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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Ho, Thi Thu; Huynh, Cong Minh |
| Abstract: | The present study attempts to examine the impacts of Environmental Concern (EC), Perceived Consumers Effectiveness (PCE), Attitude Toward Green Products (AGP), and Perceived Environmental Knowledge (PEK) on Green Purchase Intention (GPI) of the young people in provinces of Southeast Vietnam, including Binh Duong, Dong Nai, Long An, Tay Ninh, and Ho Chi Minh City. Results from a survey of 1,200 young respondents show that the AGP has the strongest impact on GPI, following by the PCE and the EC. However, the PEK has no significant impact on GPI. The findings provide empirical evidence for local governments and businesses to promote green consumption in the region. |
| Keywords: | Attitude toward green products; Environmental concern; Green purchase intention; Perceived consumers effectiveness; Perceived environmental knowledge. |
| JEL: | M11 M31 Q02 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112355&r= |
| By: | Hoffmann, Maja; Spash, Clive L. |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation – reducing emissions to zero and substituting fossil fuels through renewable energy within a maximum of two decades – entails major consequences for modern industrial societies and economies. Industrial societies are structurally centred and dependent on work, however, the implications for work are insufficiently studied. We conduct an empirical analysis of the impacts of climate mitigation on work across all sectors of the Austrian national economy. Using a mixed methods approach, we investigate all NACE-classified branches of economic activity, the respective number of persons employed, CO2 emissions, fossil fuel use, renewable energy potential, and the societal importance of work. We find that the impacts of climate mitigation on work are far more substantial than the literature usually suggests. Required are significant reductions of work across all sectors, and its structural reorganisation based on an altered energy basis. Yet, potential for deployment of renewable energy technologies is currently not given for many fields of work that are dependent on fossil fuels. While the category of essential work further indicates the kinds of work that may be prioritised in transformation processes, particularly problematic are those deemed both essential for society and incompatible with climate mitigation. The study provides an initial empirical basis for substantiated differentiation of kinds of work regarding these key aspects of climate change mitigation and structural transformation. It also points to the need for institutions to address these challenges and the problematic ways in which work is organised and held sacrosanct in modern society. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation, work, employment,fossil fuels, renewable energy, green jobs, just transition, degrowth, sectoral analysis, structural transformation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:8575&r= |
| By: | Sharpe, Samantha.; Dominish, Elsa.; Martinez Fernandez, Maria Cristina. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines carbon emissions across the garment sector as counted using the two prominent methodologies for calculating emissions – the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon accounting in line with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into where and why the carbon intensity of textiles and garments varies across the supply chain and where activities to decarbonize the sector should be prioritized. |
| Keywords: | environmental protection, clothing industry, textile industry, pollution control |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995169492502676&r= |
| By: | Sharpe, Samantha.; Retamal, Monique.; Martinez Fernandez, Maria Cristina. |
| Abstract: | Environmental regulations provide protection for both environmental assets and the livelihoods of communities that depend on these assets. The analysis evaluates the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes for proponents of industrial projects in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam. The paper finds that enhanced environmental outcomes can be achieved by greater awareness among proponents of the links between environmental management (as facilitated by the EIA process) and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | environmental protection, cloting industry, textile industry, pollution control |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995169492402676&r= |
| By: | Anne C. Maduka (Igbariam, Nigeria); Stephen O. Ogwu (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso S. Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide and the moderating effect of institutional quality in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020, by employing long run and short run dynamic ARDL regression, quartile regression and granger causality test for the estimation. Utilizing CO2 per capita emissions, GDP per capita– a proxy for economic growth, capital stock (CAPSTK) – proxy for capital investment in Nigeria and Control of Corruption and Regulatory Quality (COC and RGQ) which represent the effective environmental regulations and laws put in place for the control and prevention of environmental degradation, the study found a significant cointegration between CO2 emissions and economic growth (lnGDP) in Nigeria. Furthermore, an N-shaped nexus exist between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the long run and short run instead of the inverted U-shape curve postulated by the EKC hypothesis. This was confirmed by both ARDL and quartile regression results. Similarly, InCAPSTK contributed significantly to the growth of CO2 emissions in Nigeria both in the long run and short run, although, the short run did so at 10% significant level. Contrary to expectations, control of corruption (COC), contributes significantly to CO2 emissions in the long run but when it interacts with income (InGDP×COC), it significantly contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions. More so, Regulatory quality (RGQ) had no significant impact on CO2 emissions in Nigeria either in the long run or short run, even when it interacts with InGDP. This finding is further supported by the quartile regression outcomes and granger causality. The study therefore concludes that CO2 emissions - economic growth nexus in Nigeria assumes an N-shape both in the long run and short run. Based on the results, the study recommends that Government should pursue industrialization policy with sophisticated method of production that will bring about rapid economic progress and at the same time support environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Regulatory Quality, Control of Corruption, Carbon Emission, Economic Growth, Quartile Regression, Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | O44 Q5 C5 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/023&r= |
| By: | Anne C. Maduka (Igbariam, Nigeria); Stephen O. Ogwu (Nsukka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso S. Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide and the moderating effect of institutional quality in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020, by employing long run and short run dynamic ARDL regression, quartile regression and granger causality test for the estimation. Utilizing CO2 per capita emissions, GDP per capita– a proxy for economic growth, capital stock (CAPSTK) – proxy for capital investment in Nigeria and Control of Corruption and Regulatory Quality (COC and RGQ) which represent the effective environmental regulations and laws put in place for the control and prevention of environmental degradation, the study found a significant cointegration between CO2 emissions and economic growth (lnGDP) in Nigeria. Furthermore, an N-shaped nexus exist between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the long run and short run instead of the inverted U-shape curve postulated by the EKC hypothesis. This was confirmed by both ARDL and quartile regression results. Similarly, InCAPSTK contributed significantly to the growth of CO2 emissions in Nigeria both in the long run and short run, although, the short run did so at 10% significant level. Contrary to expectations, control of corruption (COC), contributes significantly to CO2 emissions in the long run but when it interacts with income (InGDP×COC), it significantly contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions. More so, Regulatory quality (RGQ) had no significant impact on CO2 emissions in Nigeria either in the long run or short run, even when it interacts with InGDP. This finding is further supported by the quartile regression outcomes and granger causality. The study therefore concludes that CO2 emissions - economic growth nexus in Nigeria assumes an N-shape both in the long run and short run. Based on the results, the study recommends that Government should pursue industrialization policy with sophisticated method of production that will bring about rapid economic progress and at the same time support environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Regulatory Quality, Control of Corruption, Carbon Emission, Economic Growth, Quartile Regression, Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | O44 Q5 C5 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/023&r= |
| By: | Gerling, Charlotte; Schöttker, Oliver; Hearne, John |
| Abstract: | Climate change causes range shifts of species and habitats, thus making existing reserve networks less suitable in the future. In principle, reserve networks may be adapted to climate change in two ways: by providing additional funds and / or by allowing for the sale of sites to liquidate funds for new purchases. However, due to general negative ecological consequences, selling is often strongly regulated, thus rendering the optimal reserve design a problem of irreversible investment decisions. On the other hand, allowing for sale may be interpreted as an investment with costly reversibility, as involved transaction costs do not allow for full recovery of the initial investment. Whether allowing for the sale of sites to increase flexibility under climate change outweighs the costs of this increased flexibility remains an open question. We develop a conceptual climate-ecological-economic model to find the optimal solution for the reserve design problem under changing climatic conditions and different policy scenarios. These scenarios differ in terms of whether and when additional funds are provided, and whether selling of reserve sites is allowed. Our results show that the advantage of allowing for sales is large when no additional funds are available and decreases as the amount of additional capital provided for adaptation increases. Finally, providing a one-off payment initially instead of regular payments throughout the runtime of the model leads to higher habitat protection. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity conservation; conservation planning; climate adaptation; climate-ecological-economic modelling; ecological-economic modelling; habitat conservation; irreversible investment; investment of costly reversibility; RD-problem; selling reserve sites |
