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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Francesco Nicolli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara); Marianna Gilli (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara); Francesco Vona (University of Milan, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and OFCE, Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This paper re-examines the relationship between per capita income, inequality, and per capita emissions while accounting for nonhomotheticity in green preferences and nonlinearities in the impact of economic growth on GHG emissions. Theoretically, our research is motivated by the fact that if environmental quality is a need with low priority on the hierarchical scale, the effect of inequality on emissions should vary depending on the level of income per capita. Specifically, for a given level of income per capita, a richer median voter will be more likely to approve of more stringent environmental policies, and thus, lower inequality is beneficial for the environment. With nonhomothetic preferences, the beneficial environmental effect of reducing inequality emerges only for countries that are sufficiently rich. We test this hypothesis by augmenting a standard EKC equation with the interaction between income per capita and the Gini coefficient. Our results for CO2, SO2 and N2O emissions corroborate our main hypothesis: reducing inequality is beneficial for the environment only for rich countries. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Climate Change, GHG Emissions, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Sustainable Development Goals, Political Economy |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.32&r=env |
| By: | Kapatamoyo, Musonda; Mbumwae, Victor |
| Abstract: | The concept of Green Strategies in the management of the environment has taken center stage world over. Zambia has not been left behind as it has ratified and adopted the concept of 'green economy' or 'green growth' through the declared priority theme for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 (Rio+20) (Banda &Bass, 2014:3). The definition of green growth adopted by Zambia is "development that makes sustainable and equitable use of Zambia's natural resources within ecological limits through reinforcing the three cornerstones of sustainable development" (UNCSD, 2012: 46). The cornerstones or pillars of sustainable development are the economy, social welfare and environment. In its simplest expression, a green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive. It is based on a model which underscores both economic growth and social and natural resources development as opposed to the 'brown' economic model which emphasizes economic growth over social and natural (Chileshe & Moonga, 2019). The concept of Green Economy applies much to the ICT sector as ICTs are a major contributor to environmental waste and pollution. The report of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the Global E-Waste Monitor 2020 reported that a record 53.6 million metric tons (Mt) of e-waste - discarded products with a battery or plug such as computers and mobile phones - is reported generated worldwide in 2019, up 9.2 Mt in five years. Toxic and hazardous substances such as mercury, brominated flame-retardants (BFR) or chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are found in many types of electronic equipment and pose severe risk to human health and the environment if not handled in an environmentally sound manner. (...) |
| Keywords: | SURF Green ICT Maturity Model,E-waste,Green ICT,Green informatics,Sustainability,Zambia |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse22:265640&r=env |
| By: | López Restrepo, Juan Camilo; Castillo Herrera, Juan Carlos; Tibaquirá Giraldo, Juan Esteban; Ríos Osorio, Daniel Alberto |
| Abstract: | Entre las medidas más destacadas para cumplir con las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional se encuentra el cambio de las tecnologías de motorización y la utilización de vehículos de bajas emisiones y de emisión cero. La inclusión de este tipo de vehículos debe estudiarse a nivel de las ciudades para analizar los beneficios energéticos y ambientales, y así iniciar la transición hacia la sostenibilidad del transporte. A partir de la revisión de planes desarrollados a nivel de los países y las ciudades, se identificó el proceso de reemplazo de las flotas de autobuses que funcionan con combustible diésel por autobuses eléctricos, con la intención de reducir las concentraciones de material particulado (PM2,5) y demás emisiones contaminantes que afectan la calidad de vida de los usuarios y de las personas que habitan en zonas urbanas. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE PUBLICO, AUTOBUSES, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, BUSES, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48121&r=env |
| By: | De Jesús, Indhira |
| Abstract: | Santo Domingo de Guzmán, Distrito Nacional y capital de la República Dominicana, es una ciudad costera muy vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. Tiene una población cercana al millón de habitantes y una cantidad similar de personas visitan la ciudad diariamente por trabajo, estudio, comercio u otras actividades. El Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional ha definido el riesgo climático y la sostenibilidad ambiental como aspectos prioritarios de su gestión. Con respecto a este inquietante fenómeno, el Ayuntamiento ha planteado tres acciones principales: desarrollar un plan integral de gestión del riesgo de desastres para la ciudad, realizar proyectos que reduzcan la vulnerabilidad de los habitantes de barrios ubicados en zonas inundables y actualizar e implementar códigos y normas urbanas que promuevan un desarrollo más resiliente. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, ZONAS URBANAS, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ADAPTACION AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESASTRES NATURALES, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CITIES, URBAN AREAS, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, NATURAL DISASTERS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48166&r=env |
| By: | Driskell, David |
| Abstract: | Since the dawn of the information age, technology providers have been concentrating a lot of their efforts on improving the energy efficiency of data centers in order to make them more efficient over the course of the last two decades. Consequently, this has proved to be beneficial for both the business, as well as the environment, as well as benefiting both the business and the environment. There has been a noticeable shift in the focus from efficiency to sustainability over the course of time with the advancement of technology. In order to establish a sustainable planet, we have to consider many factors, including renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, water, waste, land, ecosystems, and biodiversity, in order to achieve a sustainable future. The technology providers can be able to have a positive impact on the environment by reducing the overall carbon footprint of the data centers as well as increase the efficiency of the data centers by reducing the carbon footprint. There are a number of technology infrastructures that rely heavily on data centers, and data centers play a critical role in most of them. There is no doubt that IT infrastructure technology is hosted in a Data Center, regardless of the industry, whether it is Mobile App Development, Banking, Government, Telecommunication, or Telecom. As far as data centers are concerned, there are two types: in-house data centers and outsourced data centers. There is a great deal of effort that goes into the design and implementation of the Data Centers. |
| Keywords: | Green data centers, Technology and sustainability, society and carbon free data center, strategies for green data center, data center and solar power |
| JEL: | L0 O14 O32 O33 Q5 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115434&r=env |
| By: | Azhgaliyeva, Dina (Asian Development Bank Institute); Rahut, Dil (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The building and construction sectors contribute about 38% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and account for 35% of the total energy consumption. With the growing population (especially in developing Asia) and increasing income, the demand for construction and building will continue to rise, which means that GHG emissions from the sector will also rise. Green buildings— encompassing the use of materials and processes which are environmentally friendly and minimizing the use of resources from the design, construction, and maintenance, to demolition stages—have been recognized as an important pathway to mitigate GHG emissions from the construction and building sectors. We conduct a systematic review of the literature, standards, and policies, and provide a pathway for the implementation of green buildings, particularly in developing countries. The major challenges for green building implementation are access to construction materials and skilled laborers, followed by the high cost of low-carbon construction. Most existing policies provide for energy efficiency in buildings, rather than green buildings. Promoting energy efficiency is not an equal substitute for green building policies, as they do not support the manufacturing of low-carbon construction materials and activities. To reach net-zero carbon emissions and other nationally determined contributions, the construction and building sectors have a tremendous role, which calls for policy support for green buildings. |
| Keywords: | GHG emission; green building; low-carbon construction; energy-efficiency; NDCs; green building standards |
| JEL: | Q28 Q42 Q43 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1331&r=env |
| By: | Peters, Toby (Asian Development Bank Institute); Sayin, Leyla (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Lack of cooling and cold-chain access is a critical development challenge that has significant implications for people’s livelihoods, productivity, health, food, and nutritional security. While business-as-usual demand projections suggest 19 new cooling appliances will be sold every second by 2050, universal access to cooling is expected not to be a reality even at this rate of growth, leaving poor and vulnerable populations to suffer the consequences. The global demand for cooling is already pressuring the energy system and the environment and given all the social and economic benefits of cooling and cold-chain but also the environmental risks, there is now a major opportunity for governments and the private sector to develop and deploy sustainable, affordable, and resilient cooling solutions, and contribute to three internationally agreed goals simultaneously: the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals, and the Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol. Achieving this will require a radically different approach to cooling and cold-chain provision that starts by asking what energy services are needed and explores ways to meet them with minimum environmental impact and cost, taking into account available renewable, thermal, and waste energy resources, synergies between processes and systems, and aggregation opportunities, rather than defaulting to electricity to generate cooling. Such a system-level approach sits at the core of the Cold Economy. |
| Keywords: | cold economy; cooling; cold-chain; energy demand mitigation; renewable energy; waste energy recovery; sustainable development; climate change |
| JEL: | Q01 Q42 Q43 Q48 Q55 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1326&r=env |
| By: | David Oluwatofun Akinwaminde; Jonas Hahn; Partson Paradza; Oluwatosin Miracle Atewologun |
| Abstract: | Climate change and its associated impact on the environment has been a topical issue globally. Considering the “E” of the Environment, Social, Governance (ESG), building climate intelligence is central to value creation and strategic differenation in the real estate industry. This study therefore examines the perception of real estate professionals on the risks of climate change and its effect on real estate investment in Edo State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were purposively administered to 75 selected Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Benin Metropolis while all retrieved questionnaires were found suitable for analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the data collected from the respondents. The results depicted that more frequent and intense extreme weather events, extreme rainfall, gradually changing climate (e.g., temperature, precipitation), flooding, and rising fuel prices were the most perceived risks of climate change in the study area. Furthermore, higher construction cost (due to adaptation), infrastructural damage, health hazard, loss of income, deterioration, reduction in property life span, increase in maintenance cost, and obsolescence were the perceived effects of climate change on real estate investment. It is therefore imperative for real estate players (such as investors, professionals, regulatory bodies etc.) to understand the climate risks (both physical and transition) in real estate market and adopt a mitigative strategies (such as green building initiave) to avert the effects on real estate investment in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Esg; Nigeria; SDGs 13; Environment, Real Estate Investment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-003&r=env |
| By: | Sebastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frederic Mortier (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Esha Zaveri (World Bank Group); Michelle T H van Vliet (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jason Russ (World Bank Group); Aude Sophie Rodella (World Bank Group); Richard Damania (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Clean water is key for sustainable development. However, large gaps in monitoring data limit our understanding of global hotspots of poor water quality and their evolution over time. We demonstrate the value added of a data-driven approach (here, random forest) to provide accurate high-frequency estimates of surface water quality worldwide over the period 1992-2010. We assess water quality for six indicators (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus) relevant for the sustainable development goals. The performance of our modeling approach compares well to, or exceeds, the performance of recently published process-based models. The model's outputs indicate that poor water quality is a global problem that impacts low-, middle-and high-income countries but with different pollutants. When countries become richer, water pollution does not disappear but evolves. Water quality exhibited a signif icant change between 1992 and 2010 with a higher percentage of grid cells where water quality shows a statistically significant deterioration (30%) compared to where water quality improved (22%). |
| Keywords: | water quality,sustainable development goals,random forest,data-driven modelling |
| Date: | 2022–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03855421&r=env |
| By: | Wu, Jie (Asian Development Bank Institute); Fan, Ying (Asian Development Bank Institute); Timilsina, Govinda (Asian Development Bank Institute); Xia, Yan (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | There is an urgent need to mitigate global warming for all countries around the world. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has announced a series of energy and climate policy targets in contributing its efforts toward meeting the ambitious goals in the Paris Agreement and the newly pledged carbon-neutral target. While carbon pricing has been considered the first-best policy worldwide to combat climate change, it may not be sufficient for meeting the multiple goals in the PRC, unless it is combined with complementary policies. In an attempt to explore whether this is the case, we investigate whether a single cost-effective instrument is adequate for developing a low-carbon economy in the PRC or whether a policy portfolio would be more effective. We compare the potential impacts of an emissions trading scheme (ETS), a carbon tax (CT), and a combination of an ETS and a CT. In addition, we further evaluate the economic impacts of two different policy portfolios by combining these approaches with subsidies for energy-efficient vehicles. Our results show that, while a nationwide ETS certainly has advantages over a CT regarding GDP losses, it also performs better in promoting the transfer of labor and capital from the eastern regions to central and western regions. However, a single ETS is less effective in regard to industrial structure adjustments and emission reductions in sectors that are not included in the ETS, such as the transportation sector. The results also show that a policy portfolio could achieve the same emissions reduction target with more moderate impacts. Therefore, it is suggested that implementation of a CT for sectors that are excluded from the ETS or a subsidy for energy-efficient vehicles could be considered as supplementary policies for the ETS in the PRC. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing; carbon tax; emissions trading scheme; computable general equilibrium model |
| JEL: | C68 O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1329&r=env |
| By: | Rondón Toro, Estefani; Reyes Pontet, Mauro; Herrera Jiménez, Juan |
