remain an open question until concrete progress toward restructuring the kingdom’s energy system is demonstrated. Modest initial steps toward net zero include investments in renewables alongside pricing reforms of energy products and services. Another ongoing push involves oil-to-gas switching in the kingdom’s power sector, which can be augmented by carbon capture and storage and, eventually, gas-to-hydrogen substitution. Doubts and difficulties aside, Saudi Arabia holds major advantages in decarbonization. These include unused land with copious solar radiation, as well as geological storage near carbon emissions clusters. The kingdom is also equipped with relevant knowledge and investment capital. Fully compensating for reduced oil export rents may not be possible if worldwide carbon neutrality plans come to fruition. Despite the short-term benefits of high energy prices after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, economic and geopolitical decline is a likely medium-term outcome for the kingdom. However, there are also opportunities including replacing oil revenues with those arising from carbon disposal for countries and firms lacking the kingdom’s competitive advantages. |
| Keywords: | Saudi Arabia, Net Zero 2060, decarbonization, oil and natural gas, Saudi Aramco, greenhouse gas (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2), emissions offsets, renewables, hydrogen, energy subsidy reform, carbon intensity, carbon capture and storage (CCS), emissions clusters, credible commitment, Paris Agreement NDC, climate pledge, peak oil demand, Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions |
| JEL: | Q01 Q4 P16 P18 Q32 Q35 Q38 Q54 Q58 H23 |
| Date: | 2023–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2260&r=env |
| By: | Ali Bayar (EcoMod); Dizem Ertac Varoglu (EcoMod and Near East University) |
| Abstract: | This article investigates environmental and energy policies that Turkey needs to adopt on its way to a sustainable development path. A multi-sectoral CGE model is developed to analyze the effects of several environmental and energy policy scenarios available for the Turkish economy to attain a low-carbon society with a reduced reliance on fossil fuel imports. Domestic energy demand has significantly increased in Turkey over the past decades, and this has put a lot of pressure on policymakers as the economy greatly depends on imports of natural gas and oil as far as current energy consumption is concerned. The CGE model used in this study is based on an energy-disaggregated Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), constructed in previous work by the authors. The energy-disaggregated SAM serves as the benchmark database and the high disaggregation of the energy commodities and the electricity sector to include 8 different types of power generating sectors (5 of which are renewable energy sources) enables electric power substitution in the model. The energy-disaggregated SAM is further linked with satellite accounts which include data on derived energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The macroeconomic and environmental impacts of three distinct sets of scenarios are analyzed with respect to the baseline scenario. The first scenario simulates a 30% increase in energy efficiency in the production sectors and the residential sector and evidence is found for reaching the 21% GHG mitigation target set in Turkey’s pledge for Paris Agreement compliance by 2030. The second set of scenarios is the inclusion of a medium and high-level carbon tax rates for coal, oil and natural gas. The carbon tax scenarios produce significant effects on both emission reduction targets and substituting fossil fuel technologies with cleaner energy technologies. The third scenario estimates the effects of changes in world prices of energy on the Turkish economy. A 20% increase in world energy prices, i.e. oil, natural gas, and coal, induces substantial changes in the breakdown of TPES and the power-generating sector and puts a lot of pressure on the current account deficit of the country. A carbon tax policy proves to be the most viable scenario which leads to reduced energy intensities in all sectors, a 21% GHG emissions abatement, and a transformation of the energy sector towards having a low-carbon content along with a reduced reliance on fossil fuel imports. |
| Date: | 2022–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1622&r=env |
| By: | M\'aximo Flor\'in; Rafael U. Gos\'alvez |
| Abstract: | The territory of La Mancha, its rural areas, and its landscapes suffer a kind of atherosclerosis ("the silent killer") because of the increase in artificial surfaces, the fragmentation of the countryside by various infrastructures, the abandonment of small and medium-sized farms and the loss of agricultural, material, and intangible heritage. At the same time, agricultural industrialization hides, behind a supposed productive efficiency, the deterioration of the quantitative and qualitative ecological status of surface and groundwater bodies, and causes air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil fertility, drainage and plowing of wetlands, forgetfulness of the ancestral environmental heritage, of the emergence of uses and customs of collective self-government and reduction of the adaptive capacity of traditional agroecosystems. This work aims, firstly, to shed light on the true costs of the main causes of environmental degradation in the territory of La Mancha, while deteriorating relations between rural and urban areas and determining the loss of territorial identity of La Mancha. the population. In addition, drivers of change toward a more sustainable social, economic, hydrological, environmental, and cultural production model are identified. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.13611&r=env |
| By: | Thales A. P. West; Sven Wunder; Erin O. Sills; Jan B\"orner; Sami W. Rifai; Alexandra N. Neidermeier; Andreas Kontoleon |
| Abstract: | Carbon offsets from voluntarily avoided deforestation projects are generated based on performance vis-\`a-vis ex-ante deforestation baselines. We examined the impacts of 27 forest conservation projects in six countries on three continents using synthetic control methods for causal inference. We compare the project baselines with ex-post counterfactuals based on observed deforestation in control sites. Our findings show that most projects have not reduced deforestation. For projects that did, reductions were substantially lower than claimed. Methodologies for constructing deforestation baselines for carbon-offset interventions thus need urgent revisions in order to correctly attribute reduced deforestation to the conservation interventions, thus maintaining both incentives for forest conservation and the integrity of global carbon accounting. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.03354&r=env |
| By: | Giovanardi, Francesco; Kaldorf, Matthias; Radke, Lucas; Wicknig, Florian |
| Abstract: | We study the preferential treatment of green bonds in the central bank collateral framework as an environmental policy instrument within a DSGE model with environmental and financial frictions. In the model, green and carbon-emitting conventional firms issue defaultable corporate bonds to banks that use them as collateral. The collateral premium associated to a relaxation in collateral policy induces firms to increase bond issuance, investment, leverage, and default risk. Collateral policy solves a trade-off between increasing collateral supply, adverse effects on firm risk-taking, and subsidizing green investment. Optimal collateral policy is characterized by modest preferential treatment, which increases the green investment share and reduces emissions. However, welfare gains fall well short of what can be achieved with optimal emission taxes. Moreover, due to elevated risk-taking of green firms, preferential treatment is a qualitatively imperfect substitute of Pigouvian taxation on emissions: if and only if the optimal emission tax can not be implemented, optimal collateral policy features preferential treatment of green bonds. |
| Keywords: | Green Investment, Collateral Framework, Environmental Policy |
| JEL: | E44 E58 E63 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:512022&r=env |
| By: | Patozi, A. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I investigate how the Net-Zero transition affects the transmission of monetary policy. I first document an upward trend in environmental performance among US publicly listed companies over the last decade. Second, I evaluate the implications of firms becoming ‘greener’ for the transmission of monetary policy on asset prices, credit risk and firm-level investment. In response to a shock to monetary policy, ‘green’ firms (with high environmental scores) are significantly less impacted than their ‘brown’ counterparts (with lower environmental scores). The dependence of monetary policy responses on firm-level greenness is not explained by intrinsic differences in firms’ characteristics. Instead, I show that the heterogeneous response is the result of investors’ preferences for sustainable investing. Using a stylized theoretical framework, I illustrate how incorporating such preferences attenuates the semi-elasticity of ‘green’ asset prices with respect to monetary policy shocks. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, ESG, Heterogeneity, Monetary Policy, Sustainable Investing |
| JEL: | E52 G12 G14 G30 |
| Date: | 2023–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2311&r=env |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia (ETLA - The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy); Maczulskij, Terhi (ETLA - The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the importance of firm dynamics, including entry and exit and the allocation of carbon emissions across firms, on the green transition. Using the 2000–2019 firm-level register data on greenhouse gas emissions matched with the Financial Statement data in the Finnish manufacturing sector, we examine the sources of carbon-productivity growth and assess the relative contributions of structural change and firm dynamics. We find that continuing firms were the main drivers of carbon productivity growth whereas the contribution of entering and exiting firms was negative. In addition, the allocation of emissions across firms appeared to be inefficient, with a negative impact on carbon productivity growth over the study period. Our analysis also revealed a positive relationship between labor-intensive firms and carbon productivity, but firms with a larger market share tended to be less productive in terms of carbon use. |
| Keywords: | carbon productivity, decomposition analysis, firm dynamics, firm-level data, manufacturing sector |
| JEL: | D24 L60 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15865&r=env |
| By: | De Haas, Ralph; Martin, Ralf; Muûls, Mirabelle; Schweiger, Helena |