| JEL: | C61 C63 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112089&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | transport sector emission; C. policy framework; carbon pricing scenario; climate change mitigation policy; employment incentive; Greenhouse gas emissions; Employment; Climate policy; Carbon tax; Global; Europe |
| Date: | 2022–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/046&r= |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Adhikari, Arnab; Jha, Ashish Kumar |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study attempts to analyze the socio-ecological policy trade-off caused by technological innovations in the post-COVID-19 era. The study outcomes are utilized to design a comprehensive policy framework for attaining sustainable development goals. Design/methodology/approach: Study is done for 100 countries over 1991-2019. Second-generation estimation method is used. Innovation is measured by total factor productivity, environmental quality is measured by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and social dimension is captured by unemployment. Findings: Innovation-CO2 emissions association is found to be inverted U-shaped and Innovation-Unemployment association is found to be U-shaped. Research implications: Study outcomes show the conflicting impact of technological innovation leading to policy trade-off. This dual impact of innovation is considered during policy recommendation. Social Implications: Policy recommendations in the study show a way to internalize the negative social externality exerted by innovation. Practical implications: The policy framework recommended in the study shows a way to address the objectives of SDG 8, 9, and 13 during post-COVID-19 period. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by considering the policy trade-off caused by innovation and recommending an SDG-oriented policy framework for the post-COVID-19 era. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, SDG, COVID, CO2 emissions, Unemployment |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110946&r= |
| By: | Stern, Nicholas; Sivropoulos-Valero, Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | The climate crisis and the global economic impact of the Covid-19 crisis occur against a background of slowing growth and widening inequalities, which together imply an urgent need for a new environmentally sustainable and inclusive approach to growth. Investments in "clean" innovation and its diffusion are key to shaping this, accompanied by investments in complementary assets including sustainable infrastructure, and human, natural and social capital which will not only help achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, but will also improve productivity, living standards and the prospects of individuals. In this article, we draw on the theoretical and empirical evidence on the opportunities, drivers and policies for innovation-led sustainable growth. We highlight the importance of a coordinated set of long-term policies and institutions that can enable and foster private sector investments in clean innovation and assets quickly and at scale. In doing so, we draw inspiration from Chris Freeman's work on the system-wide drivers of innovation, and his early vision of achieving environmental sustainability by reorienting growth. |
| Keywords: | innovation; sustainable growth; net-zero transition; clean technology; ES/S001735/1 |
| JEL: | O31 O33 O38 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114385&r= |
| By: | Nathalie Long (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cécile Bazart (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hélène Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Drawing on the results of two research programs undertaken in France, we consider environmental inequality and regional solidarity in the context of adaptation to sea-level rise, given that there is in France a bespoke national system for natural-disaster solidarity. The analysis makes it possible to address situations of inequality, in particular related to risk, and regional institutional capacities as well as the types of solidarity (at spatial and temporal scales), by studying their impact on motivation and adaptation practices in terms of incentives or behavioral inertia. It also highlights seven interactions and discusses their effects. It emerges that insurance-based solidarity favors the status quo: by compensating or protecting, through dykes construction, the populations whose property is exposed to coastal hazards, this strategy maintains the environmental inequalities present on the coasts; the least well-off social groups participate in this financing without benefiting from better access to the coast (land or recreational activities). It also appears that the recent taxation system for funding the cost of palliative measures reinforces inequalities between coastal municipalities and hinterland municipalities and that differentiated forms of solidarity between the risk of erosion (uncompensated victims) and inundation (compensated victims) generate inequalities. Finally, it is noteworthy that inequalities reduce social, and strengthen intragroup, cohesion. The analysis of these relations reveals their somewhat negative effect on regional adaptation strategies to sea-level rise and calls into question the scales and modalities of solidarity whilst highlighting the key role of social cohesion as a factor of acceptability of regional restructuring programs in the face of sea-level rise. |
| Keywords: | adaptation,climate change,environmental inequality,marine inundation,regional solidarity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03597828&r= |
| By: | Yaashikaa, P.R.; Kumar, P. Senthil |
| Abstract: | Energy recovery from waste resources is a promising approach towards environmental consequences. In the prospect of environmental sustainability, utilization of agro-industrial waste residues as feedstock for biorefinery processes have gained widespread attention. In the agro-industry, various biomasses are exposed to different unit processes for offering value to various agro-industrial waste materials. Agro-industrial wastes can generate a substantial amount of valuable products such as fuels, chemicals, energy, electricity, and by-products. This paper reviews the methodologies for valorization of agro-industrial wastes and their exploitation for generation of renewable energy products. In addition, management of agro-industrial wastes and products from agro-industrial wastes have been elaborated. The waste biorefinery process using agro-industrial wastes does not only offer energy, it also offers environmentally sustainable modes, which address effective management of waste streams. This review aims to highlight the cascading use of biomass from agro-industrial wastes into the systemic approach for economic development. |
| Keywords: | Biorefinery; Agro-industrial waste; Valorization; Circular economy; Energy |
| JEL: | Q0 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112234&r= |
| By: | Arcusa, Stephanie; Lackner, Klaus |
| Abstract: | Carbon Dioxide Removal that limits or reduces cumulative emissions for the goal of climate action requires sequestration. The assurance that carbon remains sequestered is colloquially known as permanence. In current certification frameworks, permanence is often ascribed a duration inconsistent with and much shorter than the scientific understanding of the lifetime of carbon in the environment. These frameworks treat “impermanence” as an externality. First, this violates the polluter-pays principle rooted in international law, as it absolves the emitter and storage operator of responsibility. Second, any failure of sequestration threatens intergenerational equity, which is a binding concept in climate treaties. Impermanence can be managed if the responsibility for future losses is clearly delineated. For responsible carbon management, we propose shifting the responsibility for the carbon onto the storage operator. As a result the cost of monitoring the carbon reservoir and re-sequestration of any losses will have to be incorporated into the cost of certificates of carbon sequestration. Internalizing monitoring and re-sequestration put temporary and long-term storage on equivalent footing and allow for both. It therefore would strengthen the likelihood of success in reaching the climate goal and would help bridge a major gap between typically short-lived “natural” solutions and theoretically long-lived “engineered” solutions without compromising intergenerational equity. |
| Date: | 2022–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b3wkr&r= |
| By: | Hansjörg Blöchliger; Sigurdur Johannesson; Marias Halldor Gestsson |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the potential impact of higher carbon taxation - to reach the government’s emission targets by 2030 - on Iceland’s economy. The paper is divided into two parts. First, a DSGE modelling exercise suggests that the equivalent of an oil price hike of between 30% and 55% is needed to reach the 2030 target, implying a GDP decline of between 0.3% and 0.6% by 2030. The impact on inflation would be very small. Second, a panel regression for the fishing industry reveals that a 40-50% oil price hike would be sufficient to reduce the entire fishing fleet’s emissions by 10%, raising total factor costs for the fishing companies by 4-5%. Such a cost hike would hardly threaten the competitiveness of the fishing industry. Both approaches assume that a carbon tax rise would have no effect on production technology. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, DSGE modelling, environmental economics, fisheries, Iceland |
| JEL: | C68 H23 Q22 |
| Date: | 2022–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1708-en&r= |
| By: | Athauda, Nelsha; Zozmann, Heinrich; Maiwald, Linda; Klassert, Christian; Klauer, Bernd |