| Abstract: | La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), junto con Ciudades Capitales de las Américas frente al Cambio Climático (CC35), ha llevado a cabo un análisis y evaluación de los planes de acción climática publicados en distintas ciudades de la región. Sobre la base de una metodología de análisis cualitativo, se analizan diez planes de acción climática de ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe para hacer un diagnóstico regional de las estrategias climáticas y generar reflexiones de cara a la implementación de las acciones de mitigación y adaptación climática postuladas en los planes. La aproximación metodológica facilita la comprensión integral de los planes de acción climática con una visión ambiental, económica y social, y ofrece una guía para identificar fortalezas, debilidades y oportunidades de mejora para el diseño futuro de planes climáticos. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CIUDADES, ADAPTACION AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48122&r=env |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Nathanael Ojong (York University, Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | Based on data for 48 African countries for the period 2000–2020, we analyse the effects of natural resources on renewable energy development and the mediating effects of governance on that relationship. For this purpose, the Ordinary Least Squares method was used to develop a baseline regression model, and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach was used for the dynamic model regression. Quantile regression was used for robustness checking across the various distributions of renewable energy. First, we find that natural resources enhance renewable energy development in Africa and that the results are robust across alternative specifications of natural resources and governance, except for forest resources, which have a negative effect on renewable energy development. When robustness is checked through a quantile regression analysis, the results show that the positive effect depends on the conditional distribution of natural resources and the type of natural resource under consideration. The negative effect of total natural resources becomes weaker as we move towards higher quantiles. Second, governance interacts with natural resource rents to generate positive effects across different governance specifications and natural resources, except for coal rent. We thereby derive some relevant implications for renewable energy financing in African countries. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, renewable energy, natural resources, governance, Africa, SDG7 |
| JEL: | C23 Q33 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/094&r=env |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Nathanael Ojong (York University, Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | Based on data for 48 African countries for the period 2000–2020, we analyse the effects of natural resources on renewable energy development and the mediating effects of governance on that relationship. For this purpose, the Ordinary Least Squares method was used to develop a baseline regression model, and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach was used for the dynamic model regression. Quantile regression was used for robustness checking across the various distributions of renewable energy. First, we find that natural resources enhance renewable energy development in Africa and that the results are robust across alternative specifications of natural resources and governance, except for forest resources, which have a negative effect on renewable energy development. When robustness is checked through a quantile regression analysis, the results show that the positive effect depends on the conditional distribution of natural resources and the type of natural resource under consideration. The negative effect of total natural resources becomes weaker as we move towards higher quantiles. Second, governance interacts with natural resource rents to generate positive effects across different governance specifications and natural resources, except for coal rent. We thereby derive some relevant implications for renewable energy financing in African countries. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, renewable energy, natural resources, governance, Africa, SDG7 |
| JEL: | C23 Q33 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/094&r=env |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment such as land use changes and climate change promote the emergence of infectious diseases in humans. We develop a two-region epidemic-economic model which unifies short-run disease containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severity of infectious diseases. We structure our paper by linking a susceptible-infected-susceptible model with an economic model which includes land use choices for agriculture and climate change and accumulation of knowledge that supports land augmenting technical change. The contact number depends on short-run containment policies (e.g., lockdown, vaccination), and long-run policies affecting land use, the natural world and climate change. Climate change and land use changes have an additional cost in terms of infectious disease since they might increase the contact number in the long run. We derive optimal short-run containment controls for a Nash equilibrium between regions, and long-run controls for climate policy, land use and knowledge at an open loop Nash equilibrium and the social optimum and unify the short- and long-run controls. We explore the impact of ambiguity aversion and model misspeciffication in the unified model and provide simulations which support the theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases, SIS model, natural world, climate change, land use, containment, Nash equilibrium, OLNE, social optimum, land augmenting technical change |
| JEL: | I18 Q54 D81 |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2232&r=env |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy; Brubaker, Josh; Mabiso, Athur; Cavatassi, Romina |
| Abstract: | This paper outlines a methodological strategy for incorporating weather and long-term climate conditions into impact assessments, based on an IFAD-supported project that invested in grain storage in Chad. First, the paper explores a range of weather and climate variables from different sources to determine the best indicators of weather conditions and corresponding historical climate conditions. Next, the inclusion of climatic variables to match treatment and control households, and their impact on outcomes, is evaluated. During the crop season surveyed, rainfall and temperature patterns were favourable with few significant weather shocks. However, households in areas with lower rainfall and greater incidence of high temperatures had lower grain yields and dietary diversity. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:329498&r=env |
| By: | Edquist, Harald; Bergmark, Pernilla |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the association between relative mobile broadband penetration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. The study is based on 181 countries for the period 2002-2020. The results indicate an initial increase in CO2 emissions for a country at an average emission level once mobile broadband is introduced. Possible explanations might be initial investment in network infrastructure and increased consumption of electricity. However, on average for the period 2002-2020 the continuous relationship between mobile broadband (defined as speeds of at least 256 kbps) and CO2 is significantly negative, i.e. emissions at a country level significantly reduce as mobile broadband penetration increase. Based on a two-stage model and controlling for fixed broadband and four addition control variables (i.e. population density, electricity consumption from fossil fuel, industry as a share of GDP and a regulation index), we are able to conclude that on average a 10 percentage points increase in mobile broadband penetration causes a 7 percent reduction of CO2 emissions per capita (given that the instrumental variable strategy, as assumed, identifies causal effects). Thus, the results show that investments in mobile infrastructure over longer periods of time can contribute to mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | Mobile broadband,carbon dioxide (CO2),climate change |
| JEL: | O13 O33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse22:265622&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The world demands bold action to meet the global goal of zero net emissions by 2050. Young people will experience the consequences of climate change more directly during their lifetime than any previous generation in recent history. Education can play a pivotal role in preparing new generations for a greener future. What students learn may mean the difference between accepting the status quo and fostering sustainability to keep the world in ecological balance. Are students ready to actively address these environmental challenges? And how can education endow students with the knowledge, skills and pro-environmental attitudes they need? This policy brief points to key aspects to consider when addressing these questions. |
| JEL: | I F18 |
| Date: | 2022–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduddd:120-en&r=env |
| By: | Messina, Diego; Contreras Lisperguer, Rubén; Salgado, René |
| Abstract: | En este documento se busca brindar respuestas a los impactos ambientales que pueden resolverse si se transforma la movilidad urbana basada en combustibles fósiles a una que sea eléctrica, sustentada por energías renovables, en apoyo a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030. Sin duda, la electrificación del transporte público y privado en América Latina y el Caribe ofrece amplias ventajas, no solo por ser más eficiente que las tecnologías de transporte que dependen de los combustibles fósiles, sino porque, además, reduciría significativamente el costo del transporte público y privado, dado que actualmente las energías renovables son considerablemente más económicas que los combustibles fósiles, incluido el carbón. En este documento se ofrece, además, una metodología de análisis para el estudio de los impactos ambientales y se formulan cuatro análisis de caso para Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Ciudad de México y São Paulo. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, TRANSPORTE, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, CIUDADES, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, TRANSPORT, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, CITIES, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, ELECTRIC POWER, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS |
| Date: | 2022–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48175&r=env |
| By: | Peters, Toby (Asian Development Bank Institute); Sayin, Leylan (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The global cooling demand is expected to grow substantially during the 21st century. Apart from the increasing temperatures due to climate change, this demand will also be driven by a set of demographic characteristics, including population growth, urbanization, increasing incomes, social policies and commitments, and improved access to electricity. Indeed, space cooling demand could increase by 300% globally by 2050 and is concentrated in the hotter regions of the world with growing populations and incomes. However, this demand will likely contribute to its own growth if delivered along conventional patterns, significantly increasing GHG emissions due to high energy consumption as well as leakage of refrigerants, and hence compromising many of our economic, environmental, social, and political goals, targets, and commitments. We present a system-level approach to cooling provision in buildings and urban environments, while also highlighting the need for a holistic consideration of the cooling demand across other sectors (e.g., transport), to ensure sustainability and resilience throughout the life cycle of buildings and wider infrastructure. We aim to drive a new system level thinking in key areas – how we mitigate, make, store, move, manage, finance, and regulate cold – to meet current and future cooling needs efficiently, sustainably, and affordably, while building resilience in line with the ambitions of the Paris Agreement, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | cooling demand; urban environment; global warming |
| JEL: | Q20 Q40 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1316&r=env |
| By: | Féliz, Mariano; Melón, Daiana Elisa |
| Abstract: | The article is structured as follows. After this brief introduction, we present our analytical framework, providing a succinct discussion on marxian dependency and racial capitalism as key elements of our analysis. Then we engage in a critical dissection of the green developmentalist initiatives to tackle climate change from Argentina. Afterwards, we discuss the strengths and limitations of the Pact, and later on we present some of the main ideas being stressed by radical eco-social collectives and organisations in Argentina. We finish our work with some brief reflections. |
| Date: | 2022–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rqy5k&r=env |
| By: | Capotă, Laura-Dona; Giuzio, Margherita; Kapadia, Sujit; Salakhova, Dilyara |
| Abstract: | Funds with an environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) mandate have been growing rapidly in recent years and received inflows also during periods of market turmoil, such as March 2020, in contrast to their non-ESG peers. This paper investigates whether investors in ESG funds react differently to past negative performance, making these funds less sensitive to short-term changes in returns. In the absence of an ESG-label, we define an ESG- or Environmentally-focused fund if its name contains relevant words. The results show that ESG/E equity and corporate bond funds exhibit a weaker flow-performance relationship compared to traditional funds in 2016-2020. This finding may reflect the longer-term investment horizon of ESG investors and their expectation of better risk-adjusted performance from ESG funds in the future. We also explore how the results vary across institutional and retail investors and how they depend on the liquidity of funds’ assets and wider market conditions. A weaker flow-performance relationship allows funds to provide a stable source of financing to the green transition and may reduce risks for financial stability, particularly during turmoil episodes. JEL Classification: G11, G23, Q56, C58 |
| Keywords: | climate risk, green finance, investment funds, sustainable investments |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222747&r=env |
| By: | Shaiara Husain (Business School, The University of Western Australia); Kazi Sohag (Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University); Yanrui Wu (Business School, The University of Western Australia) |
| Abstract: | Twin transition strategy enforces the indisputable complementary relationship between green and digital transitions. This socio-technical process necessitates a paradigmatic shift to translate policy related uncertainties into twin transition strategies. With this background, the present study investigates the responsiveness of green markets to climate policy uncertainty (CPU) in the US economy by applying the cross-quantilogram approach and recently devised indices of CPU, green equity and green bond from 30th July 2014 to 31ste March 2021. The empirical findings demonstrate that the asymmetric relationship between green financial investment and CPU is positively related in the longer memory during period of high uncertainty. At the bearish state of the market, the responsiveness of green equity returns to CPU is profound compared to green equities in the medium memory. In general, CPU provides more opportunities in the green equity market than in the green bond market. The asymmetric behaviour is more prominent in the long run, implying that both green bond and green equity indices demonstrate higher portfolio performance in the long term than in the short term. This study shows that CPU provides a better explanation for green market responsiveness than other uncertainty indices. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy Uncertainty; Social Innovation; Green Bond; Green Equity; Spillover; Cross-Quantilogram |
| JEL: | G0 G1 Q4 O35 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:22-16&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Maggi; Robert W. Staiger |
| Abstract: | Current policies directed at mitigating global warming appear unlikely to prevent temperatures from rising to levels that would trigger a precipitous increase in the costs of climate change. Various attempts at international cooperation to avoid this outcome have failed. Why is this problem so intractable? Can we expect an 11th-hour solution? Will some countries, or even all, succumb on the equilibrium path? We address these questions through a model that features the possibility of climate catastrophe and emphasizes the role of international externalities that a country’s policies exert on other countries and intertemporal externalities that current generations exert on future generations. Within this setting, we explore the extent to which international agreements can mitigate the problem of climate change. Our analysis illuminates the role that international climate agreements can be expected to play in addressing climate change, and it points to important limitations on what such agreements can achieve, even under the best of circumstances. |
| JEL: | F02 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30681&r=env |