| Abstract: | We use data on 10, 852 firms across 22 emerging markets to analyse how credit constraints and deficient firm management inhibit corporate investment in green technologies. For identification, we exploit quasi-exogenous variation in local credit conditions. Our results indicate that both credit constraints and green managerial constraints slow down firm investment in more energy efficient and less polluting technologies. Complementary analysis of data from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reveals the pollution impact of these constraints. We show that in areas where more firms are credit constrained and weakly managed, industrial facilities systematically emit more CO2 and other gases. This is corroborated by the finding that in areas where banks needed to deleverage more after the Global Financial Crisis, industrial facilities subsequently reduced their carbon emissions considerably less. On aggregate this kept CO2 emissions 5.6% above the level they would have been in the absence of credit constraints. |
| Keywords: | credit constraints; green management; CO2 emissions; energy efficiency |
| JEL: | L23 G32 L20 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117807&r=env |
| By: | Nandrasa, Tiava (University of Toliara) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is requiring behavioral changes in finance. Households that are most impacted by climate change are adopting a financial resilience strategy to cushion the climate shock. Tontine, access to MFIs and VOAMAMI are the preferred ways for vulnerable households to cope. This article first outlines the resilience capacity of households and provides an analysis of the change in behavior of Malagasy households to mitigate the effects of climate change. Keywords: Climate change, Behavior, Tontine, VOAMAMI |
| Date: | 2022–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wqcv2&r=env |
| By: | Chaisse, Julien; Solanki, Arjun |
| Abstract: | Can countries fulfill their obligations under international environmental agreements in the presence of international investment agreements or vice versa? This Perspective offers recommendations for arbitrators and countries to harmonize their climate goals and investment obligations by moving from a strictly disciplinary view of investment law through the lens of general international law. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:344&r=env |
| By: | Bruno, Ellen M.; Jessoe, Katrina K.; Hanemann, Michael |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates own-price dynamics in taxing environmental externalities. We exploit a natural experiment that exposed some firms to a large and persistent price increase for groundwater, a setting characterized by incomplete markets. Using five years of post-treatment data on farm-level water use, we find that water conservation doubles between the first and fifth year of the tax. Failure to account for dynamics in policies designed to manage groundwater will mischaracterize the price elasticity of demand and introduce efficiency costs. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, environmental regulation, market-based approaches, groundwater, agriculture, dynamic effects |
| Date: | 2023–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt2mx8q1td&r=env |
| By: | Seonmin Will Heo; Koichiro Ito; Rao Kotamarthi |
| Abstract: | We study the international spillover effects of air pollution by developing a framework that integrates recent advances in atmospheric science into econometric estimation with microdata on mortality and health. Combining transboundary particle trajectory data with the universe of individual-level mortality and emergency room visit data in South Korea, we find that transboundary air pollution from China significantly increases mortality and morbidity in South Korea. Using these estimates, we show that a recent Chinese environmental policy “war on pollution” generated a substantial international spillover benefit. Finally, we examine China’s strategic pollution reductions and provide their implications for the potential Coasian bargaining. |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30830&r=env |
| By: | Ivana Radic (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Taoufik Yatribi (ENA - Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès); Yamna Erraach (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Feliu López-I-Gelats (UVic-UCC - Fundació Universitària Balmes); Judit Manuel-I-Martin (UVic-UCC - Fundació Universitària Balmes); Fatima El Hadad-Gauthier (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes) |
| Keywords: | OIL MILL BYPRODUCTS, OLIVE OIL, COMPANY STRATEGY, WASTE UTILIZATION, CIRCULAR ECONOMY, RISK, PROFITABILITY, VALUE CREATION, TUNISIA, MOROCCO, FRANCE, SPAIN, ITALY, GREECE, MEDITERRANEAN REGION, SOUS PRODUIT D'HUILERIE, HUILE D'OLIVE, STRATEGIE DE L'ENTREPRISE, UTILISATION DES DECHETS, ECONOMIE CIRCULAIRE, RISQUE, RENTABILITE, CREATION DE VALEUR, TUNISIE, MAROC, ESPAGNE, ITALIE, GRECE, REGION MEDITERRANEENNE |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03343251&r=env |
| By: | Laurence Amblard (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | In the European Union (EU) context, regulatory instruments and incentive schemes targeting individual farmsremain the main policy instruments implemented to control diffuse pollution from agriculture. Yet, collectiveapproaches to policy implementation have been recently developing. This article aims at assessing the potentialfor hybrid policy instruments relying on collective action among farmers to limit diffuse nitrate pollution fromagriculture. Transaction cost economics are used to assess the potential advantages of collective action as acomplement to regulatory and incentive policy tools. The conditions under which such hybrid forms of governancemay be successful are identified using the Social-Ecological System (SES) framework. A review ofempirical studies documenting cases of collective action for policy implementation in the EU context serves as abasis for the identification of the factors likely to affect the potential of collective approaches for water qualitymanagement in agriculture. The analysis relies more particularly on two cases: the Environmental Cooperativesin the Netherlands and the "Ferti-Mieux" operations in France. The results suggest that collective action is arelevant tool to consider for improving the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies targeting diffusepollution from agriculture. In particular, relying on farmers' cooperation for policy implementation may beassociated with advantages in terms of transaction costs. However, such advantages will be effective under anumber of conditions related to the characteristics of the water resource, the actors involved, the governance ofcooperation and the broader economic and institutional contexts. |
| Keywords: | Diffuse pollution Agriculture Collective action, Hybrid policy instruments, Transaction costs, Social-ecological system (SES) framework |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03095373&r=env |
| By: | Florian Fizaine (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | The circular economy concept is currently being used in multiple ways. For some academics and organizations circular economy can be identified as a long term goal of achieved green growth while others argue that circular economy is fundamentally different from green growth. In this paper, we explore the conditions allowing green growth to be compatible with the concept of circular economy. Our model explicitly takes into account the possibility of a dematerializing of wealth production and raw material recycling through a green growth framework. We show that the reconciling of green growth with circular economy requires: (i) a fast decrease of the raw material intensity of economy far removed from present and past trajectories, (ii) the absence of a physical limitation to this decrease. This seems to indicate that green growth is essentially different from, and incompatible with the concept of circular economy. |
| Abstract: | Il existe une forte polysémie derrière l'expression « économie circulaire ». Certains identifient l'économie circulaire comme une forme finale de la croissance verte (croissance économique infinie dans un monde fini). D'autres, au contraire, perçoivent la croissance verte comme le prolongement d'un ancien modèle fondamentalement incompatible avec les limites de la géosphère et donc très différent de l'économie circulaire qui s'inscrit dans un mimétisme écologique. Dans cet article, nous explorons les hypothèses permettant de réconcilier la croissance verte avec l'économie circulaire via la dématérialisation. Nous montrons que la réconciliation de l'économie circulaire et de la croissance verte réclamerait (i) une vitesse de décroissance de l'intensité matérielle de l'économie à des niveaux jamais observés, mais également (ii) une absence de limite physique à cette décroissance. Cela laisse supposer que l'approche de la croissance verte est fondamentalement incompatible avec le concept d'économie circulaire. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, decoupling, green growth, circular economy, natural resources, ressources naturelles, développement durable, découplage, croissance verte, économie circulaire |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03884377&r=env |
| By: | Saalfield, Jon |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and their potential implications for the region’s balance of payments. The first section summarizes prevailing trade dynamics, finding that in LAC, exports of raw materials help to cover the cost of importing capital goods. The second section turns to the region’s NDCs to identify policies affecting import expenditure. The third section employs a similar methodology on the export side, tallying policies affecting output and global cost competitiveness in key sectors (crops, livestock, timber, metals and minerals, manufactured goods, fisheries, and tourism). |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INSTRUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, POLITICA COMERCIAL, IMPORTACIONES, EXPORTACIONES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CLIMATE CHANGE, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE POLICY, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col025:48555&r=env |