| Abstract: | [Background] The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development made the first call for the creation of sustainability indicators to measure the changes in the social, economic, political, and physical factors of sustainability. Different concepts of carbon (Rees, 1992) and water footprints (Hoekstra, 2011) have emerged as indicators that provide stakeholders with easily understandable information on the environmental effects of their resource consumption. However, footprint models are usually focused on measuring the extent to which a single resource is used which provides limited information on the interdependencies between intertwined resource systems. Resource systems are frequently integrated and dependent on each other. A particular example of this, which received significant attention in recent years, is the nexus between food, water, and energy (FWE) (Daher & Mohtar, 2012). One example out of many potential interdependencies among FWE resources is the impact of energy cost on irrigated agriculture, which can in turn affect the availability of certain food crops (Komendantova et al., 2020). Such interdependencies within the nexus have not received sufficient attention in research so far, despite their importance for finding pathways towards sustainable resource use. The Nexus Footprint is an emerging indicator (Maiwald, 2021; Shu et al., 2021; Wahl et al., 2021) that aims to quantify the intersections within the highly interconnected FWE web of a given region. The set of values comprising the Nexus footprint are the values for the direct consumption of food, water, and energy, as well as the water footprint of food, the water footprint of energy, the carbon footprint of food, and the carbon footprint of water. The purpose of the Nexus Footprint model is to provide values allowing stakeholders to identify and visualize trends in urban resource consumption as well as to provide a scientific basis for objective comparison (Wahl et al., 2021). |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:22022&r= |
| By: | Jean-Philippe BOUSSEMART (Univ. Lille, CNRS, IESEG School of Management, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, F-59000 Lille, France); Zhiyang SHEN (School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China); Songkai WANG (School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China); Yu HAO (School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China) |
| Abstract: | As the primary industry in an economy, sustainable agricultural growth has attracted much attention from researchers and policy-makers worldwide. Digitalization reform and information technology greatly impact agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, improving high-quality development and green growth in the agricultural sector. Based on a measure of digitalization and a green productivity indicator, this paper investigates the impact of internet development on the economic and environmental performance of Chinese agriculture. Based on a measurement of digitalization and a green productivity indicator, this paper investigates the environmental performance and its relationship with internet development in the Chinese agricultural sector. The empirical results suggest that substantial green growth is observed in Chinese provincial agriculture, which is largely motived by technological progress. Internet popularization and digital technology indeed promote sustainable development in agriculture. Furthermore, the corresponding policy implications are provided to create a new path for steady growth in Chinese agriculture. |
| Keywords: | : Green growth; Internet development; Digitalization; Agricultural productivity |
| JEL: | O13 O47 P28 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e202204&r= |
| By: | Alex Hollingsworth; Taylor Jaworski; Carl Kitchens; Ivan J. Rudik |
| Abstract: | We develop a spatial equilibrium model to evaluate the efficiency and distributional impacts of the leading air quality regulation in the United States: the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). We link our economic model to an integrated assessment model for air pollutants which allows us to capture endogenous changes in emissions, amenities, labor, and production. Our results show that the NAAQS generate over $23 billion of annual welfare gains. This is roughly 80 percent of welfare gains of the second-best NAAQS design, but only 25 percent of the first-best emission pricing policy. The NAAQS benefits are concentrated in a small set of cities, impose substantial costs on manufacturing workers, improve amenities in counties in compliance with the NAAQS, and reduce emissions in compliance counties through general equilibrium channels. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for geographic reallocation and equilibrium responses when quantifying the effects of environmental regulation. |
| JEL: | F18 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29845&r= |
| By: | Carroll, Carlos; Rohlf, Daniel J; Epstein, Yaffa |
| Abstract: | Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity are finalizing a new Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) to more effectively guide efforts by the world’s nations to address global loss of biodiversity and safeguard nature’s contributions to people. Each party is required to mainstream these new targets into national conservation strategies. To date, such strategies have been criticized as largely aspirational and lacking clear linkages to national policy mechanisms, which has contributed to the world’s general failure to meet the Convention’s previous targets. We use the United States and European Union as examples to compare and contrast opportunities and barriers for mainstreaming the GBF more effectively into policy. The European Union and United States have unique relationships to the Convention, the former being the only supranational party and the latter, having signed but never ratified the treaty, adopting Convention targets on an ad hoc basis. The contrasting conservation policy frameworks of these two polities illustrate several conceptual issues central to biodiversity conservation and demonstrate how insights from the GBF can strengthen biodiversity policy even in atypical contexts. We focus on three characteristics of the GBF which are essential if policy is to effectively incentivize and guide efforts to halt biodiversity loss: comprehensiveness, coherence, and ambition. Statutes in both the United States and European Union provide a strong foundation for mainstreaming the GBF’s comprehensiveness, coherence, and ambition, but policy development and implementation falls short. We identify six common themes among the reforms needed to successfully achieve targets for reversing biodiversity loss: broadening conservation focus to all scales of biodiversity, better coordinating conservation strategies that protect sites with those focused on biodiversity elements (e.g., species), coordinating biodiversity conservation with efforts to safeguard ecosystem services including ecosystem-based climate mitigation, more coherent scaling of targets from global to local extents, adoption of a more ambitious vision for recovery of biodiversity, and development of effective tracking and accountability mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ugqx2&r= |
| By: | zu Ermgassen, Sophus; Drewniok, Michal; Bull, Joseph; Walker, Christine Corlet; Mancini, Mattia; Ryan-Collins, Josh; Serrenho, André Cabrera |
| Abstract: | Secure housing is a fundamental human right. However, potential conflicts between housing and sustainability objectives remain under-researched. We explore the impact of current English government housing policy, and alternative housing strategies, on national carbon and biodiversity goals. Using material flow and land use change/biodiversity models, we estimate under current policy housing alone would consume 113% of England’s cumulative carbon budget for 2050 (2.9/2.5Gt [50% chance of <1.5°C]); 12% from the construction and operation of newbuilds and 101% from the existing stock. Housing expansion also potentially conflicts with England’s biodiversity targets. However, meeting greater housing need without rapid housing expansion is theoretically possible. We review solutions including improving affordability by reducing demand for homes as financial assets, expanding social housing, and reducing underutilisation of floor-space. Transitioning to housing strategies which slow housing expansion and accelerate low-carbon retrofits would achieve lower emissions, but face an unfavourable political economy and structural economic barriers. |
| Date: | 2022–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5kxce&r= |
| By: | Patricia G C Ruggiero; Alexander Pfaff, Paula C Pereda, Elizabeth Nichols, Jean Paul Metzger |
| Abstract: | Brazil's ecological intergovernmental fiscal transfer (ICMS-E) is a conservation incentive for protected areas (PAs). It redistributes tax revenues to reward municipalities for hosting PAs. To quantify its impact on the creation of state and municipal PAs, we used panel regressions on a longitudinal municipality dataset that combined information on PA creation and ICMS-E implementation for 2060 municipalities in 6 Brazilian states in the Atlantic Forest region, from 1987 to 2016. We found that the percent of the municipal area covered with state or municipal PAs increased as a consequence of ICMS-E implementation. However, the magnitude of this effect declined as the ICMS-E revenue is shared more widely with the expansion of PAs, reducing the gain from new PAs. We also found that ICMS-E policy primarily spurred the creation of PAs with less restrictive rules - similar to IUCN category V reserves − both by municipalities and states. For more restrictive PAs with higher local costs for municipalities, ICMS-E promoted state-proposed PAs but not municipal. Our results suggest that state institutions use ICMS-E to incentivize local implementation of their conservation preferences, including strict conservation, while municipal governments respond mostly with low-cost actions to increase their revenues. |
| Keywords: | Ecological ICMS; protected areas, environmental policy |
| JEL: | Q50 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2022wpecon05&r= |
| By: | Christopher Costello; Corbett A. Grainger |
| Abstract: | Natural resources such as carbon, water, and fish are increasingly managed with markets that require an initial allocation of property rights. In practice these rights are typically grandfathered based on historical use, but rights could be allocated any number of ways. Taking the perspective of a currently unregulated firm, we ask how the anticipation of a future market affects extraction incentives, environmental quality, and welfare prior to the implementation of the market. We show that this anticipation has first-order welfare implications, seemingly contradicting the widely held belief that the allocation of rights has no aggregate welfare consequences. The most egregious case involves anticipation of a traditional grandfathering rule, which induces a race for allocation before the market goes into effect, causing over-extraction or over-emissions, even relative to the completely unregulated baseline. We derive an alternative allocation rule called "Reverse-Grandfathering" that still provides a free allocation of rights but reverses the marginal incentive to emit or extract. We show that this new approach, which relies on incentives due to anticipation, can replicate welfare-maximizing firm behavior, even in the complete absence of regulation. To illustrate the potential magnitude of anticipation effects, we develop and parameterize a structural model of a hypothetical market among nearly 5,000 large fishing firms on the high seas. Relative to traditional grandfathering and auctioning of rights, Reverse-Grandfathering substantially increases natural resource stocks and welfare. |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29798&r= |