| By: | Clara Kögel (OCDE - Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on labour productivity in French establishments in both manufacturing and non-financial market services sectors from 2001 to 2018. An instrumental variable approach based on planetary boundary layer height and wind speed allows identifying the causal effect of air pollution on labour productivity. The finding shows that a 10% increase in fine particulate matter leads, on average, to a 1.5% decrease in labour productivity, controlling for firm-specific characteristics and other confounding factors. The analysis also considers different dimensions of heterogeneity driving this adverse effect. The negative effect of pollution is mainly driven by service-intensive firms and sectors with a high share of highly skilled workers. This finding is in line with the expectation that air pollution affects cognitive skills, concentration, headache, and fatigue in non-routine cognitive tasks. Compared to an estimation of the marginal abatement cost of PM 2.5 reductions by the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, gains only from the labour productivity channel are equivalent to one-third of the abatement cost over the implementation period. All in all, these estimates suggest that the negative impact of air pollution is much larger than previously documented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | air pollution,labour productivity,planetary boundary layer height |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03837884&r=env |
| By: | Kenneth Donkor-Hyiaman; Frank Gyamfi-Yeboah; Eric Tudzi; John Bugri |
| Abstract: | Green buildings are part of the global strategy to achieve sustainable development. Efforts towards this goal are however hampered by the lack of awareness and high illiteracy about green building. Focusing on the youth, this paper measures the level of green building literacy among Ghanaian tertiary education students, how it differs according to their demographics, and its relationship with their housing choice. Following a comprehensive literature review, we used a structured online questionnaire survey to gather data from 763 Ghanaian tertiary education students. Following statical tests, the study analysed the dataset principally using mean scoring, Chi-square test and regression techniques. The results suggest that most university students have no or basic knowledge in green buildings. This low level of green building literacy is attributable in part to their demographic features including age, gender, level of education, level of study, employment status, income level of respondents, and whether the person had previously lived in a house with green features. Further analyses show that male students and built environment students have higher knowledge about green buildings and are more likely to have lived in or are currently living in a building with green features, and also more likely to choose a house with green features in the future. Policy-wise, the study shows that educating the youth about green buildings could alter their housing outcomes and preferences in favour of sustainable ones and hence, contribute to achieving Sustainable development goal 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities. |
| Keywords: | Green Buildings; sustainability; Sustainable Development Ghana; Green Building Literacy; housing choice |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-026&r=env |
| By: | Mattia Filomena (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University); Matteo Picchio (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of temperatures on work related accident rates in Italy by using daily data on weather conditions matched to administrative daily data on work related accidents. The identification strategy of the causal effect relies on the plausible exogeneity of short-term daily temperature variations in a given spatial unit. We find that both high and cold temperatures impair occupational health by increasing workplace injury rates. The positive effect of warmer weather conditions on work related accident rates is larger for men, in manufacturing and service sectors, and for workplace injuries. Colder temperatures are particularly harmful for commuting accidents and in rainy days. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; temperatures; weather conditions; work related accidents; safety. |
| JEL: | J28 J81 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:472&r=env |
| By: | Tara Soleimani (ERT - IMT Mines Alès - ERT - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - HSM - Hydrosciences Montpellier - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, PEnSTer - PEnSTer: Pollutions Environnement Santé Territoire - HSM - Hydrosciences Montpellier - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Mahmoud Hayek (DMS - Durabilité des éco-Matériaux et Structures - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - LMGC - Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Guillaume Junqua (ERT - IMT Mines Alès - ERT - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - HSM - Hydrosciences Montpellier - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, PEnSTer - PEnSTer: Pollutions Environnement Santé Territoire - HSM - Hydrosciences Montpellier - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marie Salgues (DMS - Durabilité des éco-Matériaux et Structures - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - LMGC - Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jean-Claude Souche (DMS - Durabilité des éco-Matériaux et Structures - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - LMGC - Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The integrated life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost assessment (LCC) and laboratory-based experimental assessment were applied to provide insight for early stage decision-making on the valorization of the dredged sediments. The objective was to find a viable and sustainable solution for the valorization of the dredged sediment in concrete, holding up a certain level of standard concrete performance without compromising in terms of economy and environment. For the sensitivity analysis, parametric life cycle inventories were developed to assess the sensitivity of environmental and economic costs to the rate of sand substitution by sediment, as well as the variations in the concrete components. The workability of fresh concrete and the compressive strength of hardened concrete at 28 days were assigned as the quality indicators to evaluate the influence of sand substitution by sediment on the concrete performance. The compressive strength evaluation in the laboratory demonstrated that a maximum rate of sand substitution in concrete up to 40 % by predominantly sandy sediment could sustain the concrete strength class. However, LCA and LCC negated the rate of sand substitution by sediment higher than 20 %. The integrated environmental, economic, and experimental assessments demonstrated that the substitution of sand by predominantly fine sediment downgrades the strength class of concrete, even in the low rate of incorporation (10 %) and increases the environmental and economic costs. Inferred from the results, the maximum rate of sustainable sand substitution by sediment in concrete could be optimized through a compromise between the expected mechanical strength and workability of the concrete, the economic and environmental impacts of the superplasticiser and the sediment transport. Overall, integrating environmental and economic cost assessments into the laboratory-based assessment of the valorization scenarios would determine the threshold for the sustainable rate of incorporation of sediment in valorization scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Life cycle assessment,Life cycle cost assessment,Environmental assessment,Economic assessment,Dredged sediment,Valorization,Concrete |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03844804&r=env |
| By: | Stark, Oded; Pang, Yu; Fan, Simon |
| Abstract: | We study a developing countries setting in which agglomeration efficiency of urban production attracts rural-to-urban migration, whereas urban pollution deters rural-to-urban migration. By means of a general equilibrium model we study the formation of policies aimed at striking a socially optimal balance between supporting efficient levels of urban agglomeration and mitigating urban pollution in the presence of endogenous rural-to-urban migration. We show that without government intervention, although rural-to-urban migration contributes to agglomeration economies, it does not improve social welfare because it also exacerbates environmental degradation. We also show that urban pollution problems cannot be resolved by means of environmental regulation alone: for example, an emissions tax aimed at curbing urban pollution can backfire as and when it increases the appeal of rural-to-urban migration. A policy of emissions tax in conjunction with a subsidy to rural individuals is an effective means of enhancing urban productivity while reducing urban pollution. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:329522&r=env |
| By: | Núñez, Georgina; Velloso, Helvia; Da Silva, Filipe |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este informe es estudiar, desde la perspectiva de la gobernanza, el uso cada vez mayor de los bonos ambientales, sociales y de gobernanza, sobre todo de los bonos vinculados a la sostenibilidad, por parte de las empresas emisoras de América Latina y el Caribe en los mercados internacionales. En el informe, que se centra en el desempeño sostenible del sector empresarial, se examina el potencial que estos instrumentos tienen para financiar proyectos de inversión, así como el papel que ellos desempeñan a la hora de fortalecer la estructura de gobernanza de las empresas. También se examina el modo en que esos instrumentos pueden contribuir a la recuperación sostenible de la región. En el examen se toma en cuenta el compromiso de reducir el riesgo climático de conformidad con el Acuerdo de París y el 26° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, así como la implementación de la Agenda 2030 y sus Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, GOBERNABILIDAD CORPORATIVA, BONOS, MERCADOS, INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, BONDS, MARKETS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48156&r=env |
| By: | Jeanne Pahun (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Eve Fouilleux (Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | To better understand policy integration dynamics, this paper analyses the early implementation of three urban food policies in France (Montpellier, Rennes, Strasbourg). A key challenge of food policies is their intersectoral nature, while policy design is usually meant to be sectoral. This article seeks to understand both levers and brakes to the implementation of effective integrated policies at the urban level. To explore the making and "everydayness" of the three policy case studies, we collected empirical data based on a multi-faceted methodology comprising a wide review of the grey literature, 29 in-depth interviews, and several series of participant observations on the ground. Our analysis indicates that dedicated organisational resources, including assigned units, trained staff and appropriate financial resources, are keys to the deployment of integrated food policies. We argue that such organisational resources should be more systematically studied in the policy integration literature. Local food policies should also be assessed more critically by putting the organisational resources they receive into perspective with the massive use the local government can make of them for communication purposes. |
| Keywords: | Urban food policy,Policy integration,Policy analysis,Local government,Food politics |
| Date: | 2022–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03851689&r=env |
| By: | Bocarejo, Juan Pablo |
| Abstract: | En Colombia, el transporte público en las principales ciudades es predominantemente motorizado. Las necesidades del mercado interno han llevado a los fabricantes de autobuses a ofrecer una gama de productos innovadores en términos de diseño de chasis y carrocerías. En los últimos años, en el país se han adoptado medidas encaminadas a la mitigación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y se han creado incentivos tributarios para el uso de vehículos limpios. La existencia de mecanismos innovadores para la renovación de la flota en ciudades como Bogotá ha facilitado el financiamiento de las inversiones en ese ámbito. El sector local ha sabido responder a estas condiciones favorables, consolidándose como un importante productor de autobuses modernos, aunque aún no libres de emisiones. A través de entrevistas con representantes del sector, se definen desafíos importantes para avanzar hacia el empleo de autobuses libres de emisiones, como el mejoramiento de la logística de exportación y la integración del sector en los clústeres. Se destaca la necesidad de que el Gobierno nacional mejore la formulación de incentivos, especialmente para la producción local. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE URBANO, AUTOBUSES, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, TECNOLOGIA DE LUCHA CONTRA LA CONTAMINACION, INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, TRANSPORTE PUBLICO, URBAN TRANSPORT, BUSES, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT |
| Date: | 2022–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48173&r=env |
| By: | Bastien Alonzo (DIRSE - Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est - Météo-France); Silvia Concettini (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IRJI - Institut de recherche juridique interdisciplinaire - UT - Université de Tours); Anna Creti; Philippe Drobinski (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Peter Tankov (IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique) |
| Abstract: | Investments into wind power generation may be hampered by the uncertainty of future revenues caused by the natural variability of the wind resource, the impact of climate change on wind potential and future electricity prices, and the regulatory risks. We quantify the uncertainty of the economic value of wind farms in France, Germany, and Denmark, and evaluate the cost of support mechanisms needed to ensure the profitability of wind farms under present and future climates. To this end, we built a localised model for wind power output and a country-level model for electricity demand and prices. Our study reveals that support mechanisms are needed for current market conditions and the current climate, as well as under future climate conditions according to several scenarios for climate change and energy transition. The cost of support mechanisms during a 15-year period is evaluated to EUR 3.8 to EUR 11.5 billion per year in France, from EUR 15.5 to EUR 26.5 billion per year in Germany, and from EUR 1.2 to EUR 3.3 billion per year in Denmark, depending on the scenario considered and the level of penetration of wind energy. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03842344&r=env |
| By: | Kahilu Kajimo-Shakantu; Kgodisho Tshwane; Timothy O. Ayodele |
| Abstract: | The gains of green buildings are replete in literature. However, the role of the property valuer in the valuation of green buildings still remains unclear. The study aims to assess the barriers and factors influencing the implementation of green building valuation in the residential property sector of South Africa. The research employs a quantitative methodology. The study utilised a closed-ended questionnaire to collect data from professionally registered Valuers at the South African Council for the Property Valuers Profession, in the Gauteng province. Statistical techniques such as frequency count, percentages and mean item score were employed in analysing the data. The result showed that the majority of the respondents agreed that the initial cost of green buildings is higher than conventional buildings. Though, the operational costs often tend to offset this initial cost in the long run. Furthermore, the study found that water and energy efficiency features and materials used for construction are key inputs in the valuation of green buildings. Also, the major challenges to green building valuation are the few numbers of the residential green building stock and the lack of cost data on green buildings. The study concludes on the need for collaboration among various stakeholders such as developers, valuers and green-certifying organizations to make cost data available to property valuers and create a sharing platform where such information can be accessed and used by valuers to arrive at credible value opinions on green buildings. Also, the role of property valuers is germane towards ensuring that the value of properties reflects the green building element, therefore their knowledge of sustainability becomes critical. |
| Keywords: | Green Building; Market Value; property valuers; Residential Property; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-037&r=env |
| By: | Alecia W. Cassidy; Elaine L. Hill; Lala Ma |