| By: | Clulow, Z.; Reiner, D. |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing consensus surrounding the need to decarbonize power for meeting the ambitious temperature target set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement, the share of low-carbon energy sources in the overall energy mix varies significantly across countries and over time. We evaluate the influence of democracy on clean energy transition by studying national solar, wind, hydro and nuclear energy shares of total energy use for electricity generation from 1980 to 2020. Using data from the Varieties of Democracy, Freedom House and Polity IV democracy indices, International Energy Agency Extended Energy Balances and Summary Statistics and World Bank World Development Indicators, we conduct a large-N study of the emissions levels of 135 countries. This article develops existing understandings about the relationship between democracy and energy transition by employing a more sophisticated – hierarchical – research design to determine whether: (i) democracy continues to be an important driver of low-carbon energy use once country-level clustering is accounted for, (ii) fluctuations in the democratic attributes of domestic political regimes have uniform effects across countries and (iii), if so, economic development plays a role in shaping the effect of democracy within individual countries. The results suggest that, even after controlling for country-level clustering and other putative drivers of energy portfolios, democracy has a significant effect on the low-carbon energy sources examined here. A second-order regression of country-specific democracy effects estimated by our hierarchical model provides robust evidence that economic development plays an important role in shaping the effect of democracy within individual countries: Strikingly, democratic spells (of increased democratic institutions and processes) in advanced economies tend to inhibit solar, wind and hydro energy, but promote nuclear energy use, while having the opposite effects (promoting solar, wind and hydro and inhibiting nuclear shares) in emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, nuclear, energy transition, decarbonization, democracy, electricity generation, energy mix, economic development |
| JEL: | N7 O13 P18 P28 P48 Q42 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2304&r=env |
| By: | Immervoll, Herwig (OECD); Linden, Jules (LISER (CEPS/INSTEAD)); O'Donoghue, Cathal (National University of Ireland, Galway); Sologon, Denisa Maria (LISER (CEPS/INSTEAD)) |
| Abstract: | This paper lays out an approach, and a research agenda, for assessing the impact of carbon pricing on household budgets, and of possible compensatory government transfers that can be financed through carbon-tax revenues. It relies on a rich set of available data and policy models and combines them in a way that is informative for mapping the gains and losses at the household level in the short term as countries transition to a low-carbon economy. A particular focus is on linking information on carbon emissions and consumption patterns (which is needed for quantifying carbon-tax burdens), with income data and tax-transfer policy models (needed for assessing government policies that aim to cushion or offset carbon-tax burdens). The approach is illustrated for a carbon-tax scenario based on a recent proposal in Lithuania. Results confirm that direct burdens from higher fuel prices fall disproportionately on lower-income households. But indirect effects, from higher prices of goods other than fuel, are sizeable and broadly "flat" across the income distribution, which dampens regressivity. Low-income households are also found to respond more strongly to rising prices, reducing their burdens and, hence, regressivity. The total effect is only mildly regressive. Recycling carbon-tax revenues back to households allows considerable scope for avoiding or cushioning losses for large parts of the population, and existing policy models can be used to design compensation measures that facilitate majority support for carbon tax packages. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, climate change, inequality, revenue recycling |
| JEL: | C8 D12 D31 H23 Q52 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15868&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report reviews the effectiveness of carbon pricing, how it might be applied to the shipping sector and with what effects. It also evaluates recent proposals by countries to introduce a price on shipping’s carbon emissions and examines related policy issues. |
| Date: | 2022–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:110-en&r=env |
| By: | Tianran Ding; Bernhard Steubing; Wouter M.J. Achten |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/352783&r=env |
| By: | Trinh Van Vu Lin; Trinh Phuoc Nguyen; Nguyen Van Kien; Tran Duc Dung; Dang Minh Man |
| Abstract: | Community livelihoods within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta are at risk from droughts and saltwater intrusion. This study used the DFID sustainable livelihoods framework in a multi-disciplinary method to formulate a competent analysis and methodology for the evaluationof the sustainability, vulnerability, and adaptation of the coastal residents’ livelihood. A review of the local records coupled with a survey of community representatives from 120 households highlights the increase in temperature and rainfall frequency as well as the occurrence of drought and salinity intrusion in many places along the coastal zones. The study analyzed five capital resources of farmers wherein differences in these resources—before, during, and after the drought-saltwater intrusion events—were compared. Results showed that these resources were vulnerable at different levels due to the impacts of drought and salinity intrusion. Furthermore, there were distinct differences in the indices over time. Notably, the migration of young workers from the sites opened up employment for the older workers who did not migrate. Land ownership varied among households, with more than half of respondents either planting two rice crops or raising shrimp, traditional farming models in the sites. Although the farmers ably purchased some necessary inputs for production, their physical capital was limited to the bare necessities for production and daily subsistence. Financially, the drought-salinity disaster affected the farmers negatively, so they sought loans mostly from informal sources. However, even the least affected farmers also sought loans but for purposes other than production. Social capital improved with the disaster because social organizations and local governments became more involved with the communities. However, no further improvement was observed in the years after the disaster. Overall, Nam Chanh hamlet is slightly more vulnerable to drought-saltwater intrusion (LVI = 0.452) than Soc Leo hamlet (LVI = 0.414) because of the greater vulnerability of its human, physical, and financial capitals, as well as the less diverse livelihood strategies. The results from this study will provide valuable insight into the livelihood vulnerability of coastal communities, specifically to drought and salinity intrusion. Further, results can contribute to the knowledge that enables scientists, decision makers, and governments to determine appropriate responses to similar situations and to consider policy for land and water management in coastal communities. |
| Keywords: | VMD, Vietnamese Mekong Delta, coastal communities, climate change adaptation, drought, salinity intrusion, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2022:545&r=env |
| By: | Jeremi Assael (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab, MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Thibaut Heurtebize (BNP Paribas Asset Management, Quantitative Research Group, Research Lab); Laurent Carlier (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab); François Soupé (BNP Paribas Asset Management, Quantitative Research Group, Research Lab) |
| Abstract: | As of 2022, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reporting and auditing are not yet compulsory for all companies and methodologies of measurement and estimation are not unified. We propose a machine learning-based model to estimate scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions of companies not reporting them yet. Our model, specifically designed to be transparent and completely adapted to this use case, is able to estimate emissions for a large universe of companies. It shows good out-of-sample global performances as well as good out-of-sample granular performances when evaluating it by sectors, by countries or by revenues buckets. We also compare our results to those of other providers and find our estimates to be more accurate. Thanks to the proposed explainability tools using Shapley values, our model is fully interpretable, the user being able to understand which factors split explain the GHG emissions for each particular company. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, disclosure, greenhouse gas emissions, machine learning, interpretability, carbon emissions, scope 1, scope 2, interpretable machine learning |
| Date: | 2022–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03905325&r=env |
| By: | Hala Abdallah (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Selma Tozanli (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Fatima F. El Hadad-Gauthier (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Salem Darwich (Faculté d’Agronomie - Université Libanaise) |
| Keywords: | CHANNEL, APPLES, MARKETING CHANNELS, AGRICULTURAL SITUATION, COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, STANDARDS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, CONSTRAINTS, RECOMMENDATION, LEBANON, FILIERE, POMME, CIRCUIT DE COMMERCIALISATION, SITUATION AGRICOLE, ACCORD D'ASSOCIATION COMMUNAUTAIRE, COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL, NORME, REVENU DES MENAGES, CONTRAINTE, RECOMMANDATION, LIBAN |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03906006&r=env |
| By: | Geoff Boeing; Yougeng Lu; Clemens Pilgram |
| Abstract: | Vehicular air pollution has created an ongoing air quality and public health crisis. Despite growing knowledge of racial injustice in exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between the production of and exposure to such pollution. This study assesses pollution burden by testing whether local populations' vehicular air pollution exposure is proportional to how much they drive. Through a Los Angeles, California case study we examine how this relates to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status -- and how these relationships vary across the region. We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population. Commuters from majority-White tracts disproportionately drive through non-White tracts, compared to the inverse. Decades of racially-motivated freeway infrastructure planning and residential segregation shape today's disparities in who produces vehicular air pollution and who is exposed to it, but opportunities exist for urban planning and transport policy to mitigate this injustice. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.00440&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Kettner; Eva Wretschitsch (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | In the "Fit for 55" package of July 2021, the European Commission proposed inter alia a revision of the energy taxation directive with the intent of increasing tax rates for fossil fuels that should contribute to achieving the EU's emission reduction targets for 2030. Since then, climate policy challenges in the EU have been amplified by sharp increases in electricity and gas prices mainly as a result of the war in Ukraine. Energy price spikes have led to the implementation of numerous compensation measures for households and firms in EU member countries. In this article, we provide an overview of the discussion on energy taxation in the EU and analyse compensation measures implemented during the energy crisis. We find that energy cost related compensation measures counter climate policy efforts. A stronger focus on vulnerable groups would have reduced the overall costs of measures and entailed stronger energy efficiency incentives. |