| By: | Elizabeth Chinomona (Vaal University of Technology, P Bag X021, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Author-2-Name: Marie Brinda Bikissa-Macongue Author-2-Workplace-Name: Vaal University of Technology, P Bag X021, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Due to their prominent position in the market, construction companies are increasingly required to control and minimise the internal and external environmental impact of their day-to-day activities. To achieve this, all over the world, construction companies have gradually adopted different environmentally-friendly practices promoting the preservation of the environment. Generally, many of these practices are carried out in the area of green supply chain management (GSCM) and logistics performance where there is a great potential to reduce the rate of pollution generated. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyse the effective GSCM factors which are green information systems, green packaging, and reverse logistics necessary to improve the logistics performance of their companies. Methodology/Technique - For this study, a quantitative approach was adopted. A judgmental or purposive sampling technique was applied to collect data from 400 respondents. Data were analysed with the aid of two software namely, Statistical package for social science (SPSS 27.0) and Analysis of moment structures (AMOS 27.0). In addition, Confirmatory factors analysis and Structural equation modeling were used to analyse the relationship between constructs and test the hypotheses. Finding/Novelty - In addition, the study implied that construction companies that comply with the different laws and regulations established, develop and implement a green information system, as well as a good reverse logistics system, are more likely to reduce the environmental impact of their activities, while optimising their economic viability. The study suggests that by adopting GSCM and improving their logistics performance, construction companies will be able to improve their environmental performance. Therefore, it is recommended that construction companies keep giving more attention to GSCM and logistics performance as it is the most innovative means by which they can get cost efficiency and environmental responsibility simultaneously. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Green supply chain management; Logistics performance; Reverse logistics; Green packaging, Green information system, Sustainability |
| JEL: | J33 L1 L7 |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr290&r= |
| By: | Smith, Tone |
| Abstract: | The ‘financialisation of nature’ is related to a shift in environmental governance—from regulation to marked-based approaches—involving strong state support to facilitate the establishment of ‘innovative financial instruments’ and markets related to nature. Although innovative finance got a bad reputation after the 2008 financial crisis, they are strongly encouraged in the environmental policy domain and supported by actors such as UNEP or the CBD. This paper explains the theoretical underpinning and the process of establishing such financial instruments, focusing in particular on offsetting and related ideas such as ‘net-zero’ calculations and ‘nature-based solutions’. It explains how natural entities are converted into abstract units of equivalence to allow the establishment of schemes for tradable ‘nature credits’ (supposedly) compensating damage across time and space. The financialisation of nature is then analysed and critiqued with respect to its lack of environmental effectiveness, its problematic socio-economic consequences and its impact on human-nature relationships. Instead of dealing with the environmental problems at hand, the conversion of nature into financial assets simply turns nature into objects of investment and speculation, while simultaneously creating a potential for financial bubbles. |
| Keywords: | environmental governance, innovative financial instruments, natural capital, offsetting, biodiversity banking, mitigation hierarchy, net zero, nature-based solutions, restoration of nature |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:8543&r= |
| By: | Sharpe, Samantha.; Veem, Katarina.; Kallio, Karina.; Martinez Fernandez, Maria Cristina. |
| Abstract: | The impact of COVID-19 on the textile and garment sector in Asian countries has been and continues to be immense, and may last for a very long time. While countries in the West are emerging from the pandemic with some optimism that life will soon return to pre-pandemic levels, new COVID-19 outbreaks in Asia are pushed back hopes for a recovery in 2021 and the health and mental effects in communities are challenging pre-pandemic achievements related to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the textile and garment sector, specifically the employment and enterprise impacts, and contextualizes these within the wider development impacts of the sector – social, economic and environmental; both positive and negative – to ask the question: how sustainable is the sector? A Just Transition for the garment industry in Asia is critical as the sector seeks to recover from the impacts of COVID-19. This recovery comes also in a critical decade of action for achieving the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, both of which will also alter the future of work in the sector. The pandemic has highlighted that vulnerability is not equally shared across the supply chain, so too for carbon emissions, with emissions concentrating in specific production activities, and these activities geographically concentrated in certain hot-spots – areas that are both highly reliant on the textile and garment sector, but also highly vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and other impacts on the sector. This creates a strong spatial dimension to the need for planning for a Just Transition in the industry; hot spots in local areas can be turned into opportunities for accelerated community action to “build back better”. |
| Keywords: | clothing industry, employment, enterprise, sustainable development, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995169793402676&r= |
| By: | Le, Kien; Nguyen, My |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the extent to which fetal exposure to rainfall shocks influences birth weight outcomes in Kyrgyzstan, one of the most climate change vulnerable countries in Central Asia. We detect detrimental impacts of rainfall shocks during the prenatal period on birth weight. Specifically, a 0.1 log point increase in in-utero rainfall relative to the local norm reduces birth weight by 23.4 grams (or 0.84%). Furthermore, children born to poor mothers and mothers residing in rural areas are disproportionately affected. The adverse impacts of prenatal exposure to rainfall shocks could be partly attributed to prenatal care, diseases, and nutrient intakes. Besides, the impacts tend to concentrate in the first trimester of pregnancy. |
| Keywords: | Birth Weight, Rainfall, Climate Change, Kyrgyzstan |
| JEL: | I10 I15 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112539&r= |
| By: | Salvatore Di Falco; Anna B. Kis; Martina Viarengo |
| Abstract: | We re-examine the effects of negative weather anomalies during the growing season on the decision to migrate in rural households in five sub-Saharan African countries. To this end we combine a multi-country household panel dataset with high-resolution gridded precipitation data. We find that while the effect of recent adverse weather shocks is on average modest, the cumulative effect of a persistent exposure to droughts over several years leads to a significant increase in the probability to migrate. The results show that more frequent adverse shocks can have more significant and long-lasting consequences in challenging economic environments. |
| Date: | 2021–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_73&r= |
| By: | Vasileva, Elka |
| Abstract: | The report examines the mechanisms for standardizing sustainable agricultural practices, such as the emergence of responsibility towards the environment and society. They are defined as the voluntary commitments of various actors in the global value chain (producers, consumers, processors, retailers, etc.) and are usually structured around a particular agricultural product. The report analyzes Voluntary sustainable standards as viable business practices with the support of relevant stakeholders, including private sector, public sector and civil society actors. From the point of view of the concept of multi-model standardization, it has been concluded that these "de facto" standards seek solutions to specific problems related to the imposition of sustainable development in the agricultural sector. |
| Keywords: | standardization, multi-model standardization; sustainable agricultural practices, voluntary sustainable standards |
| JEL: | Q01 Q5 Q59 |
| Date: | 2021–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112265&r= |
| By: | Tovar Reanos, Miguel; Martinez-Cillero, Maria |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp711&r= |
| By: | Buh, Brian; Peer, Stefanie |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates which factors determine the intention to take a night train, emphasizing the role of environmental concern. We employ a Theory of Planned Behavior framework. We built a survey based on elicitation study, which resulted in an online survey being conducted on a convenience sample in Vienna (Austria). Our results show that in particular environmental concern and familiarity with night train services play a significant role in the formation of the intention to take a night train. Among the significant factors that are associated with a high intention to take a night train are the belief that night trains are comfortable, that one can save the cost of a night in a hotel, and that night trains tend to arrive at and depart from the city center. Factors that deter travelers from taking a night train include a high price, the sharing of cabins, and long travel times. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Concern, Mode Choice, Night Trains, Theory of Planned Behavior, Long-distance travel |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:8577&r= |