| Abstract: | The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) manages cleanup of hazardous waste releases at over 3,500 sites across the US, which covers approximately 17.5% of all developed land in the country. This paper evaluates the national housing market impacts of cleanups performed under RCRA and estimates the program's impacts on neighborhood change. We find that cleanups near residential properties yield significant, yet localized, increases in home prices, and that impacts are concentrated in the lower deciles of the price distribution. Importantly, we find no evidence of sorting along socio-demographic dimensions in response to cleanup. Our findings suggest that cleanup benefits accrue to the residents who are the original “hosts” of pollution and could correct pre-existing disparities in exposure to land-based contamination. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30661&r=env |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (Rennes School of Business); Carmen Camacho (Paris School of Economics & CNRS); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest); Benteng Zou (Université du Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | We consider a group of players initially members of a coalition managing cooperatively a public bad, in this case, the stock of pollution. Countries are technologically heterogeneous but the pollution damage is uniform. We essentially attempt to characterize the conditions under which a country may eventually split and when it splits within an infinite horizon multi-stage differential game. In contrast to the existing literature, we do not assume that after splitting, the splitting player and the remaining coalition will adopt Markovian strategies. Instead, we assume that the latter will remain committed to the collective control of pollution and play open-loop, while the splitting player plays Markovian. Within a full linear-quadratic model, we characterize the optimal strategies. We later compare with the outcomes of the case where the splitting player and the \remaining" coalition play both Markovian. We highlight several interesting results in terms of the implications for long- term pollution levels and the duration of coalitions with heterogenous strategies. |
| Keywords: | Coalition splitting; environmental agreements; differential games; multistage optimal control, precommitment vs Markovian. |
| JEL: | C61 C73 D71 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:22-13&r=env |
| By: | David Kwesi Dautey-Land |
| Abstract: | Universally, It is acknowledged that land together with its resources form the bedrock of the development of a country. It is a key factor in the fight against poverty alleviation. Our land is our heritage. It is the embodiment of our physicality and spirituality. It is our essence, and a veritable source of our livelihood and wealth creation. The land mass of Ghana with a total area of 238,553sq.kms contributes our political sovereignty,, the foundation of our socio-cultural values and economic power. Indeed, the centrality of our land to our socio-economic development is ed to our natural resources endowment. These resources which include mineral, forests wetlands, water bodies underpin our existence as a people. Their sustainable and responsible management and administration and equitable distribution of the benefits are essential for sustainable livelihoods. With a strong natural resource base, our economy is basically a land-based economy which supports a population of about 31,732,129 (UN estimate 2021). It is estimated that about 136,000km2 of land covering 57% of the country's is classified as ''agricultural land area'' Approximately 52% of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. This sector, it is estimated contributes about 54% of the country's GDP, accounts for over 40% of our export earnings. The Forestry sector contributes about 6% of the GDP, 11% of export earnings and contributes about 100,000 for the labour force employment (FAO 2010). The Mining sector contributes 2% of GDP and 28.3% of Government revenue (GSGDA 2014-2017). In spite of the importance of land in our national economy, the administration and management of land and land resources have been confronted with numerous challenges among which lack of consultation with key stakeholders in the area of compulsory land acquisition and delay in compensation payments, legal pluralism, indeterminate customary land boundaries, lack of accountability, probity and transparency on the part of some traditional authorities in the management of land and its resources, fragmented institutional arrangements with weak capacity. In the natural resources arena, it has been estimated that environmental degradation costs between 5-10% of the GDP and with this the Forestry sector accounts for 63% (USD$ 500 million of the cost-Forestry Commission 2010). Since the 1990s the country lost more than 33.7% of its Forests (FAO). The rate of deforestation between 2005 to 2010 was estimated at 2.19%- the 6th highest rate globally for the period (FAO). Illegal mining also results in huge sums of lost revenue. In 2016 alone, an estimated $2.3 billion worth of gold le the shores of Ghana through galamsey. The illicit trade avoids taxation and the prevalence of foreign actors means that profits typically flow out of the country. Despite its importance in the country's socio-economic development, its negative impact on the country's environment is evidenced in water pollution, destruction of flora and fauna, land degradation and metal contamination of our soils. Good governance occupies the central stage in the discussion in land administration and management. Failings in good governance have adverse consequences for society as a whole, Good governance can help achieve economic development and poverty alleviaon. Any Instuonal reform involves changing the status quo and in this resistance cannot be ruled out Successful institutional reform can be achieved through the appreciation and application of Organizational Change Management tools, techniques and resistant management. |
| Keywords: | Fundamental Change; Governance; Land Administraon and Management; Project Change Triangle (PCT); resistance; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-028&r=env |
| By: | Alix, Anne (Ed.); Bylemans, Dany (Ed.); Dauber, Jens (Ed.); Dohmen, Peter (Ed.); Knauer, Katja (Ed.); Maltby, Lorraine (Ed.); Mayer, Christoph J. (Ed.); Pepiette, Zelie (Ed.); Smith, Balthasar (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | An intrinsic feature of agriculture is the alteration of biodiversity within the cultivated area in favour of the production of the crop species. Ploughing, mechanical weeding or the use of herbicides, for example, reduce plant diversity and abundance, and influence other species that rely on these plants for food or habitat. However, both food security and biodiversity are important for human health and wellbeing. The overarching question is how can negative influences of agriculture on biodiversity be reduced and positive interactions be enhanced toward an efficient and sustainable food production. That is, how can we optimise (European) landscapes for food production and biodiversity. Identifying a consensual and targeted solution to this optimisation problem requires the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in an open discussion informed by data and science. To this end a participatory workshop with a professional independent facilitator was organised under the auspices of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) with participants from a range of affiliations from academia, authorities, farming, industry and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Participants were invited for their general or specific expertise and scientific knowledge and not simply to represent their institutions. To generate a truly collaborative and creative environment for discussion, significant time was allocated to trust building, articulating different perspectives, problem formulation and defining harmonised principles and criteria. The workshop was organised into four virtual workshops of half-day sessions spread between December 2020 and June 2021. Through a process of visualisation, polarity mapping and reconciliation, differing perspectives on the advantages and limitations of managing agricultural landscapes for either biodiversity or food production were collated and ways to reduce potential conflicts discussed; the emerging themes being communication, education, collaboration, integration, application and incentivisation. Codeveloped agricultural scenarios were used to successfully identify approaches that would enable maintaining efficient and sufficient food production in Europe whilst significantly improving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Whilst many of the approaches identified were already in place, new (combinations of) approaches and ways to improve their implementation were identified. These included tailoring solutions to local needs and conditions, incentivising farmers to adopt specific approaches and using living laboratories to demonstrate the effectiveness of combining multiple approaches at scale. The workshop proposals and recommendations, which were agreed across all stakeholders, will contribute to reducing barriers to implementation of solutions and accelerating progress towards reaching the shared goal of optimising food production and biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,biodiversity,food production,farming,land management,scenarios,co-development,tailored solutions,incentives,sustainability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:98&r=env |
| By: | Tauro, Raúl J.; Caballero, José Luis; Salinas, Miguel Ángel; Álvarez, Oscar Antonio; Ghilardi, Adrián; Arroyo, José Manuel |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presentan las estimaciones del potencial técnico de la energía que se puede obtener en Costa Rica a través de ciertos tipos de biomasa. Los potenciales se estimaron utilizando la plataforma geoespacial para evaluar el potencial energético de los recursos biomásicos de los países del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), una iniciativa de la CEPAL llevada a cabo en colaboración con el Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental (CIGA) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Los potenciales obtenidos mediante información geoespacial para algunos tipos de bioenergía constituyen una referencia para tomar decisiones informada sobre el uso de ciertos recursos biomásicos como fuente de energía en Costa Rica, con el fin de aumentar la participación de los recursos renovables en la matriz energética del país, en línea con la meta 2 del ODS 7 de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, ENERGIA DE LA BIOMASA, RECURSOS NATURALES, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, PRODUCCION, BIOMASA, ENERGY RESOURCES, BIOMASS ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, ELECTRIC POWER, PRODUCTION, BIOMASS |
| Date: | 2022–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48163&r=env |
| By: | Julien Ah-Pine (UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | En science des données, le partitionnement de graphes permet de structurer et de synthétiser l'information des relations entre sommets en découvrant des groupes disjoints au sein desquels les sommets sont fortement interconnectés. C'est un problème combinatoire qui fait l'objet de nombreux articles et trouve des applications dans de multiples disciplines. Nous décrivons ici notre contribution sur ce thème et nous appliquons celle-ci à l'étude des interdépendances entre les 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Ceci nous permet de souligner différents types d'axes, « composites » ou « unitaires », dans l'étude du développement durable des pays. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Economic Development,Sustainable goals,Science des données Data Science,Durabilité environnementale |
| Date: | 2022–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03847479&r=env |
| By: | Joseph Awoamim Yacim; Mafhungo Musefuwa; Benita Zulch |
| Abstract: | The severity and extent of the challenges bedevilling the informal settlements are dissimilar because of the different geographical and contextual settings. Thus, using a common solution to the menace might not work in all contexts, without first, understudying the peculiar challenges of informal settlements within an area. Additionally, since the cause(s) of informal settlements varied considerably within a country and across countries, understanding the triggers relative to specific locations is necessary; to know what went wrong and how this could be remediated. Therefore, this study aims to, not only, evaluate the environmental challenges, but evaluate the triggers of the Msholozi informal settlement in South Africa. Accordingly, data for the study was collected from the residents, municipal officials, Departments of Human Settlements and Public Works officials. Whilst the results of this study have some commonalities with previous works, including, (1) an insalubrious living environment (2) overstretch of existing poor facilities (3) water and air pollution, and (4) block drainages and erosions among others; the triggers are fundamental. Findings imply that both the government and the dwellers are complicit in the development and challenges being faced thereof, in Msholozi. Thus, it is recommended that urgent and honest steps should be taken by concerned parties, toward remediating the menace. The steps should among others include (1) assemblage of stakeholders for a meeting to understand the genesis of the problem; (2) educating all parties on the consequences of their actions to the environment and the inhabitants; (3) promoting agreement among the stakeholders on their roles and responsibilities towards tackling the challenges; (4) taken the census of the residents to aid the government in decision making. |
| Keywords: | Environment; informal settlements; Msholozi; Pollution; Remediation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-059&r=env |
| By: | Nikolay Khabarov; Alexey Smirnov; Michael Obersteiner |
| Abstract: | Shadow prices are well understood and are widely used in economic applications. However, there are limits to where shadow prices can be applied assuming their natural interpretation and the fact that they reflect the first order optimality conditions (FOC). In this paper, we present a simple ad-hoc example demonstrating that marginal cost associated with exercising an optimal control may exceed the respective cost estimated from shadow prices. This fact renders shadow prices generally irrelevant to estimation of optimal marginal cost. The provided illustrative optimization problem links to a similar approach of calculating social cost of carbon (SCC) in the widely used dynamic integrated model of climate and the economy (DICE). |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.03591&r=env |
| By: | Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Andrew M Kramer (USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]); Anne‐charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, HCMR - Hellenic Centre for Marine Research); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The reported costs of invasive alien species from the global database InvaCost are heterogeneous and cover different spatio-temporal scales. A standard procedure for aggregating invasive species cost estimates is necessary to ensure the repeatability and comparativeness of studies. We introduce here the invacost r package, an open-source software designed to query and analyse the InvaCost database. We illustrate this package and its framework with cost data associated with invasive alien invertebrates. First, the invacost package provides updates of this dynamic database directly in the analytical environment R. Second, it helps understand the heterogeneous nature of monetary cost data for invasive species, processes to harmonize the data and the inherent biases associated with such data. Third, it readily provides complementary methods to investigate the costs of invasive species at different scales, all the while accounting for econometric statistical issues. This tool will be useful for scientists working on invasive alien species, by (a) facilitating access to and use of this multidisciplinary data resource and (b) providing a standard procedure which will facilitate reproducibility and comparability among studies, one of the major critics of this topic until now. It should facilitate further interdisciplinary works including economists and invasion ecology researchers. |
| Keywords: | biological invasions,drivers of change in biodiversity,economic costs,economic impacts,ecosystem services,invasive alien species |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860634&r=env |
| By: | Melina Kourantidou; Laura N H Verbrugge; Phillip J Haubrock; Ross N Cuthbert; Elena Angulo (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inkeri Ahonen; Michelle Cleary; Jannike Falk-Andersson; Lena Granhag; Sindri Gíslason; Brooks Kaiser; Anna-Kaisa Kosenius; Henrik Lange; Maiju Lehtiniemi; Kristin Magnussen; Ståle Navrud; Petri Nummi; Francisco J Oficialdegui; Satu Ramula; Terhi Ryttäri; Menja von Schmalensee; Robert A Stefansson; Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | A collective understanding of economic impacts and in particular of monetary costs of biological invasions is lacking for the Nordic region. This paper synthesizes findings from the literature on costs of invasions in the Nordic countries together with expert elicitation. The analysis of cost data has been made possible through the InvaCost database, a globally open repository of monetary costs that allows for the use of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic descriptors facilitating a better understanding of how costs are distributed. The total reported costs of invasive species across the Nordic countries were estimated at $8.35 billion (in 2017 US$ values) with damage costs significantly outweighing management costs. Norway incurred the highest costs ($3.23 billion), followed by Denmark ($2.20 billion), Sweden ($1.45 billion), Finland ($1.11 billion) and Iceland ($25.45 million). Costs from invasions in the Nordics appear to be largely underestimated. We conclude by highlighting such knowledge gaps, including gaps in policies and regulation stemming from expert judgment as well as avenues for an improved understanding of invasion costs and needs for future research. |