| Keywords: | EU, Energy taxation, Energy cost subsidies, Energy crisis |
| Date: | 2023–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2023:i:656&r=env |
| By: | Thomas MAROIS; Jacob STEWART; Régis MARODON |
| Abstract: | Public multilateral (MDBs) and national development banks (NDBs) are already working to advance the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).But can they do more to help deliver finance at the right pace and scale and on the terms appropriate for catalyzing global green and just transitions? What potential roles might enhanced cooperation between multilateral and national development banks play in achieving green and just transitions?This paper contributes to our understanding of the potential of public development banks by mapping out the inter-relations between nine MDBs and select NDBs in four regions. The analysis finds that MDBs are lending to NDBs in their regions, but unevenly so; that MDB reporting of cooperation with NDBs is uneven; that MDBs see multiple barriers to lending to NDBs; and that, with a few exceptions, MDBs are not aligning or tracking SDG financing systematically. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en14974&r=env |
| By: | Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Gregor Singer |
| Abstract: | We examine how exogenous changes in exposure to air pollution over the past two decades have altered the disparities in home values between Black and White homeowners. We find that air quality capitalization rates are significantly lower for Black homeowners. In fact, they are so much lower that, despite secular reductions in the Black-White pollution exposure gap, disparities in housing values have increased during this period. An exploration of mechanisms suggests that roughly one-quarter of this difference is the result of direct discrimination while the remaining three-quarters can be attributed to systemic discrimination through differential access to complementary amenities. |
| JEL: | J15 Q53 R31 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30814&r=env |
| By: | Oliver Browne; Ludovica Gazze; Michael Greenstone; Olga Rostapshova |
| Abstract: | New technologies allow perfect detection of environmental violations at near-zero marginal cost, but take-up is low. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate enforcement of water conservation rules with smart meters in Fresno, CA. Households were randomly assigned combinations of enforcement method (automated or in-person inspections) and fines. Automated enforcement increased households’ punishment rates from 0.1 to 14%, decreased summer water use by 3%, and reduced violations by 17%, while higher fine levels had little effect. However, automated enforcement also increased customer complaints by 1, 102%, ultimately causing its cancellation and highlighting that political considerations limit technological solutions to enforcement challenges. |
| JEL: | K42 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30816&r=env |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This article proposes, in the light of the French case, to consider building a social-ecological protection aimed at reducing the health and economic impact of the heatwaves caused by climate change by answering five successive questions: why protect? Protect from what? What to protect? Whom to protect? How to protect? |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose, à la lumière du cas français, des éléments d'analyse en vue de l'édification d'une protection sociale-écologique visant à atténuer l'impact sanitaire et économique des fortes chaleurs engendrées par le dérèglement climatique, en répondant à cinq questions successives : Pourquoi protéger ? De quoi protéger ? Que protéger ? Qui protéger ? Comment protéger ? |
| Keywords: | France, heatwaves, elderly, social-ecological risk, insurance |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03373456&r=env |
| By: | Imelda (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID)); Mathias Fripp (University of Hawai’i at M¯anoa, University of Hawai’i Economic Research Organization and Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability group); Michael J. Roberts (Department of Economics, University of Hawai’i Economic Research Organization, and Sea Grant College Program) |
| Abstract: | Solar and wind power are now cheaper than fossil fuels but are intermittent. The extra supply-side variability implies growing benefits of using real-time retail pricing (RTP). We evaluate the potential gains of RTP using a model that jointly solves investment, supply, storage, and demand to obtain a chronologically detailed dynamic equilibrium for the island of Oahu, Hawai’i. We find that RTP reduces costs in high-renewable systems by roughly 6 to 12 times as much as in fossil systems holding demand assumptions fixed, markedly lowering the cost of clean energy integration. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, real-time pricing, storage, demand response, optimization |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2023-1r&r=env |
| By: | Davis, Adam W; Stark, Joshua; Garcia Sanchez, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | Zero-emission vehicles are a central component of plans to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from California’s transportation sector. Because these vehicles generally have higher purchase prices than conventional vehicles and represent a new technology that many households are hesitant to adopt, it is important to find ways to incentivize the adoption of these vehicles. A range of methods have been tested globally, including monetary incentives and stickers that allow these vehicles to access high-occupancy vehicle lanes. This report assesses the potential use of express lane discounts as a driver of ZEV adoption by testing the effectiveness of a range of discount scenarios. These scenarios are built upon a baseline scenario that incorporates adoption drivers from existing policies and market growth trajectories. This analysis treats the express lane discount as a monetary incentive. The researchers find that providing even very large discounts for express lane usage to zero-emission vehicles would only slightly increase vehicle sales but would make these lanes much less capable of serving their other purposes. As part of this project, an Excel tool was developed that allows users to test their own scenarios. As an alternative to providing toll discounts to owners of new zero-emission vehicles, the authors recommend developing targeted incentives that focus on low-income and disadvantaged communities and are available to households that purchased pre-owned vehicles. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, managed lanes, zero-emission vehicles, electric vehicles, incentives |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt09g2n5f7&r=env |
| By: | Zapata, Nancy; Tejada, María del Carmen |
| Abstract: | Este documento se elaboró en el marco del proyecto “Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la incorporación de la reducción del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático en la inversión pública en los países miembros del COSEFIN/SICA” (RIDASSIC) coordinado desde 2019 por la CEPAL y la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Hacienda o Finanzas de Centroamérica, Panamá y la República Dominicana (SE-COSEFIN). El proyecto RIDASICC tiene como objetivo contribuir a la integración de la reducción de riesgos de desastres y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático en los proyectos de inversión pública, conservando y mejorando los servicios que brindan a la población de los países miembros del COSEFIN/SICA. |
| Keywords: | ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA, INVERSION PUBLICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, POLITICA FISCAL, SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION, AGUA, SERVICIOS DE SANEAMIENTO, EDUCACION, AGRICULTURA, SALUD, PREPARACION DE PROYECTOS, DIRECTRICES, DESARROLLO DE CAPACIDAD, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, INSTITUCIONES PUBLICAS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, FISCAL POLICY, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, WATER, SANITATION SERVICES, EDUCATION, AGRICULTURE, HEALTH, PROJECT PREPARATION, GUIDELINES, CAPACITY BUILDING, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:48491&r=env |
| By: | Jan Fagerberg (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | Transforming the economy to a state consistent with net-zero emissions is a very demanding task. Extensive change, i.e., innovation, in the way energy is provided, distributed, and used across all parts of society will be required. An important question, discussed in this paper, is how policy – and particularly innovation policy - can contribute to mobilize innovation for this purpose. It is pointed out that while innovation solves problems (in response to challenges), it also creates novel opportunities that policymakers may exploit to further their aims. The analysis presented in the paper shows that a global green shift, centred on production and use of renewable energy, is - greatly helped by past policies in a few countries - already well underway, and it is argued that this may create very important opportunities for policy makers in their attempts to support (and speed up) the transition. It is concluded that for policy to succeed in its aims, two elements are essential, (1) a broadly supported vision or strategy for change, exploiting the opportunities offered by the global green shift, and (2) a set of projects – or missions – aimed at addressing specific challenges of relevance for the countries in question. However, for such projects or missions to be successful, relevant stakeholders – also outside national boarders – may need to be included, challenging received innovation policy governance. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20230108&r=env |