| By: | Saunders, Harry D.; Roy, Joyashree; Azevedo, Inês M.L.; Chakravarty, Debalina; Dasgupta, Shyamasree; De La Rue Du Can, Stephane; Druckman, Angela; Fouquet, Roger; Grubb, Michael; Lin, Boqiang; Lowe, Robert; Madlener, Reinhard; McCoy, Daire M.; Mundaca, Luis; Oreszczyn, Tadj; Sorrell, Steven; Stern, David; Tanaka, Kanako; Wei, Taoyuan |
| Abstract: | This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains-from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective. Innovation has contributed to lowering energy technology costs and increasing energy productivity. Energy efficiency programs in many cases have reduced energy use per unit of economic output and have been associated with net improvements in welfare, emission reductions, or both. Rebound effects at the macro level still warrant careful policy attention, as they may be nontrivial. Complexity of energy efficiency dynamics calls for further methodological and empirical advances, multidisciplinary approaches, and granular data at the service level for research in this field to be of greatest societal benefit. |
| Keywords: | efficiency policy; energy efficiency; energy efficiency gap; energy intensity; public policy; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics and from the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) (ref. ES/R009708/1; UKRI/EPSRC under the Heat; Buildings; Digital and Flexibility Themes of the Centre for Energy Demand Solutions (CREDS) (ref. EP/R 035288/1). |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114344&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | South Africa GHG emission; South Africa employment outlook; C. government bond holding; nonfinancial public enterprise debt; SOE landscape vis-a-vis; Public enterprises; Renewable energy; Sovereign bonds; Climate change; Africa; Global |
| Date: | 2022–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/038&r= |
| By: | Berry, Fiona.; Sharpe, Samantha.; Martinez Fernandez, Maria Cristina. |
| Abstract: | The increasing social and environmental impacts of the textile and garment supply chain are well known and have resulted in the development of an array of initiatives, tools and assessment platforms to enhance the sustainability of the sector. There is a great deal of diversity in these initiatives, including differences in their focus, the actors involved, who the beneficiaries are, the longevity of the activities and how they define and measure success. The paper highlights where there might be gaps in the current offerings of initiatives, and what types of initiatives have alignment with MSMEs knowledge and learning needs, as a way to highlight where future attention in developing new or enhanced initiatives might lie. |
| Keywords: | environmental protection, clothing industry, texile industry, innovation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995169492602676&r= |
| By: | Sunday, Nathan; Kahunde, Rehema; Atwine, Blessing; Adelaja, Adesoji; Kappiaruparampil, Justin |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Uganda continues to be prone to climate shocks especially drought which has adverse impact on food security. This paper studies household resilience capacities with special focus on how different resilience capacities mitigate the impact of drought on food security. The study follows the TANGO framework and two-step factor analysis to construct resilience capacity indexes. It employs a panel data from the Uganda National Panel Surveys (UNPS) undertaken between 2010/11 and 2018/19, spanning five waves. To minimize the bias arising from subjective self-reported drought shock, we introduce an objective measure of drought from the global SPEI database into the UNPS data. We also control for attrition bias by controlling for attrition hazard estimated from the attrition function. Our analysis reveals that households in Uganda exhibit significantly low and nearly static resilience capacities. This implies majority of households in Uganda remain highly susceptible food insecurity in the event of severe drought. The study shows that building resilience capacities is an effective way of protecting households from such devastating situation. In this regard, adaptive capacity is found to be the most effective in mitigating the effect of drought on food security. Transformative capacity and absorptive capacities possess limited mitigating power. Based on significant components from each of the capacities, we recommend investing in early warning systems and wide dissemination of climate related information to enhance preparedness adaptation, encouraging and supporting formation and sustainability of informal institutions at local levels, enhancing access to communal resources, improved infrastructure and agriculture extension services by the most vulnerable groups. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprrp:320392&r= |
| By: | Pedini, Luca; Severini, Sabrina |
| Abstract: | This article proposes an empirical investigation, based on a cross-quantilogram analysis, to assess the hedge, diversifier and safe haven properties of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) assets in comparison to conventional investment practices (equity index, gold, commodities and cryptocurrencies). Our evidence shows that ESG assets have a weak safe haven properties but still represent an outstanding diversification and hedge asset, depending on the asset class taken as reference. Our results provide important implications for risk management suggesting that investors have started considering sustainable investing as a new measure of value maximization and risk reduction. |
| Keywords: | cross-quantilogram; ESG investment; safe haven; portfolio allocation |
| JEL: | C32 C52 G01 G11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112339&r= |
| By: | Hickel, Jason; Dorninger, Christian; Wieland, Hanspeter; Suwandi, Intan |
| Abstract: | Unequal exchange theory posits that economic growth in the “advanced economies” of the global North relies on a large net appropriation of resources and labour from the global South, extracted through price differentials in international trade. Past attempts to estimate the scale and value of this drain have faced a number of conceptual and empirical limitations, and have been unable to capture the upstream resources and labour embodied in traded goods. Here we use environmental input-output data and footprint analysis to quantify the physical scale of net appropriation from the South in terms of embodied resources and labour over the period 1990 to 2015. We then represent the value of appropriated resources in terms of prevailing market prices. Our results show that in 2015 the North net appropriated from the South 12 billion tons of embodied raw material equivalents, 822 million hectares of embodied land, 21 exajoules of embodied energy, and 188 million person-years of embodied labour, worth $10.8 trillion in Northern prices – enough to end extreme poverty 70 times over. Over the whole period, drain from the South totalled $242 trillion (constant 2010 USD). This drain represents a significant windfall for the global North, equivalent to a quarter of Northern GDP. For comparison, we also report drain in global average prices. Using this method, we find that the South's losses due to unequal exchange outstrip their total aid receipts over the period by a factor of 30. Our analysis confirms that unequal exchange is a significant driver of global inequality, uneven development, and ecological breakdown. |
| Keywords: | embodied resource flows; inequality; input-output analysis; international development; trade in value added; unequal exchange; European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (FINEPRINT project; grant agreement No. 725525). |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113823&r= |
| By: | Anders Anderson; Harrison Hong |
| Abstract: | Electric bikes are a potentially important tool to address global warming since they can be a viable alternative to cars in urban areas. Governments are using subsidies to promote household adoption. Welfare analyses are challenging, requiring pass-through estimates from transactions, incidence of non-additionality (i.e. those who would have bought even without the subsidy), and resulting substitution from driving. We combine administrative, insurance and survey data from a large-scale Swedish subsidy program in 2018, which is similar to other programs around world, to evaluate these implications. We find (1) complete pass through of the average $500 subsidy to consumers, (2) a near doubling of E-bikes sold but one-third of adopters are non-additional; and (3) a savings of 1.3 tons of carbon emissions during the life of the E-bike. Combining these estimates, an E-bike subsidy program can only be justified with a social cost of carbon that is several hundred dollars higher than what is typically used. |
| JEL: | H2 H20 H21 H22 H23 R4 R48 R49 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29913&r= |
| By: | Brühl, Volker |
| Abstract: | The financial sector plays an important role in financing the green transformation of the European economy. A critical assessment of the current regulatory framework for sustainable finance in Europe leads to ambiguous results. Although the level of transparency on ESG aspects of financial products has been significantly improved, it is questionable whether the complex, mainly disclosure-oriented architecture is sufficient to mobilise more private capital into sustainable investments. It should be discussed whether a minimum Taxonomy ratio or Green Asset Ratio has to be fulfilled to market a financial product as "green". Furthermore, because of the high complexity of the regulation, it could be helpful for the understanding of private investors to establish a simplified green rating, based on the Taxonomy ratio, to facilitate the selection of green financial products. |
| JEL: | G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:677&r= |
| By: | Arcusa, Stephanie; Sprenkle-Hyppolite, Starry |