| Keywords: | Invasive species,Economic impact,Nordic countries,InvaCost,Knowledge gap |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860518&r=env |
| By: | Sawhney, Aparna (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | India has witnessed significant transformation in the energy mix over the last decade, with renewables accounting for 24% of the installed grid capacity and 10% of the electricity generation today. The achievements, however, fall short in the trajectory toward the ambitious targets set for the years 2022 and 2030. The policy package for renewables included a market-based instrument of tradeable renewable energy certificates (RECs), launched in 2010–2011, which provided a channel for an alternative valuation of the green attribute of electricity generation in the country. It also provided for spatial flexibility in green power generation in resource-rich areas and compliance with the renewable portfolio obligation through REC purchase by states with shortfalls. We analyze the REC market experience over the last decade and examine the implications of the changes in the trading rules over the years. Although initially the renewable certification rate rose sharply from 2% in 2011–2012 to 15% in 2014–2015, it subsequently dropped to 6% during 2017–2019 as REC market prices plummeted and the inventory of unsold RECs accumulated. The problems of target underachievement and noncompliance of state renewable purchase obligations need to be tackled through deep reforms in the functioning of power distribution companies and not the REC mechanism per se. |
| Keywords: | India; renewable energy certificates; renewable portfolio obligation |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1313&r=env |
| By: | Ross N Cuthbert; Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emma J Hudgins; Anna Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Danish A Ahmed; Céline Albert (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas W Bodey; Elizabeta Briski; Franz Essl; Phillip J Haubrock; Rodolphe E Gozlan; Natalia Kirichenko; Melina Kourantidou; Andrew M Kramer; Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The global increase in biological invasions is placing growing pressure on the management of ecological and economic systems. However, the effectiveness of current management expenditure is difficult to assess due to a lack of standardised measurement across spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. Furthermore, there is no quantification of the spending difference between pre-invasion (e.g. prevention) and post-invasion (e.g. control) stages, although preventative measures are considered to be the most cost-effective. Here, we use a comprehensive database of invasive alien species economic costs (InvaCost) to synthesise and model the global management costs of biological invasions, in order to provide a better understanding of the stage at which these expenditures occur. Since 1960, reported management expenditures have totalled at least US$95.3 billion (in 2017 values), considering only highly reliable and actually observed costs — 12-times less than damage costs from invasions ($1130.6 billion). Pre-invasion management spending ($2.8 billion) was over 25-times lower than post-invasion expenditure ($72.7 billion). Management costs were heavily geographically skewed towards North America (54%) and Oceania (30%). The largest shares of expenditures were directed towards invasive alien invertebrates in terrestrial environments. Spending on invasive alien species management has grown by two orders of magnitude since 1960, reaching an estimated $4.2 billion per year globally (in 2017 values) in the 2010s, but remains 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than damages. National management spending increased with incurred damage costs, with management actions delayed on average by 11 years globally following damage reporting. These management delays on the global level have caused an additional invasion cost of approximately $1.2 trillion, compared to scenarios with immediate management. Our results indicate insufficient management — particularly pre-invasion — and urge better investment to prevent future invasions and to control established alien species. Recommendations to improve reported management cost comprehensiveness, resolution and terminology are also made. |
| Keywords: | Biosecurity,Delayed control and eradication,Global trends,InvaCost,Invasive alien species,Socio-economic impacts |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860581&r=env |
| By: | Ysé Commandré (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); George Aboueldahab (UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Romane Guillot (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Des imposants tracteurs connectés aux capteurs électroniques presque invisibles, le numérique s'invite de plus en plus dans les fermes, sous diverses formes. Il offre différents services pour améliorer l'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources et renforcer la résilience des exploitations (santé animale et du sol, protection de la biodiversité, collecte d'informations). Son usage peut aussi contribuer à la création de connaissances et à la gouvernance collective de ces ressources. Une partie des agriculteurs voient toutefois d'un mauvais œil cette incursion croissante du numérique dans leurs champs. Le 9 février 2022, après la parution du volet agricole du plan de relance du gouvernement, la Direction départementale des territoires de la Drôme a été occupée par des collectifs d'agriculteurs contestant les 3 axes énoncés dans le plan par l'ancien ministre de l'Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, pour l'avenir de l'agriculture : le numérique, la robotique et la génétique. Car, si elle est souvent présentée comme une solution face aux enjeux environnementaux – par exemple pour réduire l'usage des intrants – « l'agriculture 4.0 » pourrait aussi rendre le secteur tout autant voire plus polluant qu'auparavant. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture numérique,Données,Paysans,Agriculteurs,Agriculture intensive,Agriculture connectée |
| Date: | 2022–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03844772&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Conte; Klaus Desmet; Esteban Rossi-Hansberg |
| Abstract: | A unilateral carbon tax trades off the distortionary costs of taxation and the future gains from slowing down global warming. Because the cost is local and immediate, whereas the benefit is global and delayed, this tradeoff tends to be unfavorable to unilateral carbon taxes. We show that this logic breaks down in a world with trade and migration where economic geography is shaped by agglomeration economies and congestion forces. Using a multisector dynamic spatial integrated assessment model (S-IAM), this paper predicts that a carbon tax introduced by the European Union (EU) and rebated locally can, if not too large, increase the size of Europe’s economy by concentrating economic activity in its high-productivity non-agricultural core and by incentivizing immigration to the EU. The resulting change in the spatial distribution of economic activity improves global efficiency and welfare. A unilateral carbon tax with local rebating introduced by the US generates similar global welfare gains. Other forms of rebating can dilute or revert this positive effect. |
| JEL: | F18 H23 O13 O44 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30678&r=env |
| By: | Christophe Martin (CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Plateforme Chemosens [Dijon] - CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marielle Harel-Oger (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gilles Garric (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Yves Le Loir (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphan Marette (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this work was to study the reaction of consumers to a technological innovation (a radically new manufacturing process) applied to a traditional product (cheese). A traditional cheese and two cheeses resulting from a new sustainable process were evaluated by 142 consumers. These cheeses were first evaluated blind, giving rise to liking score and willingness to pay (WTP). Following a message concerning the nature of the processes used for the three cheeses, the consumers gave their WTP once again. The last two stages of the protocol consisted of successively revealing two pieces of information concerning the benefits of the new process for health and the environment and in measuring, at each of these two stages, the WTP of the consumers. Blind tasting showed that the two new cheeses were less appreciated than the traditional cheese. The information concerning the nature of the processes used did not significantly influence the WTP of the new cheeses but caused a revaluation of the traditional cheese. Information on the benefits of the new process has reduced the gap between the WTP of the three cheeses by decreasing the WTP for the traditional cheese and increasing the WTP for the new cheeses. This information made it possible to compensate for differences in liking of 1 to 2 points on a scale of 10. However, there is heterogeneity in consumer reactions. Indeed, some consumers (23%) did not appreciate the sensory properties of the new cheeses, and despite the assimilation of the information concerning the benefits of the new process, their WTP remained lower than those of traditional cheese. These results show that there is no major opposition to the application of technological innovations to traditional products such as cheese and that information concerning health and environmental benefits is positively accepted. |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier la réaction des consommateurs à une innovation technologique (un procédé de fabrication radicalement nouveau) appliquée à un produit traditionnel (le fromage). Un fromage traditionnel et deux fromages issus d'un nouveau procédé durable ont été évalués par 142 consommateurs. Ces fromages ont d'abord été évalués en aveugle, ce qui a donné lieu à un score de préférence et à une volonté de payer (WTP). Après un message concernant la nature des procédés utilisés pour les trois fromages, les consommateurs ont à nouveau donné leur consentement à payer. Les deux dernières étapes du protocole consistaient à révéler successivement deux informations concernant les bénéfices du nouveau procédé pour la santé et l'environnement et à mesurer, à chacune de ces deux étapes, le CAP des consommateurs. La dégustation à l'aveugle a montré que les deux nouveaux fromages étaient moins appréciés que le fromage traditionnel. Les informations concernant la nature des procédés utilisés n'ont pas influencé de manière significative la VDP des nouveaux fromages mais ont provoqué une réévaluation du fromage traditionnel. Les informations sur les avantages du nouveau procédé ont réduit l'écart entre les VDP des trois fromages en diminuant la VDP du fromage traditionnel et en augmentant la VDP des nouveaux fromages. Cette information a permis de compenser des différences d'appréciation de 1 à 2 points sur une échelle de 10. Cependant, il existe une hétérogénéité dans les réactions des consommateurs. En effet, certains consommateurs (23%) n'ont pas apprécié les propriétés sensorielles des nouveaux fromages, et malgré l'assimilation des informations concernant les avantages du nouveau procédé, leur CAP est resté inférieur à celui du fromage traditionnel. Ces résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas d'opposition majeure à l'application d'innovations technologiques à des produits traditionnels comme le fromage et que les informations concernant les avantages pour la santé et l'environnement sont acceptées positivement. |
| Keywords: | Food innovation,Cheese,Sustainability,Consumers preferences,Willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03842340&r=env |
| By: | Bagilet, Vincent; Zabrocki-Hallak, Léo |
| Abstract: | Hundreds of studies have shown that air pollution affects health in the very short-run. This played a key role in setting air quality standards. Yet, estimated effect sizes can vary widely across studies. Analyzing the results published in epidemiology and economics, we find that publication bias and a lack of statistical power could lead some estimates to be inflated. We then run real data simulations to identify the design parameters causing these issues. We show that this exaggeration may be driven by a small numbers of exogenous shocks, instruments with limited strength or sparse outcomes. Other literatures relying on comparable research design could also be affected by these issues. Our paper provides a principled workflow to evaluate and avoid the risk of exaggeration when conducting an observational study. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:11&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Drobinski (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03843999&r=env |
| By: | McCartney, Matthew; Rex, William; Yu, Winston; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; von Gnechten, Rachel |
| Abstract: | Freshwater in both natural and man-made stores is critical for socioeconomic development. Globally, cumulative reduction in terrestrial water storage from 1971 to 2020 is estimated to be of the order of 27,079 Bm3. Although insignificant in comparison to the total volume stored, the decrease in ‘operational’ water stored (i.e., the proportion of water storage that is sustainably utilizable by people) is estimated to be of the order of 3% to 5% since 1971. In many places, both natural and man-made water storage are declining simultaneously, exacerbating water stress. Conjunctive use of different water stores is a prerequisite for water security and it is vital that natural water stores are fully integrated, alongside man-made water infrastructure, in future water resources planning and management. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329159&r=env |
| By: | Bonacorsi, Laura; Cerasi, Vittoria; Galfrascoli, Paola; Manera, Matteo |
| Abstract: | We study the relationship between the risk of default and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors using Supervised Machine Learning (SML) techniques on a cross-section of European listed companies. Our proxy for credit risk is the z-score originally proposed by Altman (1968). We consider an extensive number of ESG raw factors sourced from the rating provider MSCI as potential explanatory variables. In a first stage we show, using different SML methods such as LASSO and Random Forest, that a selection of ESG factors, in addition to the usual accounting ratios, helps explaining a firm’s probability of default. In a second stage, we measure the impact of the selected variables on the risk of default. Our approach provides a novel perspective to understand which environmental, social responsibility and governance characteristics may reinforce the credit score of individual companies. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329521&r=env |
| By: | Fabrizio Ferriani (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | We rely on the ESG ratings assigned by four distinct agencies (MSCI, Refinitiv, Robeco, and Sustainalytics) to study the link between ESG scores and firms' cost of debt financing during the Covid-19 pandemic. We document the existence of a statistically and economically significant ESG premium, i.e. better rated companies access debt at a lower cost. Despite some differences across rating agencies, this result is robust to additional controls for the issuers' credit standing as well as several bond and issuer characteristics. We find that this effect is mainly driven by firms domiciled in advanced economies, whereas creditworthiness considerations prevail for firms in emerging markets. Lastly, we show that the lower cost of capital for highly rated ESG firms is explained both by investors' preference for more sustainable assets and by risk-based considerations unrelated to firms' creditworthiness, such as exposure to climate change risks. |
| Keywords: | ESG scores, Covid-19, bond yield spreads, risk channel, non-pecuniary channel |
| JEL: | G12 G23 G32 G4 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1392_22&r=env |
| By: | Alok Bang; Ross N Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel], QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Phillip J Haubrock (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt] - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association); Romina D Fernandez (UNT - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán); Desika Moodley (IB / CAS - Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Anna J Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INEE - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSUR - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Tatenda Dalu (UMP - University of Mpumalanga); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are one of the top drivers of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. An underestimated consequence of invasions is the enormity of their economic impacts. Knowledge gaps regarding economic costs produced by invasive alien species (IAS) are pervasive, particularly for emerging economies such as India—the fastest growing economy worldwide. To investigate, highlight and bridge this gap, we synthesised data on the economic costs of IAS in India. Specifically, we examine how IAS costs are distributed spatially, environmentally, sectorally, taxonomically, temporally, and across introduction pathways; and discuss how Indian IAS costs vary with socioeconomic indicators. We found that IAS have cost the Indian economy between at least US$ 127.3 billion to 182.6 billion (Indian Rupees ₹ 8.3 trillion to 11.9 trillion) over 1960–2020, and these costs have increased with time. Despite these massive recorded costs, most were not assigned to specific regions, environments, sectors, cost types and causal IAS, and these knowledge gaps are more pronounced in India than in the rest of the world. When costs were specifically assigned, maximum costs were incurred in West, South and North India, by invasive alien insects in semi-aquatic ecosystems; they were incurred mainly by the public and social welfare sector, and were associated with damages and losses rather than management expenses. Our findings indicate that the reported economic costs grossly underestimate the actual costs, especially considering the expected costs given India's population size, gross domestic product and high numbers of IAS without reported costs. This cost analysis improves our knowledge of the negative economic impacts of biological invasions in India and the burden they can represent for its development. We hope this study motivates policymakers to address socio-ecological issues in India and launch a national biological invasion research programme, especially since economic growth will be accompanied by greater impacts of global change. |