| By: | Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Andreas Lichtenberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | While climate change has long called for a green shift in our economies, the current energy crisis leads to an increased urgency when it comes to transforming the energy and transportation systems. The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), which was adopted to support recovery from the Covid-19 crisis, represents the first large-scale EU-wide investment initiative, including decarbonisation goals. Yet temporary RRF spending will not be sufficient to meet the climate targets in the coming decades, which will require additional public investment equivalent to at least 1% of EU economic output per year. Nor would the reform of EU fiscal rules under consideration enable a sufficient increase in public investment at the national level. What is needed is the establishment of a permanent EU climate and energy investment fund amounting to at least 1% of EU economic output to finance public investment, which could greatly enhance European sovereignty when it comes to ensuring strategic investment at the required scale. National budgets of EU member states would be substantially relieved, allowing governments to take an important step in the green transition while making it more realistic to comply with EU fiscal rules. Investment could also be increasingly directed toward genuinely European projects with EU added value. Such a permanent EU investment fund for climate and energy would not only strengthen the community of EU member states economically and politically from within, but also promote its geostrategic capacity to act. |
| Keywords: | Investitionen, EU, Europa, Klimawandel, Energiekrise, Finanzierung, RRF 2.0 |
| JEL: | H54 H63 R42 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:63&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, COOPERACION REGIONAL, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS, CEPAL, ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, REGIONAL COOPERATION, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROJECT EVALUATION, ECLAC |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:48480&r=env |
| By: | Paule Moustier (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Michelle Holdsworth (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Dao The Anh (VAAS - Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences - MAARD); Pape Abdoulaye Seck; Henk Renting (Aeres University of Applied Sciences); Patrick Caron (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Nicolas Bricas (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Highlights • Research on urban food issues in the global South lacks a systemic approach. • Urban food consumption reflects income disparities. • Urban consumers rely on diverse food retailing and catering formats. • Diverse urban food chains are used in combination to supply cities. • Public policies should better support SMEs in urban food chains. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03898038&r=env |
| By: | Valeria Revilla Calderón (SDSN Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | El sector del turismo genera emisiones de GEI a la atmósfera impactando al cambio climático, y a su vez, es considerado como un sector altamente vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. A través de este estudio, se realiza una estimación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero generadas por las actividades asociadas al turismo en Bolivia durante la gestión 2019, con el fin de contar con una línea de base y un diagnóstico que permita identificar oportunidades y acciones de mejora para todos los actores involucrados (hoteles, agencias de viaje, turistas, proveedores de servicios, etc.). Los resultados muestran que en la gestión 2019 se habrían generado 338.008 ton CO2eq, emisiones que equivalen a las emisiones que se generan por la deforestación de 749 hectáreas de bosque primario húmedo en Bolivia. La principal fuente de emisión es el transporte aéreo con el 63%, seguido de las emisiones por transporte terrestre con el 22%, las estadías en hoteles, residenciales y alojamientos con el 8%, la alimentación con el 7%, y la generación de residuos con el 0, 24%. En el documento se plantean acciones y lineamientos estratégicos de reducción a ser aplicados en distintos niveles y por diferentes actores. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático, Emisiones de GEI, Huella de Carbono, Turismo |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 L83 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:0222&r=env |
| By: | Giulia Napolitano |
| Abstract: | This work is part of the literature that recognizes the crucial role of an ethical evaluation in the financial sector and investigates the aspects related to the social and environmental impact of economic activities. Those must be strictly complementary to a traditional evaluation, which cannot be the sole parameter of reference for the investor, and intended to make a point on the state of the art of impact finance, in Italy and in Europe, in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The interest for the issue was validated by the recent transition of mainstream finance towards a model compatible with the urgent emerging environmental and social challenges, which has caused a rethinking of management models and aims to generate social, as well as economic value, restoring a more positive relationship with society, communities and the environment. In this context, Europe plays a leading role on the basis of a consolidated social culture and a growing attention to innovation in the field of inclusive finance regulation: it has turned out to be by far the most important developed and diversified ESG (environmental, social, governance) market and which continues to dominate sustainable investments and hosts the majority of sustainable funds and assets. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Pandemics, Ethics, Financial markets, CSR |
| JEL: | G01 G2 G28 G41 M14 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpeu:22122&r=env |
| By: | Micael Castanheira De Moura; Benoît Rihoux; Guillaume Perilleux; Nils Bandelow |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/353443&r=env |
| By: | Otto, James |
| Abstract: | Governments increasingly mandate that mining companies implement sustainable development initiatives in communities affected by their operations. The use of corporate social responsibility programs and community development agreements can help communities to overcome the historical boom-bust cycle associated with large mines and broaden their ability to prosper after the mine closes. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:325&r=env |
| By: | Agatz, N.A.H.; Fleischmann, M. |
| Abstract: | Supply chain management (SCM) is about fulfilling demand. Based on given estimates of future demand, SCM invests the appropriate resources and then uses these resources to match supply to demand. The traditional SCM perspective takes demand as exogenous. The goal of SCM is then to serve the forecasted or materialized demand effectively and efficiently. How difficult it is to achieve this goal depends on the characteristics of that demand. For example, serving a stable, predictable demand is relatively cheap whereas serving an unpredictable, strongly fluctuating demand may imply less efficient operations characterized by high inventory built-up and low capacity utilization. In the same way, demand characteristics impact not only the financial performance of the supply process but also its environmental impact. For example, satisfying demand for fresh produce during the harvesting season results in lower emissions than serving off- season demand which requires substantial storage and/or long-distance shipments from other growing regions. |
| Keywords: | supply chain management, SCM, demand management, sustainability, supply chain operations |
| Date: | 2023–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureri:137154&r=env |
| By: | Chaisse, Julien |
| Abstract: | The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment is China's first treaty with a section dedicated to sustainable development and labor regulations. It introduces major innovations such as ensuring corporate due diligence to end forced labor, among others. This significant development aims to promote sustainable economic growth and investment. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:323&r=env |
| By: | Marion Davin (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mouez Fodha (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Seegmuller (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce the dynamics of epidemics in an overlapping generations model to take into account that old people are more vulnerable; people are more easily infected when pollution is high; public spending and public debt can be used to tackle the effects of epidemics. We show that fiscal policies can promote the convergence to a stable steady state with no epidemics. When public policies are not able to permanently eradicate the epidemic, public debt and income transfers could reduce the number of infected people and increase capital and GDP per capita. As a prerequisite, pollution intensity should not be too high. Finally, we define a household subsidy policy which eliminates income and welfare inequalities between healthy and infected individuals. |
| Keywords: | public debt, epidemics, pollution, overlapping generations |
| Date: | 2021–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03222251&r=env |
| By: | NAKAGAWA Junji |
| Abstract: | The post-WWII international trade law system, which was established and developed to liberalise international trade, is facing multiple legitimacy crises. First, the system has contributed to the globalisation of the economy but has not addressed the income disparity within and among states. Second, multinational enterprises that have proliferated under the system have violated human rights, caused environmental degradation and engaged in anti-monopoly practices. Third, the system has not provided effective means for addressing global issues such as global warming and the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of these legitimacy crises of the post-WWII international trade law system, two fundamental questions should be raised: first, whether the system’s goal of trade liberalisation is adequate and, second, whether the structure and functions of the system’s regulation of international trade are adequate as well. To answer these fundamental questions, this study suggests (1) replacing the goal of the international trade law system from trade liberalisation to sustainability or sustainable development and (2) reconstructing the structure and functions of the regulation of international trade based on the broad definition of ‘international trade law system’, which comprises not only hard law on international trade but also soft law instruments regarding international trade addressed to states and private firms. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22116&r=env |