| Abstract: | Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and carbon sequestration will be necessary to fulfill the hundreds of pledges to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. As with any industry, standard methodologies and certification are crucial to guarantee successful, equitable, and safe activities. However, buyers currently face challenges in evaluating their purchases of “carbon sequestration certificates”. The issue is not with CDR itself, nor with individual certifications – some of which may be very robust – but with the lack of transparency in the market ecosystem for buyers to understand what they are getting and therefore the risk that they are buying low quality. To bring some clarity, we present a snapshot of the carbon sequestration certification market ecosystem. We find an overly complex ecosystem with at least 20 standard developing organizations proposing at least 66 standard methodologies for carbon sequestration from 13 different types of approaches and selling 19 different versions of certificates in voluntary and compliance markets. A targeted evaluation of the certificates' stipulated duration reveals unequal meaning of the word “permanent” with ascribed durations ranging from 15 years to beyond 100 years. This mapping exercise reveals many more existing standards for nature-based than for engineering-based approaches and more diversity from standards serving the voluntary than the compliance market but also highlights a proliferation of standards for the same approach, false equivalence between certificates in terms of stipulated duration of storage, and a plethora of approaches without standards. This mapping highlights key gaps and potential starting points to target reforms. |
| Date: | 2022–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fu59w&r= |
| By: | von Briel, Dorine; Kemperman, Astrid; Dolnicar, Sara (The University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | To contribute to the global effort of making production and consumption more sustainable, the tourism industry must reduce the provision of non-essential service components with negative environmental consequences. This study (1) identifies unsustainable non-essential accommodation services, (2) determines their comparative importance, (3) pinpoints which can be removed with minimal impact on the value of the hotel package for guests, and (4) assesses the potential of two alternative theory-based approaches informed by framing theory (risk reduction by providing autonomy and gain- and loss-framing of price) as implementation strategies for the phasing out of non-essential unsustainable service components. Results from a discrete choice experiment at aggregate and market segment level suggest that tourists see little value in most non-essential unsustainable service components and that gain-framing the price represents the most promising phase-out strategy. |
| Date: | 2022–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:a9wbe&r= |
| By: | Nikolai Cook, Anthony Heyes (Wilfrid Laurier University) |
| Abstract: | While contemporaneous exposure to polluted air has been shown to reduce labor supply and worker productivity, little is known about the underlying channels. We present first causal evidence that psychological exposure to pollution - the "thought of pollution" - can influence employment performance. Over 2000 recruits on a leading micro-task platform are exposed to otherwise identical images of polluted (treated) or unpolluted (control) scenes. Randomization across the geographically-dispersed workforce ensures that treatment is orthogonal to physical pollution exposure. Treated workers are less likely to accept a subsequent offer of work (labor supply) despite being offered a piece-rate much higher than is typical for the setting. Conditional on accepting the offer, treated workers complete between 5.1% to 10.1% less work depending on the nature of their assigned task. We nd no effect on work quality. Suggestive evidence points to the role of induced negative sentiment. Decrements to productivity through psychological mechanisms are plausibly additional to any from physical exposure to polluted air. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Gig Economy, Randomization, Labor Productivity |
| JEL: | Q53 J24 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wlu:lcerpa:bm0129&r= |
| By: | Fatoumata Nankoto Cissé (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, I&P - Investisseurs et Partenaires) |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the effect of impact evaluation methodologies on the positive and negative outcomes of decentralized solar nano projects in developing countries. Data originate from the Collaborative Smart Mapping of Mini-grid Actions (CoSMMA) developed by the Foundation for Studies and Research on International Development (FERDI). This study is based on a total of 727 tested effects from 10 decentralized solar nano projects which have been measured by experimental and quasi-experimental approaches. Using a multinomial-logit regression shown that randomized and non-randomized evaluation methods have a similar probability of generating a proven favorable outcome on the sustainable development of decentralized solar nano projects. By estimating a complementary log-log model, projects are most often evaluated as successful when effects on education are tested. In addition, a discrepancy of impacts is found between randomized control trials and difference-indifference strategies in proven-unfavorable outcomes of projects. This analysis also highlights the convergence of impacts between randomization and matching techniques on projects implemented in Africa. Findings from this paper provide strong evidence for development practitioners to choose the appropriate impact assessment method. |
| Keywords: | Matching,Difference-in-difference,Quasi-experimental methods,Randomized control trials,Experimental methods,Meta-analysis,Impact evaluation,Decentralized electrification,Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03623394&r= |
| By: | María Victoria Núñez |
| Abstract: | El objetivo del trabajo de investigación es analizar el impacto de la incorporación de impuestos ambientales sobre la producción o la venta de productos nocivos para el medio ambiente, desde el punto de vista de las emisiones de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) que producen. Este análisis se realiza utilizando un Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable, sumado a un Indicador de Cambio Climático construido a partir del Inventario Nacional de emisiones de GEI (Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente, MVOTMA, 2017). Se propone la incorporación de impuestos a aquellos bienes con un impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente o a la actividad propiamente dicha. Los impuestos ambientales que se plantean son: a la cría de ganado; a los fertilizantes, agroquímicos y otros insumos agropecuarios; a los materiales plásticos; y a la eliminación y tratamiento de residuos como un bien. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que, con tasas impositivas moderadas, se obtienen reducciones en el stock de emisiones de GEI. Incluso es posible en algunos escenarios plantear tasas menores a las propuestas con un impacto más leve en los costos de los sectores afectados y resultados positivos en el Indicador de Cambio Climático. Se plantea que el ingreso obtenido con la recaudación extra de estos impuestos ambientales sea gastado por el gobierno para mitigar su impacto. Otra alternativa es corregir a la baja los impuestos directos o disminuir otros indirectos para afectar en menor medida el ingreso de los hogares que se ve perjudicado con la introducción de los impuestos ambientales. Existe amplia bibliografía al respecto de instrumentos ambientales y sus implicancias, pero no existen trabajos que evalúen el impacto de estos instrumentos en la economía uruguaya, tanto en la contaminación, en las variables macroeconómicas o en el bienestar. |
| Keywords: | cambio climático, impuestos ambientales, modelo de equilibrio general computable, contaminación, gases de efecto invernadero |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:wpaper:0421&r= |
| By: | De Groote, Olivier; Gautier, Axel; Verboven, Frank |
| Abstract: | We analyze the political impact of a generous solar panel subsidization program. Subsidies far exceeded their social benefit and were partly financed by new taxes to adopters and by electricity surcharges to all consumers. We use local panel data from Belgium and find a decrease in votes for government parties in municipalities with high adoption rates. This shows that the voters’ punishment for a costly policy exceeded a potential reward by adopters who received the generous subsidies. Further analysis indicates that punishment mainly comes from non-adopters, who change their vote towards anti-establishment parties. |
| Keywords: | financing climate policy; photovoltaic systems; retrospective voting, buying votes |
| JEL: | C23 D72 H23 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126863&r= |
| By: | Ahmad, Ehtisham |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed strengths and weaknesses of different governing models around the world. In all cases, national coordination and financing is needed together with local information generation, early warning, as well as using big data to identify problem clusters, track, trace and quarantine potentially infectious people. Also, primary health care at the local level has to be the basis for actions, as well as local support for affected households. In China, delays in information generation and local actions were compensated by prompt central response, coordination and management of the pandemic. This points to the need to further strengthen the Chinese Governance Model. In many other countries, a lack of coordinated federal or national actions and financing, and weak coordination with subnational administrations has led to catastrophic outcomes. The national coordination actions need to be replicated with stronger international coordination. The need for reforms also is relevant for achieving sustainable growth in the future at both national and global levels, including also risks from climate change. |
| Keywords: | coronavirus; Covid-19 |
| JEL: | H10 H70 I10 |
| Date: | 2020–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:106631&r= |
| By: | Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Oranuch Wongpiyabovorn; John M. Crespi (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | Plastina et al. examine the formative voluntary market for agricultural carbon credits in the United States, which is characterized by a growing number of carbon initiatives testing multiple pilot programs pushing their own standards, and living off venture capital and angel investors. A report by the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concludes that agriculture has a larger potential than forestry in the United States to generate carbon credits, but only if carbon prices in the voluntary market reach $100 per credit. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-winter-2022-3&r= |
| By: | Weekly, Charlotte |
| Abstract: | This paper applies an organizational learning framework to explore attitudes towards failure in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) development sector. It draws on 35 key-informant interviews, contextualized by organizational theory and existing scholarship on failure in development, to understand the challenges faced by WASH practitioners in identifying failure, analyzing failure, and deliberate experimentation. Through interrogating past and present initiatives for publicizing failure in development, this paper digs deeper into the successes, obstacles, and lessons learnt from mainstreaming failure into organizational practices. It then synthesizes these findings to advance a 3-tier conceptual map for organizations to build an enabling environment for learning from failure in development. |