| Keywords: | Economic impact,InvaCost,Nonnative species,Socioeconomic measures,South Asia |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860571&r=env |
| By: | Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Andreas Lichtenberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | RRF 2.0 Ein permanenter EU-Investitionsfonds im Kontext von Energiekrise, Klimawandel und EU-Fiskalregeln This publication is available in German language only. For a brief English summary see further below. Während der Klimawandel schon länger eine grüne Wende unseres Wirtschaftens verlangt, beschleunigt die aktuelle Energiekrise die Dringlichkeit für eine Umstellung der Energie- und Transportsysteme. Die Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), welche zur wirtschaftlichen Abfederung der Covid-19-Krise beschlossen wurde, entspricht einer ersten groß angelegten EU-weiten Investitionsinitiative, die unter anderem Ziele im Bereich der Dekarbonisierung verfolgt. Die RRF-Ausgaben werden jedoch nicht ausreichen, um die Klimaziele in den kommenden Jahrzehnten zu erreichen. Zur Einhaltung der Klimaziele bräuchte es zusätzliche öffentliche Investitionen im Umfang von mindestens 1% der EU-Wirtschafsleistung pro Jahr. Die in Aussicht stehende Reform der EU-Fiskalregeln würde eine Steigerung der öffentlichen Investitionen auf nationaler Ebene nicht in ausreichendem Maße ermöglichen. Die Einrichtung eines permanenten EU-Klima- und Energieinvestitionsfonds mit Zuschüssen im Ausmaß von mindestens 1% der EU-Wirtschaftsleistung zur Finanzierung öffentlicher Investitionen stellt eine funktional adäquate Alternative zur goldenen Investitionsregel dar Der Spielraum in den nationalen Haushalten der EU-Mitgliedstaaten würde sich wesentlich erweitern, sodass die Regierungen einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung einer grünen Wende setzen und gleichzeitig die EU-Fiskalregeln eher einhalten können. Die finanzierten Investitionsprojekte könnten außerdem verstärkt auf genuin europäische Projekte mit einem EU-Mehrwert gerichtet werden. Ein solcher permanenter EU-Investitionsfonds für Klima und Energie könnte die Gemeinschaft der EU-Mitgliedstaaten nicht nur von innen heraus wirtschaftlich und politisch stärken, sondern auch ihre zukünftige geostrategische Handlungsfähigkeit in unsicheren Zeiten fördern. RRF 2.0 A Permanent EU Investment Fund in the Context of the Energy Crisis, Climate Change and EU Fiscal Rules While climate change has long called for a green shift in our economies, the current energy crisis leads to an increased urgency when it comes to transforming the energy and transportation systems. The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), which was adopted to support recovery from the Covid-19 crisis, corresponds to a first large-scale EU-wide investment initiative, including decarbonization goals. However, RRF spending will not be sufficient to meet climate targets in the coming decades. Meeting climate targets would require additional public investment equivalent to at least 1% of EU economic output per year. The reform of EU fiscal rules under consideration would not enable a sufficient increase in public investment at the national level. The establishment of a permanent EU climate and energy investment fund amounting to at least 1% of EU economic output to finance public investment represents a functionally adequate alternative to the golden rule of investment. The fiscal space in the national budgets of EU member states would be substantially expanded, allowing governments to take an important step in the green transition while being more likely to comply with EU fiscal rules. Investment could also be increasingly directed toward genuinely European projects with EU added value. Such a permanent EU investment fund for climate and energy would not only strengthen the community of EU member states economically and politically from within, but also promote its future geostrategic capacity to act. |
| Keywords: | Investitionen, EU, Europa, Klimawandel, Energiekrise, Finanzierung, RRF 2.0 |
| JEL: | H54 H63 R42 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:ratpap:rpg:23&r=env |
| By: | Beckert, Jens |
| Abstract: | Warum reagieren Gesellschaften so zögerlich auf die Klimakrise? Die in dem Essay verfolgte These lautet: Die wirtschaftlichen, politischen und sozialen Prozesse moderner kapitalistischer Gesellschaften weisen Macht- und Anreizstrukturen auf, die hinreichende Reaktionen auf die Klimakrise verhindern. |
| Keywords: | Kapitalismus,Klimakrise,ökologischer Konsum,staatliche Steuerungsfähigkeit,Wirtschaftsmacht,capitalism,climate crisis,ecological consumption,economic power,state steer-ing capacity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:mpifgd:227&r=env |
| By: | Deppisch, Sonja; Pyka, Anna; Hansen, Rieke; Warner, Barbara; Albert, Christian; Dehnhardt, Alexandra; Fürst, Christine; Geißler, Gesa; Gerner, Nadine; Marzelli, Stefan; Poßer, Christian; Rathmann, Joachim; Schrapp, Linda; Schröter-Schlaack, Christoph |
| Abstract: | Das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen bietet eine Möglichkeit, um Natur und Landschaft zu schützen und nachhaltig zu nutzen. In Planungsprozessen kann es genutzt werden, um die Leistungen des Naturhaushaltes zu bewerten, mit anderen Interessen abzuwägen und transparentere Grundlagen für Entscheidungen bereitzustellen. Wenn Ökosystemleistungen als zentrale Bestandteile in Strategien der räumlichen Planung aufgenommen würden, könnten sie die Umsetzung und Wirkung der Planungen im Sinne des Ressourcenschutzes verbessern. Das vorliegende Positionspapier verdeutlicht anhand von zehn Thesen, wie das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen in der räumlichen Planung genutzt werden kann. Der Arbeitskreis "Ökosystemleistungen in der räumlichen Planung" der ARL hat diese Empfehlungen erarbeitet und benennt zu den Themen "Nutzen", "Einsatzoptionen" und "Handlungsbedarfe" konkrete Ansätze für einen besseren Schutz von Natur und Landschaft. Die Thesen sollen dazu motivieren, das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen in der Raumplanung einzusetzen und so Transformationsprozesse zu einer nachhaltigen räumlichen Entwicklung anzustoßen. |
| Keywords: | Raumplanung,Landschaftsplanung,nachhaltige Raumentwicklung,sozial-ökologische Transformation,Bewertung von Natur und Landschaft,Governance,Spatial planning,landscape planning,sustainable spatial development,social-ecological transformation,valuation of nature and landscape |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:141&r=env |
| By: | Miri, Javad (Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran); Raesei, Ahmad Reza; Atighechian, Golrokh; Seyedin, Hesam |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Annual natural and man-made disasters in Iran eventually lead to casualties and significant financial loss. The fourth priority of the Sendai Framework is that damaged areas must be better built back. The success of reconstruction programs depends on accurate post-disaster damage and loss assessment. The approaches, goals, priorities, and measures required for reconstruction are prepared and formulated based on these assessments. To effectively implement a reconstruction and rehabilitation program in the country's health sector, preparing and compiling a post-disaster damage and loss assessment program is necessary. Methods: This qualitative study will use the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews to identify the components and entities of the disaster damage assessment program. This study will be conducted using a souping review methodology. Inspired by the JBI methodological framework, this review examines the extent, scope, and nature of research activities on the components and entities of disaster damage and loss assessment programs in the health sector. Documents will be searched in the PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for English articles and the IranDoc, Magiran, and SID databases for Persian articles from 2011 to April 2022. In this phase, in addition to articles and books published in reputable global databases, damage assessment guidelines, the websites of reputable international organizations such as the World Bank, and several disaster assessment reports will be reviewed. Results: Studies will be grouped according to the consequences of disasters, health sector, damage assessment approaches, study objective, environment, methodology, collection techniques, and analysis of key data and findings. The main findings will be expressed based on the purpose and question of the research. Conclusions: The health sector is affected by disasters like other sectors of society. Given the importance of the health sector in responding to disasters, post-disaster damage and loss assessment and developing a disaster reconstruction program in this sector are imperative. Despite the long history of reconstruction in Iran, many challenges in assessing the damage and loss of disasters are seen. Therefore, this study will be conducted to explain the conceptual model of disaster damage and loss assessment program in the health sector. Keywords: Disasters, Iranian national health system, Assessment, Damage, and Loss Assessment, Reconstruction, Conceptual model |
| Date: | 2022–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v3rax&r=env |
| By: | Kolcava, Dennis; Smith, E. Keith; Bernauer, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Effectively governing environmental and social externalities throughout the global economy poses challenges for democratic policy-makers in the court of public opinion. Following the median voter model, as the stringency of policy proposals increases, support rises amongst some citizens and falls amongst others. We argue informational disclosure-based governance presents a potential strategy to mitigate this zero-sum logic as citizens discount policy costs while expecting substantive benefits. We focus on political efforts to increase sustainability throughout global supply chains, drawing on two original survey experiments with representative samples in the 12 largest high-income importing economies (N=24,000). Indeed, at higher levels of policy stringency, citizens expect greater benefits than costs. Further, we find that expected benefits are more strongly associated with support than costs. Lastly, we note how policy stringency promotes convergence of expected benefits across the political ideological spectrum. Hence, our findings provide insights into public preference formation towards the globalization-sustainability nexus. |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2hez9&r=env |
| By: | Molina Molina, David |
| Abstract: | La construcción sostenible puede impulsar una recuperación económica baja en carbono, a través de una relación transversal entre actores de los sectores público y privado, e integrada a lo largo de la cadena de producción. En el Ecuador, la integración de la sostenibilidad en la construcción de viviendas rurales puede contribuir a abordar los efectos sociales de la crisis de la pandemia de COVID-19, mediante la mejora de la infraestructura de viviendas con materiales sostenibles y con beneficios complementarios. A través de una comparación de las características de las viviendas urbanas y rurales, que destaca la necesidad de la mejora habitacional en el sector rural, y la identificación de actores relevantes interrelacionados a lo largo de la cadena de producción, desde la provisión de materiales hasta la construcción final, se presentan el potencial económico y los beneficios sociales y ambientales del fomento de la sostenibilidad en la industria de la construcción de vivienda rurales. |
| Keywords: | VIVIENDA RURAL, ZONAS RURALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION, PRODUCTIVIDAD, VALOR, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCION, IMPORTACIONES, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, POLITICA DE VIVIENDA, RURAL HOUSING, RURAL AREAS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, PRODUCTIVITY, VALUE, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, IMPORTS, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, HOUSING POLICY |
| Date: | 2022–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48174&r=env |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Meng, Xiangyu; Yoeli, Erez |
| Abstract: | Observability and social rewards have been demonstrated to influence the adoption of pro-social behavior in a variety of contexts. This study implements a field experiment to examine the influence of observability and social rewards in the context of a novel pro-social behavior: peer-to-peer solar. Peer-to-peer solar offers an opportunity to households who cannot have solar on their homes to access solar energy from their neighbors. However, unlike solar installations, peer-to-peer solar is an invisible form of pro-environmental behavior. We implemented a set of randomized campaigns using Facebook ads in the Massachusetts cities of Cambridge and Somerville, in partnership with a peer-to-peer company, which agreed to offer to a subsample of customers the possibility to share “green reports” online, providing shareable information about their greenness. We find that interest in peer-to-peer solar increases by up to 30% when “green reports,” which would make otherwise invisible behavior visible, are mentioned in the ads |
| Keywords: | Peer to peer solar; pro-environmental behavior; social rewards; visibility; Facebook |
| JEL: | C93 D91 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117361&r=env |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Meng, Xiangyu; Yoeli, Erez |
| Abstract: | Observability and social rewards have been demonstrated to influence the adoption of pro-social behavior in a variety of contexts. This study implements a field experiment to examine the influence of observability and social rewards in the context of a novel pro-social behavior: peer-to-peer solar. Peer-to-peer solar offers an opportunity to households who cannot have solar on their homes to access solar energy from their neighbors. However, unlike solar installations, peer-to-peer solar is an invisible form of pro-environmental behavior. We implemented a set of randomized campaigns using Facebook ads in the Massachusetts cities of Cambridge and Somerville, in partnership with a peer-to-peer company, which agreed to offer to a subsample of customers the possibility to share “green reports” online, providing shareable information about their greenness. We find that interest in peer-to-peer solar increases by up to 30% when “green reports,” which would make otherwise invisible behavior visible, are mentioned in the ads |
| Keywords: | Peer to peer solar; pro-environmental behavior; social rewards; visibility; Facebook |
| JEL: | C93 D91 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117362&r=env |
| By: | Böhm, Jonas; Tietz, Andreas |
| Abstract: | In this working paper, an estimation of the possible future demand for agricultural land for the expansion of ground-mounted photovoltaic systems in Germany is developed. For the estimation, current political goals as well as different energy scenarios are considered in order to determine the demand for installed PV capacity in a fully transformed energy system. The required PV power can be installed on different areas (e.g. rooftops, agricultural area). The number of installations on agricultural land depends on many factors and can develop very differently in the future. In addition, the future demand for land is influenced by the specific land use, i.e. how much land is needed per installed capacity. All three factors are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. The most probable development is assumed to be the current political target of 215 GWp installed capacity by 2030 and for a fully transformed energy system 400 GWp installed capacity by 2040, a share of 50 % on agricul-tural land and a specific land use of 1.4 ha/MWp. Based on this, the land use for a transformed energy system (year 2040) is 280,000 ha. This corresponds to a share of 1.7 % of the currently agricultural used area. The range of all scenarios considered is between 0.3 % and 4 %, which shows the high uncertainty of the forecast. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:329578&r=env |
| By: | Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham; Matthew T. Gustafson; Ryan C. Lewis; Michael Schwert |