| By: | Uehara, Thiago Kanashiro; O'Reilly, Kate |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the scope and overall direction of the World Trade Organization and the International Fair-Trade Charter to examine contrasting trade-related institutions with regards to sustainable development. Many institutions have addressed sustainable development in commercial or trade affairs. However, we found that trade-related institutions and frameworks have relied on narrow or obsolete conceptualizations of sustainability, and that equity and sustainability remains marginal or slotted into regimes of exception. In this paper, we combine our knowledge of Sustainability Sciences, Economics, Law, and Development Studies to articulate a principled approach to trade and public policy, which serves to inform debates on civilization transitions required for true sustainability, fairness, planetary health, and a revamped set of global goals that reposition trade in societal formation. |
| Date: | 2023–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gqu5z&r=env |
| By: | Walid Matar; Doaa Filali (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | After cement production in Saudi Arabia surged in the first half of the 2010s due to the country’s rapid economic development, it has slowed measurably in recent years as economic growth has declined. This is shown in Figure 1, along with the evolution of the Kingdom’s real gross domestic income (RGDI). Still, it ranks among the top 10 countries for existing cement kiln capacity. The Saudi cement industry has relied on Arab Heavy crude oil, heavy fuel oil (HFO), and natural gas to produce clinker, a key cement ingredient. |
| Keywords: | Applied general model, Bottom up model, Coal bed methane, Deep water |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2022-dp12&r=env |
| By: | Camila Jericó-Daminello; Barbara Schröter; Maria Mancilla Garcia; Christian Albert |
| Abstract: | Stakeholder groups engage in ecosystem services coproduction as both coproducers and beneficiaries. Stakeholder group perceptions of their own and each other's roles in ecosystem services coproduction therefore influence how ecosystem services are provided in a given landscape. However, only a few studies have investigated self-perceived and attributed stakeholder group roles in this context. The aim of this paper is to assess the self-perceived and attributed engagement and importance of stakeholder groups in the coproduction of ecosystem services in a case study of the Lahn River landscape in Germany. The research questions address (i) local stakeholder group perceptions of their own engagement in the coproduction of ecosystem services and (ii) differences and commonalities between self-perceived and attributed stakeholder group importance in ecosystem services coproduction. Our method involves a survey local stakeholder groups regarding involvement in the coproduction of twelve ecosystem services and social network analysis to assess the survey data concerning network structures. Our findings indicate that self-perceived and attributed perceptions differ mainly regarding the central role of stakeholder groups in collaborative networks. We further identify differences in the self-perceived levels of importance of stakeholder groups within collaborative networks but similarities in the understanding of the overall stakeholder group network structure. We conclude by highlighting key implications for ecosystem services governance, including the need to address power imbalances and the need to foster collaborative engagement to ensure sustained and just ecosystem services delivery. |
| Keywords: | Collaboration; Ecosystem services coproduction; Lahn River landscape; Social network analysis; Stakeholder perspectives |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/331457&r=env |
| By: | Johnson, Nicholas; Fitch-Polse, Dillon; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | E-bike incentive programs are being utilized across the United States to encourage the adoption of active transportation. This study assesses the impacts of three e-bike rebate programs in Northern California using survey results gathered by each agency. Three research questions are answered through this study: “How has e-bike ownership impacted the mode choices, trip purpose, and travel frequency of our sample?”, “How much do e-bike rebate recipients reduce their mobile greenhouse gases (GHGs)?”, and “How did the design of each program impact who was able to participate and the program outcomes?”. To answer these, the research team merged and cleaned the survey data from the three programs, explored descriptive statistics, and undertook an estimation of GHG emissions reductions. This analysis highlighted changes in travel behavior, car travel replacement, the impact of program designs, and various equity impacts. E-bike recipients reported more regular bike use after getting their e-bike, although their frequency of bike travel began to decline in the long-term. Respondents also reported high rates of occasional car trip replacement (1-3 times per week and 1-3 times per month). The vast majority of e-bike use in the sample was for recreational travel. Although the GHG reductions analysis estimated a monthly diversion of 12-44 kilograms of CO2 per rebate participant. The authors conclude with an equity analysis that explores how program design influenced who participated in these rebate programs. This found that low-income requirements are successful at targeting those with the most need for financial assistance, though these requirements do not help meet other equity metrics by association. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bicycling behavior, e-bike, rebate, VMT |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5kb4b8jx&r=env |
| By: | Pachankis, Yang |
| Abstract: | Background: The systematic review is conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown measures of PRC with a history & continuation of nuclear proliferation, current electronic warfare, metallic pollution from military heavy industry, and actinic radiation pollutants from chip production. Apart from the biomedical harm sources, the purposes behind the source productions such as chips have been the sources of psychological tortures in neuro-cognitive warfare. The systemic review adopted a human security paradigm during the Nov. 24, 2022 public responses to the fire in Xinjiang in preventing the online responses from being subsumed by such operations with cognitive-affective psychology in a low-resource context. Methodology: The systematic review adopted meta-analysis on bias-to-error factors contributed by the environmental determinators in the phenomenologies of PRC’s public health policies contrary to the declared results. Due to the simultaneity of psychological practice in preventing torture and biomedical ethics, a meta-ethic analytic review is conducted and dissected the power politicization of COVID-19 to the measurements ought to be carried out currently. A representative case is included with informed consent of the patient, which also gives an overview of tortures happened to the governmental officials and bureaucracies. Results: PRC must cease and desist the human trafficking methods in quarantine measurements, which also contribute to the psychological and actual tortures. With current clinical preparedness, Omicron variant has given an opportunity for herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2. The environmental factors in PRC substantially undermine the referential values of biomedical data in international settings, and if applicable, biomedical products export in the global supply chain. Genetic technologies based on applied research in telomerase must have thorough assessments in their impacts on telomeres consumption. Renormalization from and further research into nuclear proliferation and environmental determinants is the only way to improve public health. |
| Keywords: | omicron; herd immunity; medical ethics; meta-ethics; proliferation; regional public health; human rights; right to health |
| JEL: | A14 C62 C73 C83 C99 D63 D73 D74 D89 E59 F51 H12 I18 J47 L41 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115799&r=env |
| By: | Szabolcs Nagy; Mariann Veresne Somosi |
| Abstract: | In order to succeed, universities are forced to respond to the new challenges in the rapidly changing world. The recently emerging fourth-generation universities should meet sustainability objectives to better serve their students and their communities. It is essential for universities to measure their sustainability performance to capitalise on their core strengths and to overcome their weaknesses. In line with the stakeholder theory, the objective of this study was to investigate students perceptions of university sustainability including their expectations about and satisfaction with the efforts that universities make towards sustainability. This paper proposes a new approach that combines the sustainable university scale, developed by the authors, with the importance-performance analysis to identify key areas of university sustainability. To collect data, an online survey was conducted in Hungary in 2019. The sustainable university scale was found to be a reliable construct to measure different aspects of university sustainability. Results of the importance-performance analysis suggest that students consider Hungarian universities unsustainable. Research findings indicate that Hungarian universities perform poorly in sustainable purchasing and renewable energy use, but their location and their efforts towards separate waste collection are their major competitive advantages. The main domains of university sustainability were also discussed. This study provides university decision-makers and researchers with insightful results supporting the transformation of traditional universities into sustainable, fourth-generation higher education institutions. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.01278&r=env |
| By: | Olivier Cristofini (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Abstract: | Hybrid practices incorporate conflicting institutional logics and are recognized for their capacity to cope with societal problems. Previous literature has concentrated on the hybridization mechanisms inherent in organizations. This focus on an entity has diverted attention away from equivalent mechanisms that operate in wider social systems – specifically, in organizational fields. In this article, I show how discourses can enable such mechanisms. To that end, descending hierarchical classifications were performed on media outlets to study the discourse on the emergence of servitization in France. The results reveal two original mechanisms enabled by discourses and supporting the hybridization of the practice under study: (1) practice renaming and (2) the pivotal role played by the institutional logic of environmental protection. Based on these results, I propose a model detailing how institutional logics and discourses interact to bring about a hybrid practice. This model offers original insights to develop knowledge on hybrid organizing and promote practices that realign business goals with those associated with social welfare and preservation of the natural environment. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03886255&r=env |