| Keywords: | innovation; international development; organizational learning; project failure |
| JEL: | R14 J01 J50 |
| Date: | 2021–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114336&r= |
| By: | Grilli, Gianluca; Curtis, John |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp712&r= |
| By: | S. Mahendra Dev (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | There have been many successes and failures in economic and social development of India in the last 75 years. The recent covid-19 pandemic had also an adverse impact on growth, employment, health and education etc. In this paper, issues and policies are discussed beyond India@75 for achieving growth, inclusion and development. As India is integrated with the world, global issues are also important for India's development. The country has to achieve higher growth with better macro policies, sectoral policies, increase in investment rate, higher investment on infrastructure, use of technology, increase in exports, better performance of banking and other financial institutions to improve credit to different sectors of the economy. These policies with effective implementation are needed to achieve 7 to 8 growth per annum and achieve $ 5 trillion and $10 trillion economy faster Rising inequalities across regions, income groups, social groups, gender, rural-urban are the major problems in Indian society. The biggest inequality in India has been the slow progress in social indicators and human development inspite of high economic growth. Quality of employment, health and education is a major concern. Inequality in both outcomes and opportunities have to be reduced. Another important strategy refers to social policy. Universal basic services in health and education should be the agenda for action. Equality of opportunity is important. Thus, there are strong social, political and economic reasons for reducing inequalities. Similarly, issues relating to sustainability and climate change are becoming important now than before at both global and national levels. Land, water, energy, common property are some of the natural resources that needs to be sustained over time. India should fulfil its commitments made in COP26 at Glasgow in 2021. The country also should undertake climate change adaptation and mitigation policies faster than before. In a large federal country like India, it is important to have larger role for states in achieving these goals. The spirit of `Cooperative Federalism' has to be followed. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, inequalities, health, education, agriculture, industry, services, technology, climate change, sustainability |
| JEL: | D63 E2 E5 E6 E24 I14 I24 I31 I32 Q1 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2021-026&r= |
| By: | Andrew Brown (OECD); Frithjof Laubinger (OECD); Peter Börkey (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Trade in plastic waste and scrap plays a potentially important role in helping to strengthen markets for recycled plastics as it can help to achieve economic efficiency through for instance economies of scale. But such trade has also been criticised for leading to plastic pollution when recipient countries lack capacity to treat such waste in an environmentally sound manner. This report aims to identify and assess trends in trade patterns of plastic waste and scrap in the context of recent policy developments, particularly the strengthening of controls applied in the context of the Basel Convention, which came into force at the beginning of 2021. One of the findings is that OECD Member Countries continue to make up a significant share of global trade in plastic scrap and waste (89% of global reported exports and 67% of global reported imports by weight), but that the trade surplus has continued to shrink, as well as the overall volume of trade. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, plastics, trade, waste management |
| JEL: | F18 L65 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:194-en&r= |
| By: | Zhou, W.; Moncaster, A.; O’Neill, E.; Reiner, D.; Wang, X.; Guthrie, P. |
| Abstract: | China is the largest driver of growth in the global building sector. The longstanding construction boom across China has generated a massive flow of materials with significant associated embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions. Despite the serious implications for global emissions, there exist a very limited number of macro-level studies on embodied energy of Chinese buildings, with even fewer exploring future scenarios. There is therefore little in the way of an evidence base to offer policy makers. We develop a probabilistic model to forecast the possible trajectories of embodied energy of residential buildings over the medium to long term in the Chinese urban context. Our results provide clear evidence to substantiate the importance of embodied energy of new construction, which we find to be over 0.3 times the operational energy of existing stock between 2010 and 2018. If current trajectories are followed, embodied energy is likely to peak around 2027, with a 95% credible interval ranging from 87 to 283 Mtce (61 to 198 Mtoe) and a mean of 170 Mtce (119 Mtoe). We show that building lifetime has a substantial impact on future annual and cumulative embodied energy. Our findings reinforce the need to take a whole-life perspective to formulate policies addressing building energy as part of China's efforts to meet the announced overarching target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. |
| Keywords: | Urban residential buildings, embodied energy, dynamic stock turnover, probabilistic model, material intensity, policy implications |
| JEL: | O18 R21 Q4 |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2223&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van |
| Abstract: | Who plants trees, I plant trees |
| Date: | 2022–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pkr87&r= |
| By: | Afridi, Farzana (Indian Statistical Institute); Debnath, Sisir (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi); Dinkelman, Taryn (University of Notre Dame); Sareen, Komal (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi) |
| Abstract: | In much of the developing world, cooking accounts for most of women's time in home production. Does reliance on biomass for cooking drive this time burden? To assess time-savings from shifting towards cleaner fuels, we revisit a clean energy information experiment in rural India. Treatment villages were randomly assigned to receive information about negative health effects of cooking with solid fuels and about public subsidies for cleaner Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). Using rich time use data and a propensity score matching approach, we estimate that switching towards cleaner cooking fuels could potentially save 19-20 minutes of home production time per day. Exploiting the randomized information nudge and endline data collected one year after the intervention, our intent-to-treat estimate of actual time saved is 5 minutes per day. We discuss why nudges towards cleaner energy use at home are unlikely to generate transformative shifts in women's home production time. |
| Keywords: | time use, home production, energy use, India |
| JEL: | O13 J22 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15120&r= |
| By: | Abbasi, A (University of California San Francisco); Gazze, L (University of Warwick); Pals, B (New York University) |
| Abstract: | Lead exposure remains a significant threat to children’s health despite decades of policies aimed at getting the lead out of homes and neighborhoods. Generally, lead hazards are identified through inspections triggered by high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children. Yet, it is unclear how best to screen children for lead exposure to balance the costs of screening and the potential benefits of early detection, treatment, and lead hazard removal. While some states require universal screening, others employ a targeted approach, but no regime achieves 100% compliance. We estimate the extent and geographic distribution of undetected lead poisoning in Illinois. We then compare the estimated detection rate of a universal screening program to the current targeted screening policy under different compliance levels. To do so, we link 2010-2016 Illinois lead test records to 2010-2014 birth records, demographics, and housing data. We train a random forest classifier that predicts the likelihood a child has a BLL above 5µg/dL. We estimate that 10,613 untested children had a BLL≥5µg/dL in addition to the 18,115 detected cases. Due to the unequal spatial distribution of lead hazards, 60% of these undetected cases should have been screened under the current policy, suggesting limited benefits from universal screening. |
| Keywords: | Lead Poisoning, Environmental Health, Screening JEL Classification: |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:612&r= |
| By: | Sodjahin, Ibirénoyé Honoré Romaric; Féménia, Fabienne; Koutchade, Obafémi Philippe; Carpentier, Alain |
| Abstract: | Despite many benefits provided by diversified cropping systems, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the economic relevance of their effects, mainly due to lack of information on the dynamics of farmers’ crop acreages. Our article contributes to fill this gap and, thereby, to shed light on a pair of apparently contradictory facts. European farmers tend to stick to specialized crop acreages despite agronomic experiments tending to show that crop diversification could reduce chemical input uses while maintaining or even enhancing arable crop yield levels We provide estimates of the effects of previous crops and crop acreage diversity on yield and chemical input use levels based on a sample of 769 arable crop producers covering the Marne département in France from 2008 to 2014. Our farm level dataset combines cost accounting data, information on crop sequences as well as detailed soil and weather data. Our estimation approach relies on yield functions and input use models defined as systems of simultaneous equations. These models feature farm specific random parameters for accounting for unobserved heterogeneity across farms and farmers as well as for accommodating input use endogeneity in the considered empirical crop yield functions. We estimate pre crop and crop acreage diversity effects for four major crops in the area. Pre crops effects on yields are estimated relatively accurately and are generally consistent with the rankings provided by crop production experts. Estimated pre crop effects on input uses are small and insignificant from a statistical viewpoint despite our large sample, suggesting that pre crops don’t impact much chemical input requirements or/and that farmers tend to downplay these effects when deciding their chemical input use levels. Our results also show that crop acreage diversity positively impacts yield levels and tend to induce reductions in pesticide uses, herbicide uses in particular. Overall, our results demonstrate statistically significant though economically limited effects of pre crops and crop acreage diversity on crop gross margins. They also suggest that policy measures aimed to foster crop diversification are unlikely to significantly reduce chemical input uses on major crops if they are not supplemented by measures specifically aimed to reduce the uses of these inputs. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:320398&r= |