| Abstract: | Municipal bond markets begin pricing sea level rise (SLR) exposure risk in 2013, coinciding with upward revisions to worst-case SLR projections and accompanying uncertainty around these projections. The effect is larger for long-maturity bonds and is not solely driven by near-term flood risk. We use a structural model of credit risk to quantify the implied economic impact and distinguish the effects of underlying asset values and uncertainty. The SLR exposure premium exhibits a different trend from house prices and is unaffected by house price controls. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of climate uncertainty in driving municipal bond prices. |
| JEL: | G1 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30660&r=env |
| By: | Pablo Brañas-Garza (Loyola Behavioral Lab); Antonio Cabrales (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Maria Paz Espinosa (University of the Basque Country); Diego Jorrat (Loyola Behavioral Lab) |
| Abstract: | We experimentally study a game in which success requires a sufficient total contribution by members of a group. There are significant uncertainties surrounding the chance and the total effort required for success. A theoretical model with max-min preferences towards ambiguity predicts higher contributions under ambiguity than under risk. However, in a large representative sample of the Spanish population (1,500 participants) we find that the ATE of ambiguity on contributions is zero. The main significant interaction with the personal characteristics of the participants is with risk attitudes, and it increases contributions. This suggests that policymakers concernedwith ambiguous problems (like climate change) do not need to worry excessively about ambiguity. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:196&r=env |
| By: | Katzav, Joel; Thompson, Erica L.; Risbey, James; Stainforth, David A.; Bradley, Seamus; Frisch, Mathias |
| Abstract: | When do probability distribution functions (PDFs) about future climate misrepresent uncertainty? How can we recognise when such misrepresentation occurs and thus avoid it in reasoning about or communicating our uncertainty? And when we should not use a PDF, what should we do instead? In this paper, we address these three questions. We start by providing a classification of types of uncertainty and using this classification to illustrate when PDFs misrepresent our uncertainty in a way that may adversely affect decisions. We then discuss when it is reasonable and appropriate to use a PDF to reason about or communicate uncertainty about climate. We consider two perspectives on this issue. On one, which we argue is preferable, available theory and evidence in climate science basically exclude using PDFs to represent our uncertainty. On the other, PDFs can legitimately be provided when resting on appropriate expert judgement and recognition of associated risks. Once we have specified the border between appropriate and inappropriate uses of PDFs, we explore alternatives to their use. We briefly describe two formal alternatives, namely imprecise probabilities and possibilistic distribution functions, as well as informal possibilistic alternatives. We suggest that the possibilistic alternatives are preferable. |
| Keywords: | climate projection; deep uncertainty; possibility theory; probability; uncertainty representations |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112978&r=env |
| By: | Christopher Mulenga; Sam Mwando |
| Abstract: | Zambia is endowed with approximately 12 million hectares of water in form of rivers, lakes, and swamps and 8 million hectares of wetlands (IAPRI, 2015; Haller & Merten, 2008; Musumali et. al., 2009). According to the SADC fact sheet of 2016, Zambia produces 106,798 tons of fish annually and employs about 325,000 people. The contribution of the fisheries sector to rural economic growth and commerce provide significant economic opportunities for the rural poor (Musumali et. al., 2009). Despite such natural endowments, Zambia remains one of the poorest countries in Africa. This socio-economic situation in the country is worse in rural areas of the country. There is increasing evidence that secure access to land-based resources is a prerequisite for livelihood security and development (FAO, 2013; Bugri, 2008). This study investigates the state of marine and property rights within three fishing camps under customary jurisdiction of Muwezwa (Namunyona and Musozya) and Shakumbila (Namucheche) chiefdoms. The study further investigated the extent to which customary laws is recognised as an integral part of the legal framework. The fishing camps are occupied by local communities that have lived in the area based on customary norms and traditions without any documentation. This is despite the area becoming a hive of economic activities supporting both the local economy and nationally. The Kafue floodplains also attract private companies who acquire land for tourism purposes. The study involved quantitative and qualitative methods. We collected information using a household survey in the selected villages. The survey was structured to collect detailed information on household main activities, socio-economic characteristics. The survey included questions regarding the property and marine rights of permanent and seasonal residents in the sampled villages. |
| Keywords: | livelihood security; tenure security; customary land; marine resources |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-006&r=env |
| By: | David DESMARCHELIER; Rémi GIRARD |
| Abstract: | The literature has pointed out that renewable resource preservation in the long run is ensured in two situations: (1) when resource can serve as a store of value and (2) when households are altruistic. The following paper shows that a third situation also implies resource preservation, that is, when harvesting is costly. To do so, a simple monetary overlapping generation economy is developed in which a renewable resource is privately owned by a representative household who lives for two periods. During her youth, she inherits the resource from her parents and decides how much to harvest. Income obtained from the resource selling is fully saved in fiat money to finance old age consumption. Harvesting is assumed to take time (harvesting cost) and then, the young household has to arbitrate between leisure or harvesting. In this simple context, we show that the resource level can be non zero in the long run (resource preservation). In particular, we observe that two steady states can coexist: one with a low resource level (overexploitation) and the other with a high resource level (underexploitation). Moreover, under a sufficiently productive harvesting technology, two-period cycles can emerge around each steady state through a flip bifurcation as well as local indeterminacy around the higher steady state. In this sense, costly harvesting appears to be both a source of resource preservation and a source of resource fluctuations. |
| Keywords: | Flip bifurcation, local indeterminacy, overlapping generation model, renewable resource. |
| JEL: | E32 O44 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2022-32&r=env |
| By: | Jones, Benjamin; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Elliott, Robert J.R. |
| Abstract: | The emergence of a mass market for electric vehicles (EVs) offers development opportunities for countries that have abundant resources of cobalt, nickel, lithium, copper, aluminium and manganese. Not surprisingly, developing countries have proposed ambitious plans to expand production of these raw materials. However, an observation from the resource curse literature is that strong institutions are required if they are to mitigate the risk of poorly directed, often excessively procyclical, investment, not least because of the complexity, opacity and price volatility of many raw materials utilised by global EV value chains. This paper examines the outlook for EV demand and associated raw material usage paying attention to the drivers and sensitivities required to assess and track future market transformations. These end use shifts are then placed in the context of the broader supply chain adjustments and trends shaping the demand. For resource exporters, adapting to structural change will require fiscal, regulatory, environmental and institution reforms designed to capture shifting patterns of resource wealth in a way which takes appropriate account of comparative advantages in specific value chains and mitigates adverse environmental and social consequences from their extraction and processing. |
| Keywords: | critical materials; electric vehicle; global value chains; resource mobilisation |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117425&r=env |
| By: | Castelli, Chiara; Castellini, Marta; Ciola, Emanuele; Gusperti, Camilla; Romani, Ilenia Gaia; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | The Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystems (WEFE) nexus refers to the system of complex and highly non-linear interconnections between these four elements. It now represents the basic framework to assess and design policies characterized by an holistic environmental end economical perspective. In this work, we provide a systematic review of the macroeconomic models investigating its components as well as combinations of them and their interlinkages with the economic system. We focus on four different types of macroeconomic models: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models, Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), Agent-based Models (ABMs), and Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. On the basis of our review, we find that the structure of IAMs is currently the most used to represent the nexus complexity, while DSGE models focus only on single components but appear to be better suited to account for the randomization of exogenous shocks. CGE models and ABMs could be more effective on the side of the policy perspective. Indeed, the former can account for interlinkages across sectors and countries, while the latter can define theoretical frameworks that better approximate reality. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329519&r=env |
| By: | Liz Wachs; Colin McMillan; Gale Boyd; Matt Doolin |
| Abstract: | Combustion, other emitting processes and fossil energy use outside the power sector have become urgent concerns given the United States’ commitment to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Industry is an important end user of energy and relies on fossil fuels used directly for process heating and as feedstocks for a diverse range of applications. Fuel and energy use by industry is heterogeneous, meaning even a single product group can vary broadly in its production routes and associated energy use. In the United States, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) serves as the standard for statistical data collection and reporting. In turn, data based on NAICS are the foundation of most United States energy modeling. Thus, the effectiveness of NAICS at representing energy use is a limiting condition for current expansive planning to improve energy efficiency and alternatives to fossil fuels in industry. Facility-level data could be used to build more detail into heterogeneous sectors and thus supplement data from Bureau of the Census and U.S Energy Information Administration reporting at NAICS code levels but are scarce. This work explores alternative classification schemes for industry based on energy use characteristics and validates an approach to estimate facility-level energy use from publicly available greenhouse gas emissions data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The approaches in this study can facilitate understanding of current, as well as possible future, energy demand. First, current approaches to the construction of industrial taxonomies are summarized along with their usefulness for industrial energy modeling. Unsupervised machine learning techniques are then used to detect clusters in data reported from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Industrial Assessment Center program. Clusters of Industrial Assessment Center data show similar levels of correlation between energy use and explanatory variables as three-digit NAICS codes. Interestingly, the clusters each include a large cross section of NAICS codes, which lends additional support to the idea that NAICS may not be particularly suited for correlation between energy use and the variables studied. Fewer clusters are needed for the same level of correlation as shown in NAICS codes. Initial assessment shows a reasonable level of separation using support vector machines with higher than 80% accuracy, so machine learning approaches may be promising for further analysis. The IAC data is focused on smaller and medium-sized facilities and is biased toward higher energy users for a given facility type. Cladistics, an approach for classification developed in biology, is adapted to energy and process characteristics of industries. Cladistics applied to industrial systems seeks to understand the progression of organizations and technology as a type of evolution, wherein traits are inherited from previous systems but evolve due to the emergence of inventions and variations and a selection process driven by adaptation to pressures and favorable outcomes. A cladogram is presented for evolutionary directions in the iron and steel sector. Cladograms are a promising tool for constructing scenarios and summarizing directions of sectoral innovation. The cladogram of iron and steel is based on the drivers of energy use in the sector. Phylogenetic inference is similar to machine learning approaches as it is based on a machine-led search of the solution space, therefore avoiding some of the subjectivity of other classification systems. Our prototype approach for constructing an industry cladogram is based on process characteristics according to the innovation framework derived from Schumpeter to capture evolution in a given sector. The resulting cladogram represents a snapshot in time based on detailed study of process characteristics. This work could be an important tool for the design of scenarios for more detailed modeling. Cladograms reveal groupings of emerging or dominant processes and their implications in a way that may be helpful for policymakers and entrepreneurs, allowing them to see the larger picture, other good ideas, or competitors. Constructing a cladogram could be a good first step to analysis of many industries (e.g. nitrogenous fertilizer production, ethyl alcohol manufacturing), to understand their heterogeneity, emerging trends, and coherent groupings of related innovations. Finally, validation is performed for facility-level energy estimates from the EPA Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. Facility-level data availability continues to be a major challenge for industrial modeling. The method outlined by (McMillan et al. 2016; McMillan and Ruth 2019) allows estimating of facility level energy use based on mandatory greenhouse gas reporting. The validation provided here is an important step for further use of this data for industrial energy modeling. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:22-49&r=env |
| By: | Lutter, Randall; Zorn, David (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | Congress is considering two bills that would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to make publicly available all data from studies that it relies on as it develops regulations. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that it would cost $250 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:06877&r=env |
| By: | Amanda Ferreira Guimarães (UEM - Universidade Estadual de Maringá [Maringá]); Priscila Duarte Malanski (UEM - Universidade Estadual de Maringá [Maringá]); Sandra Mara de Alencar Schiavi (UEM - Universidade Estadual de Maringá [Maringá]); Mélise Dantas Machado Bouroullec (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable agrifood global value chains depend on chain governance by the lead firm and transaction governance. However, the link between them is still unclear. We therefore investigated the scientific field on "governance in agrifood global value chain" over 15 years in the Scopus and Web of Science databases through two analyses: a descriptive bibliometric and a keywords co-occurrence analysis. Our descriptive results show that the research on the theme has increased over the years, with a concentration of the papers published in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, with emphasis on Wageningen University. The network graph showed a multidisciplinary theoreticomplcal field and four axes: chain governance; transaction governance; horizontal relationships; political and structural elements. The chain and the transaction governance are indirectly linked by the concept of upgrading, compromising sustainability's holistic view. Although the sustainability of the chain depends on both levels of governance, this bibliometric study showed that there is a gap to be filled in this topic. We propose a study in the light of both concepts, considering upgrading, vertical and horizontal relationships, as well as public policies. |