| By: | Knight, Lynn G.; Hodgson, Suzy |
| Abstract: | Report Introduction: Over the past 10 years, farmers have shifted their views on milkweed from a weed to a potentially valuable plant. In Vermont, several farmers have gained a new appreciation for common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). They are encouraging it for its pollinator benefits and even intentionally cultivating it as a crop for its floss and seed. This plant has some potential for Vermont farms seeking to diversify and adapt to a changing climate. In this case study, we look at approaches and related costs and benefits to growing milkweed. We provide an economic analysis of milkweed seed and floss production and look at potential demand. This study can inform agricultural producers of a potential alternative crop opportunity. One climate change strategy is to increase crop diversification by adding new perennial crops. This reduces the risk of any one crop failure having significant impact on a farm’s bottom line. Promoting milkweed production not only provides monarch butterfly habitat, but it also holds potential as an alternative crop for Northeast producers. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Marketing, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:330089&r=env |
| By: | Yannaca-Small, Katia |
| Abstract: | Human rights and environmental due diligence to ensure responsible business conduct is leaving the sphere of soft law to integrate the legal fabric of several countries and the EU. To ensure a level playing field, it is time to negotiate a Multilateral Treaty on Due Diligence. OECD would be the most suitable forum. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:332&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Kettner; Michael Böheim (WIFO); Mark Sommer (Austrian Institute of Economic Research); Robert Gaugl; Udo Bachhiesl; Lia Gruber; Thomas Florian Klatzer; Sonja Wogrin; Kurt Kratena |
| Abstract: | We analyse the (techno- and macro-)economic and distributive effects of a transformation to a renewable electricity system in Austria by 2030, as stipulated by the Austrian government. For the analysis, the macroeconomic model DYNK and ATLANTIS, a partial model of the electricity market, were expanded and linked. Four transformation scenarios conforming with the 100 percent renewable electricity target in Austria on a national balance are examined, integrated into a consistent scenario for the development of the European electricity system. Additionally, sensitivity analyses with respect to the gas price are performed. Although all scenarios achieve 100 percent RES-E on a national balance, the analysis shows that electricity from gas-fired power plants will still be needed in 2030 to balance variable renewable generation, to avoid grid congestion, and for heat generation from combined heat and power plants in winter months. Another main conclusion from the simulations is that the transition towards a renewable electricity sector is almost neutral from a socio-economic perspective. It does neither reveal harmful impacts nor lead to high multiplier effects from additional investment. With high natural gas prices in the sensitivity scenarios a decrease in GDP and household income, which might motivate redistributive policies, can be observed. |
| Keywords: | Renewable electricity, Austria, Model linkage, Macroeconomic model, Electricity system model |
| Date: | 2023–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2023:i:658&r=env |
| By: | Tanja Aue; Adam Jatowt; Michael F\"arber |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social and governance (ESG) engagement of companies moved into the focus of public attention over recent years. With the requirements of compulsory reporting being implemented and investors incorporating sustainability in their investment decisions, the demand for transparent and reliable ESG ratings is increasing. However, automatic approaches for forecasting ESG ratings have been quite scarce despite the increasing importance of the topic. In this paper, we build a model to predict ESG ratings from news articles using the combination of multivariate timeseries construction and deep learning techniques. A news dataset for about 3, 000 US companies together with their ratings is also created and released for training. Through the experimental evaluation we find out that our approach provides accurate results outperforming the state-of-the-art, and can be used in practice to support a manual determination or analysis of ESG ratings. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.11765&r=env |
| By: | Valeria Revilla Calderón (SDSN Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | La Huella Hídrica (HH) es un indicador que refleja el uso, consumo y contaminación de agua de forma directa e indirecta, y que permite analizar las implicaciones ambientales, sociales y económicas del uso de agua. A través de este estudio se realiza una estimación de la generación de Huella Hídrica del turismo receptivo en Bolivia para la gestión 2019 en base al Manual de Evaluación de la Huella Hídrica de la Water Footprint Network. Los resultados indican un consumo de 17.906.638 m3 para el año 2019, volumen de agua que equivale a aproximadamente más de 5.000 piscinas olímpicas. El consumo de alimentos y la adquisición de textiles por los turistas representa el 97% de la HH del sector, mientras que el restante 3% se da por el consumo directo y la contaminación de agua. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se identifican oportunidades y acciones de mejora para el sector y sus actores clave (hoteles, agencias de viaje, turistas, proveedores de servicios, etc.). |
| Keywords: | Huella Hídrica, Turismo receptivo, efluentes, Bolivia |
| JEL: | Q25 L83 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:0322&r=env |
| By: | Jose Cobian; Budy P. Resosudarmo; Alin Halimatussadiah; Susan Olivia |
| Abstract: | Most megacities in developing countries are constantly exposed to flood risk, with a clear lack of understanding of insurance leading to poor risk management by urban populations. This paper analyses the demand for a hypothetical index-based flood insurance product among households in Jakarta, Indonesia. An expected utility framework is used to test whether this demand is significantly determined by the basis risk component of the insurance. The paper investigates the effects on insurance uptake of premium discounts, and risk aversion. Using distance of a house to the reference floodgate station (a proxy for basis risk), we find demand falls as basis risk increases. Additionally, the uptake decreases with price and risk aversion. We recommend further investment in floodgate stations to reduce basis risk, complemented with subsidies to encourage demand for this product. However, the level of discount offered to urban households is inconclusive and constitutes an important topic for future research. |
| Keywords: | index insurance, basis risk, disasters, floods, Indonesia |
| JEL: | D81 G22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2022-12&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In this study, nexuses between governance and trade performance in terms of natural resource rents are assessed in 44 sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. The findings show that political governance (entailing “voice & accountability†and political stability) and institutional governance (consisting of the rule of law and corruption control) have a negative effect on trade performance. The findings are consistent with the perspective that resources rents are linked to inefficiencies in governance which are further detrimental to trade performance within the remit of natural resource rents on the one hand and, on the other, the premise of the prevailing weak institutions in the region less likely to boost trade performance. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Economic Growth; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/006&r=env |
| By: | Anton Löf; Magnus Ericsson; Olof Löf |
| Abstract: | After 50 years of optimistic predictions that marine mining will soon take off, it still remains to be seen if and when this will happen. In 2018 the total value of all marine mining, including both offshore mining and the so far non-existing deep-seabed mining, was estimated to be around US$35 billion, less than 1 per cent of land-based mining. This paper focuses on the potential economic effects for LICs and MICs of expanding the extraction of marine deposits. |
| Keywords: | Marine resources, Mining, Fiscal regime, Low income countries, Middle-income countries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-170&r=env |
| By: | Pauline Marty (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Sabrina Dermine-Brullot (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Sophie Madelrieux (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julie Fleuet (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Philippe Lescoat (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article presents the results of an ongoing research project on production and allocation of the biomass of agricultural origin (BAO), a key resource in ecological and energy transitions. The production and allocation of BAO are changing under the current development of the bioeconomy, which is the narrative promoted for intensifying the use of BAO, that we question through the lens of the scientific paradigm of bioeconomics. We developed a metabolic approach to agriculture, that we applied to the case study of northern Aube (France), an area specialized in intensive crop farming, undergoing rapid development of agricultural biogas production. Our results indicate that the ongoing changes influence BAO production and allocation at several scales (farm, small collective of farms, value chain, territorial). Development of the bioeconomy strongly influences the socioeconomic metabolism of the territory's agriculture. Diversion of BAO flows due to biogas production are increasing structural imbalances and have some negative impacts on flows and ecological or economic funds strategic for sustainability, agronomic and economic balances of agricultural activities at multiple scales and as a whole. The changes described are especially disruptive since they strengthen competition and have blocking effects for the existing and potential agricultural metabolism. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural metabolism, socioeconomic metabolism, agricultural biogas, bioeconomy |