| By: | Yves Jégourel |
| Abstract: | Si les liens existant entre l’exportation de matières premières et l’industrialisation sont étudiés depuis longtemps, l’entrée résolue de l’économie mondiale dans l’ère de la transition environnementale et numérique leur offre une dimension toute particulière. L’évidence de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique par la décarbonation de notre monde ne saurait, en effet, faire oublier toute la complexité de la stratégie à adopter pour y parvenir. Il s’agit, pour les pays exportateurs, de valoriser les minerais et métaux nécessaires au développement d’une économie verte, mais également, de tirer profit d’une période transitoire où la demande de gaz naturel restera forte. Une situation quasi-symétrique s’impose pour les pays importateurs : sécuriser leurs approvisionnements en ces mêmes ressources, devenues la condition sine qua non de la poursuite de leurs activités industrielles. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb07-22&r= |
| By: | Mary C. Daly |
| Abstract: | Presentation to the UNLV Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) Spring Outlook 2022, April 20, 2022, by Mary C. Daly, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. |
| Keywords: | covid19; pandemic; inflation; monetary policy; federal funds rate |
| Date: | 2022–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfsp:94092&r= |
| By: | Bache, Christina; Benrais, Linda; García, Juan Andrés Cano; Casallas, Samara; Bjegovic-Mikanovic,, Vesna; Easterday, Jennifer; Martin, Mary; Patiño, Claudia; Prandi, Maria; Larrauri, Helena Puig; Smits, Marcel; van Dorp, Mark |
| Abstract: | This report examines how business can contribute to meeting the challenges of a world struggling to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and make changes to traditional models of capitalism and investment. Faced with growing pressures from customers, employees, investors, and the wider public, business leaders have sought to respond with commitments to the SDGs, alongside adopting new ethical standards on human rights, transparency, and good governance. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2021–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114511&r= |
| By: | Novy, Andreas; Barlow, Nathaniel; Frankhauser, Julia |
| Abstract: | This article scrutinizes the potential of transformative innovations to contribute to social-ecological transformations. It problematizes the positive connotation linked to innovations in tackling contemporary social and environmental challenges by giving an overview of theories of innovation, with a focus on social innovations, and systematizing the multiple meanings of the term transformation. We define transformative innovations as innovations that contribute to those transformations that are desirable and feasible in a specific conjuncture. Desirable are innovations that enable a good life for all within planetary boundaries, feasible are those that can be implemented here and now, given specific constellations of actors, power relations and structural constraints and possibilities. Furthermore, we describe the current conjuncture, dwell on collective and political actions and explore one promising transformative innovation: creating and strengthening sustainable and inclusive provisioning systems, that are feasible in the short term and effective in the long-term. |
| Keywords: | social-ecological transformation, transformative innovation, social innovation, critical realism, provision systems, foundational economy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:8576&r= |
| By: | Sileryte, Rusne (TU Delft); Sabbe, Arnout (Delft University of Technology); Bouzas, Vasileios; Meister, Kozmo; Wandl, Alexander; van Timmeren, Arjan |
| Abstract: | As appointed in the EU Circular Economy Action Plan, cities and regions in EU member countries start accompanying their circular economy strategies by monitoring frameworks, often called Circular Economy Monitors (CEM). Having the task to assess the performance towards the achievement of set targets and to steer decision-making, CEMs need to rely on a multitude of statistics and datasets. Waste statistics play an important role in circular economy monitoring as they provide insights into the remaining linear part of the economy. The collection of waste statistics is mandated by the European Commission which provides general guidelines on data collection and processing. The Netherlands has one of the most detailed waste registries among the EU countries. The country’s largest metropolitan region, Amsterdam, is currently building a CEM which tracks progress over time towards the set goals, highlights which areas need improvement and estimates target feasibility. This paper uses the Amsterdam CEM as a case-study to explore how the existing system of waste registration in the Netherlands is able to support decision-making. The data is explored with the help of four queries that relate to the CEM’s goals and require data mapping to be answered. The data mapping and analysis process has revealed several limitations present in the waste data collection and a number of gaps present in current circular economy research and data analysis. At the same time, the available data already supports significant insights into the status quo of the current waste system and provides opportunities for circular economy monitoring. |
| Date: | 2022–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:da6f2&r= |
| By: | Martin, Mary |
| Abstract: | This report summarises the Human Security Business Partnership (HSBP) Framework, an innovative model to assist companies and investors to partner with governments, the UN system, and local stakeholders to achieve the ambitions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The model was developed by LSE IDEAS and research partners, ESSEC-Irene, Business and Human Rights, Peace Startup, Build Up and International Alert, with the United Nations Human Security Unit. The report explains why the HSBP Framework is needed at this time, recognizing that each context is different and requires more than a single approach or a one-size-fits-all framework. It offers guidance on how diverse actors can work together to find and expand common ground to tackle their respective risks and achieve their various interests, alongside examples of where the Framework has proved relevant to companies and NGOs in fragile situations. It seeks to fill the practical gaps that exist in finding integrated solutions to complex challenges and in connecting the objectives and interests of global and national business with everyday hopes, fears and expectations of people. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114524&r= |
| By: | Pereira, Rita; Biroli, Pietro (University of Bologna); von hinke, stephanie; Van Kippersluis, Hans (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Galama, Titus; Rietveld, Niels; Thom, Kevin |
| Abstract: | Nature (one's genes) and nurture (one's environment) jointly contribute to the formation and evolution of health and human capital over the life cycle. This complex interplay between genes and environment can be estimated and quantified using genetic information readily available in a growing number of social science data sets. To help the novice reader interested in understanding individual decision making, public policy, and inequality using genetic data, we introduce essential genetic terminology, review the literature in economics and social-science genetics---with a focus on the interplay between genes and environment---and discuss policy implications and future prospects of the use of genetic data in the social sciences and economics. |
| Date: | 2022–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d96z3&r= |
| By: | Grumiller, Jan; Grohs, Hannes |
| Abstract: | This policy note argues that the low income of cocoa farmers in the cocoa-chocolate global value chain (GVC) is not only a problem in itself, but also exacerbates social and environmental sustainability issues such as child labor and deforestation. The experience of the last two decades has highlighted that private-sector, private-public, and public initiatives were important, but - overall - had insufficient impact on the livelihood of the average cocoa farming household. During the last few years, a shift from voluntary initiatives towards binding rules has emerged in the context of debates on the Living Income Differential (LID) in producer countries and due diligence laws in consumer countries, creating a new window of opportunity. The policy note concludes that - in the current world market situation - higher producer income cannot be ensured without new pricing mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsep:392022&r= |
| By: | Chu, Angus |
| Abstract: | This study develops a Malthusian model with natural selection of human species. We explore how population dynamics of one group of humans may cause the extinction of another group. In our model, different groups of humans engage in hunting-gathering. The larger group of humans can occupy more land. Therefore, in a Malthusian economy, the expansion of one population causes the other population to shrink. Whether it causes the other population to become extinct depends on a structural parameter that is the elasticity of the relative share of land with respect to the relative population size. If this elasticity is below unity, then both populations converge to their positive steady-state levels. However, if the elasticity is equal to unity, then the population that has a lower fertility cost, stronger fertility preference, higher hunting-gathering productivity and higher labor supply converges to a positive steady-state level whereas the other population eventually becomes extinct. |
| Keywords: | Neanderthals; early modern humans; hunting-gathering; natural selection |
| JEL: | O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112547&r= |