| Abstract: | Cadeias globais de valor agroalimentares sustentáveis dependem da governança da cadeia pela empresa líder e governança da transação. No entanto, a ligação entre elas ainda não está clara. Investigou-se, portanto, o campo científico sobre "governança na cadeia global de valor agroalimentar" em um período de 15 anos, nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science, por meio de duas análises: uma bibliométrica descritiva e uma análise de co-ocorrência de palavras-chave. Os resultados descritivos mostram que a pesquisa sobre o tema tem aumentado ao longo dos anos, com uma concentração de publicação em países como os Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Holanda, com destaque para a Universidade de Wageningen. O gráfico de rede mostrou um campo teórico multidisciplinar e quatro eixos: governança da cadeia; governança de transações; relações horizontais; elementos políticos e estruturais. Governança da cadeia e da transação estão indiretamente ligadas pelo conceito de upgrading, comprometendo uma visão holística sobre sustentabilidade. Embora a sustentabilidade da cadeia dependa dos dois níveis de governança, este estudo bibliométrico mostrou que há uma lacuna a ser preenchida nesse tema. Propomos um estudo integrando ambos os conceitos, considerando upgrading, relações verticais e horizontais, bem como políticas públicas. |
| Keywords: | upgrading,food system,agribusiness,transition,institution,sistema alimentar,agronegócio,transição,instituição |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03853889&r=env |
| By: | Dayal Saraswat, Kinshuk |
| Abstract: | There are many risks associated with living in a developing country, especially in far-flung rural areas, where these risks are more prevalent, because they are often located in remote areas, where these risks are more prevalent, as they are frequently located in far-flung rural areas, where these risks are more prevalent. Managing risk requires the use of information that is up-to-date, and emerging technologies are providing highly cost-effective methods for collecting, storing, processing, and disseminating information about risk that is up-to-date in a cost-effective manner. Farmers are now able to receive early warnings regarding adverse weather conditions, market movements, and outbreaks of pests and diseases through the use of early warning systems which can be accessed through mobile apps and the internet. By using instruments such as insurance contracts and futures contracts, there is a limited amount of emerging technologies that can be utilized to transfer rural sector risk in the form of instruments. The development of these applications is hindered by the lack of institutional development, the high cost of the products, as well as an inability to customize them in order to meet the needs of smallholders. As a result, they are hampered by the fact that there are limitations to the amount of information which can be produced by technology. |
| Keywords: | Rural sector and risk management, technology based risk management, natural disasters and rural sector, mitigating risk in rural areas. |
| JEL: | M11 M15 O1 O14 Q16 |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115480&r=env |
| By: | Fragaszy, S.; Fraj, M. B.; McKee, M.; Jobbins, G.; Al-Karablieh, E.; Bergaoui, K.; Ghanim, A.; Lawrenson, L.; McDonnell, Rachael |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Consumer/Household Economics, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329160&r=env |
| By: | P. Ballester (Euridis - Euridis Business School, Ministère de l'Education Nationale) |
| Abstract: | In diesem Artikel stellt der Autor Patrice Ballester, außerordentlicher Professor für Geographie und Marketing des Tourismus, die innovative „Komplementaritätsmatrix der 7 Verantwortlichkeiten eines Unternehmens" vor. Der Autor r Der Autor erkennt die zwingende Notwendigkeit für die Entwicklung und Implementierung einer völlig neuen diagnostischen CSR-fokussierten Matrix für Unternehmen. Das bloße Vertrauen auf erläuternde Diagramme, wie die der ISO 26000-Normen, birgt die Gefahr, einen großen Teil der Wechselwirkungen und Wechselwirkungen der Perspektiven zwischen den verschiedenen Elementen zu vergessen. Jeder gute Vermarkter muss heutzutage über die Fähigkeiten eines Geographen oder Ökologen verfügen, damit er sein Marktumfeld und die nachhaltige Entwicklung besser verstehen kann. Folglich erklärt dieser Artikel, wie der Autor die Annahme einer brandneuen CSR-Matrix vorschlägt, die durch einen Fokus auf fünf Hauptbereiche entwickelt wurde: den rechtlichen und regulatorischen Kontext; der globale und lokale Markt; der wirtschaftliche Kontext; der digitale Kontext; und die Governance- und Managementdimension. Nachdenken über Skalen, lokal und global, Nachdenken über Co-Konstruktion, Mediationen und die neue digitale Welt. |
| Abstract: | In this article, the author, Patrice Ballester, who is Associate Professor in Geography and Marketing of Tourism presents the innovative "Complementarity Matrix of 7 Responsibilities of a Company". The author r The author recognizes the compelling need for the development and implementation of an entirely new diagnostic CSR focused matrix for firms. The mere reliance on explanatory diagrams, such as the ones of the ISO 26000 standards, poses the risk of forgetting a large part of the interactions and reciprocity of perspectives between the different items. Any good marketer these days must have the skills of a geographer or ecologist, this will allow him to better understand his market environment and sustainable development. Consequently, this article explains how the author proposes the adoption of a brand-new CSR matrix, which has been developed through a focus on five major areas: the legal and regulatory context; the global and local market; the economic context; the digital context; and the governance and management dimension. Thinking about scales, local and global, thinking about co-construction, mediations and the new digital world. |
| Abstract: | En este artículo, el autor, Patrice Ballester, quien es Profesor Asociado en Geografía y Marketing Turístico, presenta la innovadora "Matriz de Complementariedad de las 7 Responsabilidades de una Empresa". El autor r El autor reconoce la necesidad apremiante de desarrollar e implementar una matriz centrada en la RSE de diagnóstico completamente nueva para las empresas. La mera dependencia de diagramas explicativos, como los de las normas ISO 26000, conlleva el riesgo de olvidar gran parte de las interacciones y reciprocidad de perspectivas entre los diferentes elementos. Cualquier buen comercializador en estos días debe tener las habilidades de un geógrafo o ecologista, esto le permitirá comprender mejor el entorno de su mercado y el desarrollo sostenible. En consecuencia, este artículo explica cómo el autor propone la adopción de una nueva matriz de RSE, que se ha desarrollado a través de un enfoque en cinco áreas principales: el contexto legal y regulatorio; el mercado global y local; el contexto económico; el contexto digital; y la dimensión de gobernanza y gestión. Pensar en escalas, locales y globales, pensar en co-construcciones, mediaciones y el nuevo mundo digital. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, l'auteur, Patrice Ballester, Professeur Associé en Géographie et Marketing du Tourisme présente une matrice d'application innovante « Matrice de Complémentarité des 7 Responsabilités d'une Entreprise ». L'auteur reconnaît le besoin impérieux de développer et de mettre en oeuvre une toute nouvelle matrice de diagnostic axée sur la RSE pour les entreprises. Le simple fait de s'appuyer sur des schémas explicatifs, comme ceux des normes ISO 26000, fait courir le risque d'oublier une grande partie des interactions et de la réciprocité des points de vue entre les différents items. Tout bon marketeur de nos jours se doit d'avoir des compétences de géographe ou d'écologiste, cela lui permettra de mieux appréhender son environnement marché et le développement durable. En conséquence, cet article explique comment l'auteur propose l'adoption d'une toute nouvelle matrice RSE, qui a été élaborée en mettant l'accent sur cinq grands domaines : le contexte légal et réglementaire ; le marché mondial et local ; le contexte économique ; le contexte numérique ; et la dimension gouvernance et gestion. Penser les échelles, locale et globale, penser les co-construction, les médiances et le nouveau monde digital. |
| Abstract: | In questo articolo, l'autore, Patrice Ballester, Professore Associato in Geografia e Marketing del Turismo, presenta l'innovativa "Matrice di complementarità delle 7 responsabilità di un'impresa". L'autore r L'autore riconosce la necessità impellente dello sviluppo e dell'implementazione di una matrice diagnostica focalizzata sulla CSR completamente nuova per le aziende. Il semplice affidamento a diagrammi esplicativi, come quelli delle norme ISO 26000, comporta il rischio di dimenticare buona parte delle interazioni e reciprocità di prospettive tra i diversi item. Ogni buon marketer di questi tempi deve avere le capacità di un geografo o di un ecologista, questo gli permetterà di comprendere meglio il suo ambiente di mercato e lo sviluppo sostenibile. Di conseguenza, questo articolo spiega come l'autore propone l'adozione di una nuovissima matrice di CSR, che è stata sviluppata attraverso un focus su cinque aree principali: il contesto legale e normativo; il mercato globale e locale; il contesto economico; il contesto digitale; e la dimensione di governance e gestione. Pensare alle scale, locali e globali, pensare alla co-costruzione, alle mediazioni e al nuovo mondo digitale. |
| Abstract: | Neste artigo, o autor Patrice Ballester, que é Professor Associado em Geografia e Marketing do Turismo apresenta a inovadora "Matriz de Complementaridade das 7 Responsabilidades de uma Empresa". O autor r O autor reconhece a necessidade imperiosa do desenvolvimento e implementação de uma matriz de diagnóstico totalmente nova focada em RSE para as empresas. A mera confiança em diagramas explicativos, como os das normas ISO 26000, corre o risco de esquecer grande parte das interações e reciprocidade de perspectivas entre os diferentes itens. Qualquer bom comerciante nos dias de hoje deve ter as habilidades de um geógrafo ou ecologista, isso lhe permitirá entender melhor seu ambiente de mercado e desenvolvimento sustentável. Consequentemente, este artigo explica como o autor propõe a adoção de uma nova matriz de RSC, que foi desenvolvida com foco em cinco grandes áreas: o contexto legal e regulatório; o mercado global e local; o contexto econômico; o contexto digital; e a dimensão governança e gestão. Pensando em escalas, locais e globais, pensando em co-construção, mediações e o novo mundo digital. |
| Abstract: | 在本文中，作者，旅遊地理與營銷副教授 Patrice Ballester 提出了創新的"公司 7 項職責的互補矩陣"。作者 r 作者認識到迫切需要為公司開發和實施一個全新的以 CSR 為重點的診斷矩陣。僅僅依賴解釋性圖表，例如 ISO 26000 標準的解釋性圖表，會帶來忘記不同項目之間的大部分交互和互惠的風險。如今，任何優秀 的營銷人員都必須具備地理學家或生態學家的技能，這將使他能夠更好地了解自己的市場環 境和可持續發展。因此，本文解釋了作者如何提議採用全新的企業社會責任矩陣，該矩陣是 通過關註五個主要領域而開發的：法律和監管環境；全球和本地市場；經濟背景；數字環境 ；以及治理和管理維度。思考規模、本地和全球，思考共建、調解和新的數字世界。 |
| Keywords: | CSR,Matrix,Verantwortlichkeiten,Unternehmen,Marketing,Kommunikation,Management,Geografie,Ökologie,Maßstab,Vermittlung,Wirtschaft,matrix,responsibilities,company,marketing,communication,management,geography,ecology,scale,mediation,business,RSC,matriz,responsabilidades,empresa,comunicación,gestión,geografía,ecología,escala,mediación,negocios,RSE,matrice,responsabilités,entreprise,géographie,écologie,échelle,médiation,responsabilità,azienda,comunicazione,geografia,ecologia,scala,mediazione,impresa,comunicação,gestão,mediação,negócios,企業社會責任,矩陣,責任,公司,營銷,溝通,管理,地理,生態,規模,調解,業務 |
| Date: | 2022–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834109&r=env |
| By: | Chiara Lodi (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo and SEEDS); Giovanni Marin (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo and SEEDS); Marco Modica (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Keywords: | Floods, Fiscal Policy of Local Governments, Resilience, Vulnerability |
| JEL: | H2 H72 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.34&r=env |
| By: | Juan Casado Asensio; Dominique Blaquier; Jens Sedemund |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of the main trends in development finance with biodiversity-related objectives for the period 2011 to 2020, using available OECD statistical data, from various sources. The resources covered are: Official Development Assistance and non-concessional development finance, both bilateral and multilateral, from members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as well as non-members, including South-South and Triangular Co-operation; private finance mobilised by public interventions; and private philanthropy. In addition, this paper assesses financing provided by bilateral DAC members that are Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, looking at how they fared collectively against the Aichi Target 20 on development finance. The paper was prepared by the DAC ENVIRONET Secretariat, with inputs from the OECD Environment Directorate, and with guidance from a group of DAC members. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, development finance, nature finance, Aichi target, SDG14, SDG15, Rio marker, development co-operation |
| JEL: | H23 J15 J16 K32 L73 N5 N50 Q23 Q57 Q22 |
| Date: | 2022–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:110-en&r=env |
| By: | Fragaszy, S.; Fraj, M. B.; McKee, M.; Jobbins, G.; Fayad, A.; Fakih, M.; Lawrenson, L.; McDonnell, Rachael |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Food Security and Poverty, Marketing, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329161&r=env |
| By: | : Dierx, Adriaan (European Commission); : Ilzkovitz, Fabienne (Universite Libre de Bruxelles); : Pataracchia, Beatrice (European Commission); : Pericoli, Filippo (EMCDDA) |
| Abstract: | Through its competition policy interventions the European Commission not only addresses infringements of EU competition law by the firms directly involved, but it also deters possible future anticompetitive behaviour by these firms and other market players. The present paper represents the diffusion amongst market players of such deterrent effects by a mixed-influence diffusion model, which includes both an external triggering factor and an internal propagation mechanism. Within the present context, interventions by the European Commission serve as the trigger and interactions between market players, in particular via legal counsels and law firms, stimulate the propagation of the interventions’ deterrent effects. The parameters of the mixed-influence diffusion model are calibrated using survey-based information on average deterrence multipliers and an assessment of the reputation of the European Commission as an enforcer of EU competition rules. On this basis, estimates of the deterrent effect of each individual intervention by the European Commission can be obtained. |
| Keywords: | diffusion; deterrent effect; competition policy; European Commission; mixed-influence model; reputation |
| JEL: | L40 C54 C68 E17 O43 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202216&r=env |
| By: | Magdalena Brzozowicz (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | In this study, I examined the influence of the framing effect on the valuation of consumption goods in realistic shopping settings. In four field experiments comprising 1602 shopping center customers as participants, I elicited willingness to pay (WTP) for consumer products by manipulating framing conditions (positive vs. negative framing). Although my four experiments involved two different types of products (durable vs. fast-moving), two different types of framing (attribute vs. goal) and two different valuation procedures (hypothetical vs. consequential), their results were remarkably consistent. I observed that the framing effect had no impact on WTP for the presented products. In the light of both this study and the existing literature, I suspect that the framing effect is more likely to appear in solely hypothetical judgement and assessment tasks than in the context of eliciting consumer WTP |
| Keywords: | framing effect, field experiment, willingness to pay, WTP |
| JEL: | D91 C93 M31 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2021-20&r=env |
| By: | Yuping Deng (School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University and Business School, University of Western Australia); Yanrui Wu (Business School, The University of Western Australia); Helian Xu (School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to investigate the effects of the ratio of domestic value added in exports on firm-level emission intensity in China. It shows that the ratio of domestic value added in exports is negatively associated with firms’ emission discharges. This relation is more profound for firms in ordinary trade than those in processing trade. Further analysis illustrates that the observed relationship is especially prevalent in eastern regions, technology-intensive industries and non-state-owned firms. In addition, it is shown that government behavior could play a moderating role in the negative relationship between value added exports and firms’ emission discharges. |
| Keywords: | Emission discharge; value-added exports; government behaviour; China |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:22-19&r=env |
| By: | Radchenko Darya (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Makarov Andrey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Rostislav Kirill (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Belyakova Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sosnin Dmitry (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Maksimov Andrey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Ponomarev Yuriy (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | In the Russian Federation 75% of the population live in cities and the quality of life cannot be considered separately from the quality of life of citizens. Modern cities and urban agglomerations act as development centers, accumulating factors that are the driving force of the innovation economy: financial resources, innovative technologies, infrastructure and qualified personnel. |
| Keywords: | financial resources, innovative technologies, infrastructure and qualified personnel |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21158&r=env |