| Date: | 2021–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03263050&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report explores ways of making deliveries in cities less disruptive and more sustainable. How goods are distributed in urban environments profoundly affects metropolitan life. Urban freight flows impact cities’ economic vitality, their environmental footprint, the safety and efficiency of traffic and the ways public space is used. The report examines how new partnerships, innovative methods, the use of data and intelligent space allocation can ease the pressure on cities and their inhabitants by rapidly growing freight movements in urban areas. It also addresses whether solutions require new forms of data management, what new types of delivery vehicles might be required and how actors can co-ordinate more effectively. |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:109-en&r=env |
| By: | Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The AGREE model is an integrated framework to quantitatively analyse the impacts of changes in the economy and policy on AGriculture, Resources, Environment and Energy. While covering the four domains, the model framework is kept as simple as possible to reduce the complexities to a maximum. As a flexible framework, the application to different study cases and extensions by other models is possible. The model's simplicity and flexibility require a careful analysis of the results. The model provides relative values instead of absolute values, ranges instead of levels, and considers sensitivity analysis for relevant scenarios and model parameters. Thus, insecurities from a simple model are systematically covered. The AGREE-model is a "light" version of an integrated assessment model being used for the first and fast analysis of economic shocks and policy changes. This paper presents the conceptual framework of the AGREE model. |
| Keywords: | integrated model, economic model, agriculture, environment, assessment model, Q11, Q15, Q200, Q300, Q400, Q500 |
| Date: | 2022–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03904598&r=env |
| By: | Bureau of Agricultural Economics |
| Abstract: | Excerpt from the report: All through the country farmers are discussing how to manage their acres to better advantage, how to conserve their resources of soil, water, grass, and timber, and how to adjust their use of the land to the limitations and opportunities that Nature provides. While the people of rural communities follow with interest the Federal programs for better land use, they are also working out local programs of their own. For example, they are giving increased attention to a new technique for preventing the waste of land — rural zoning. They have watched it spread from its first proving ground in Wisconsin, and naturally want to know more about this method of guiding land use into constructive channels. What does it aim to accomplish? How practical has it turned out to be? This publication is designed to present the A B C of rural zoning in nontechnical terms as an aid to the further discussion and understanding of this important land use measure. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersmp:330058&r=env |
| By: | Michael Kremer; Stephen P. Luby; Ricardo Maertens; Brandon Tan; Witold Więcek |
| Abstract: | Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of water treatment are typically powered to detect effects on caregiver-reported diarrhea but not child mortality, as detecting mortality effects requires prohibitively large sample sizes. Consequently, water treatment is seldom included in lists of cost-effective, evidence-backed child health interventions which are prioritized in health funding decisions. To increase statistical power, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We replicated search and selection criteria from previous meta-analyses of RCTs aimed at improving water quality to prevent diarrhea in low- or middle-income countries which included children under 5 years old. We identified 52 RCTs and then obtained child mortality data from each study for which these data were collected and available, contacting authors of the study where necessary; this resulted in 15 studies.Frequentist and Bayesian methods were used to estimate the effect of water treatment on child mortality among included studies. We estimated a mean cross-study reduction in the odds of all-cause under-5 mortality of about 30% (Peto odds ratio, OR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.92; Bayes OR 0.70; 95% CrI 0.49 to 0.93). The results were qualitatively similar under alternative modeling and data inclusion choices. Taking into account heterogeneity across studies, the expected reduction in a new implementation is 25%. We used the results to examine the cost-effectiveness of investing in water treatment for point-of-collection chlorine dispensers or a large-scale program providing coupons for free chlorine solution. We estimate a cost per expected DALY averted due to water treatment of around USD 40 for both, accounting for delivery costs. This is approximately 45 times lower than the widely used threshold of 1x GDP per capita per DALY averted. |
| JEL: | I1 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30835&r=env |
| By: | Hajer Habib (Faculté des sciences économiques et de gestion de Tunis, Université El-Manar-Tunisie) |
| Abstract: | Cet article vise à analyser empiriquement le rôle des envois de fonds des migrants dans l’allégement des oscillations du PIB réel induites par la variabilité météorologique détectée par les changements annuels moyens des précipitations et de la température subis par un ensemble des pays d’Afrique du nord entre 1980 et 2016. Nous utilisons un modèle autorégressif vectoriel sur des données de panel (PVAR) afin d’autoriser les interactions endogènes entre les variables du modèle et de contourner le problème d’une faible taille des séries en combinant les dimensions spatiale et temporelle. Nos résultats visent à montrer d'une part l'impact négatif de la variabilité météorologique interannuelle sur le PIB réel par habitant. Une légère diminution de ce dernier mais reste statistiquement significative de 0.2% et 0.13% lors des chocs respectivement des précipitations et de la température. Ceci est principalement dû à la stabilité du climat dans la région pendant les dernières décennies. D'autre part, les envois de fonds enregistrent une contribution à l’ordre de 3.7% aux fluctuations du PIB. Ces envois peuvent être utilisés comme un coussin sur la stabilité macroéconomique des pays affectés négativement par les conditions météorologiques. Ils se caractérisent par des schémas contracycliques qui augmentent l’adaptabilité et la résistance face aux aléas. En conséquence, les politiques futures doivent être plus rigoureusement focalisé sur les politiques d'adaptation et d'investir dans les technologies vertes qui atténuent les conséquences négatives de la météo annuelle et des changements climatiques à long terme. |
| Date: | 2022–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1615&r=env |
| By: | Armin Falk (University of Bonn, briq Institute); Mark Fallak (Institute of Labor Economics); Lasse Stötzer (briq Institute) |
| Abstract: | Neun von zehn Deutschen sind bereit, für die Rettung des Klimas Kosten auf sich zu nehmen. In einer repräsentativen Umfrage für den briq policy monitor zeigte sich eine breite Mehrheit der Deutschen bereit, einen Teil eines frei verfügbaren Geldbetrags für den Klimaschutz zu spenden. Die Spendenbereitschaft steigt nicht nur mit höherem Einkommen, sondern hängt insbesondere von der altruistischen Disposition sowie der Parteipräferenz ab. Auch beim Konsum und der Mobilität achtet eine große Mehrheit der Deutschen inzwischen auf die Klimafolgen ihrer Entscheidungen. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkpbs:035&r=env |
| By: | Angela Köppl; Stefan Schleicher (WIFO); Margit Schratzenstaller |
| Abstract: | Der öffentliche Sektor als Produzent und Konsument von Gütern und Dienstleistungen spielt für Fortschritte in Hinblick auf die ökologische Entwicklung eines Landes eine wichtige Rolle. Das Working Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Erfassung der ökologisch relevanten öffentlichen Ausgaben in Österreich, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf klimarelevanten Ausgaben liegt. Die in Österreich verfügbaren Datengrundlagen bezüglicher öffentlicher Klima- und Umweltausgaben werden vorgestellt und hinsichtlich (der Grenzen) ihrer Aussagekraft diskutiert. Auch wird auf die Datengrundlagen zu den Kosten klimapolitischen Nicht-Handelns, zu ökologisch kontra-produktiven öffentlichen Subventionen sowie zu den für die grüne Transformation erforderlichen grünen öffentlichen Investitionen in Österreich eingegangen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, einen möglichst vollständigen Überblick über die bestehenden Datengrundlagen zu ökologisch und insbesondere klimapolitisch relevanten öffentlichen Ausgaben in Österreich zu geben, Grenzen ihrer Aussagekraft aufzuzeigen und auf Datenlücken und -erfordernisse hinzuweisen. Schließlich werden auch Anforderungen hinsichtlich der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für die Implementierung öffentlicher Klimaschutzausgaben angesprochen. |
| Keywords: | Klimaschutzausgaben, grüne öffentliche Investitionen, Kosten klimapolitischen Nichthandelns, grüne Förderungen, klimakontraproduktive Subventionen |
| Date: | 2023–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2023:i:655&r=env |
| By: | Said El Atiek (PSB - Paris School of Business - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Stéphane Goutte (Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | The Russian airplane crash in 2015 has severely affected the tourism industry in Egypt. The present article is focused on the impacts of economic, political, and social impacts on Egyptian tourism after this crisis. The present study aimed at dealing with the crisis to mitigate the consequences and allow the companies to make the best use of it to restore their business. The present article has also discussed the crisis impacts on the financial situation of company A which is one of the top five hospitality companies in Egypt. Crisis management and investments in human resources were the most effective strategies to overcome the harsh consequences of the crisis on tourism sector. The present study data is based on the Egyptian ministry of tourism figures, internet, articles, and international channels reports aimed to explain how the political, social, and economic events had a negative impact on the hotel industry in Egypt. |
| Keywords: | Egypt Russian air plane Sharm El-Sheikh Tourism crisis Economic impact Political impact social imact, Egypt, Russian air plane, Sharm El-Sheikh, Tourism crisis, Economic impact, Political impact, social imact |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03917358&r=env |