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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒01‒17
eighty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Rim Berahab; Chami Abdelilah; Derj Atar; Hammi Ibtissem; Morazzo Mariano; Naciri Yassine; Zarkik Afaf |
| Abstract: | The consequences of climate change are becoming progressively more visible in Morocco. Changes in rainfall patterns and drought, increases in average temperatures and heatwaves, flooding, and rising sea levels are increasingly affecting several regions. Yet, Morocco has a relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rate, compared to other countries. In 20162, Morocco’s total GHG emissions reached 86127.7 gigagram of carbon dioxide equivalent (Gg CO2-eq), totaling around 0.2% of global GHG emissions. However, emission levels are anticipated to increase significantly in the coming decades as a result of the country’s continuing economic development. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb21-19&r= |
| By: | Witos, Krzysztof; Wójcik-Czerniawska, Agnieszk; Grzymała, Zbigniew |
| Abstract: | The paper addresses environmental impact of using pallets and compares the performance of plastic and wooden pallets regarding to carbon footprint and waste, they produce. Common wisdom has it, that wooden pallets are environmentally friendly. Plastic pallets, due to the material they are being made of, are regarded to be a potential source of pollution in land, air, and water. We have gathered, evaluated, extracted and/or calculated data showing how much CO2, and solid waste is generated due to specific wooden and plastic pallet operations. The Life Cycle Assessment method has been used, with primary data extracted from our own studies and experience or taken from reputable sources we quote in our work. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:316601&r= |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Philippe de Donder (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We analyze environmental policy in a model where some consumers (dubbed green) derive warm glow from buying a good of a higher environmental quality, and where green firms differentiate products on their environmental quality to enjoy market power. For any given pollution level, emission taxes turn out to be less cost-effective than an emission standard because taxation always induces a higher wedge between the environmental qualities of products. By stark contrast, consumers prefer taxes to standards when the warm glow intensity is not too large. Also, the ability of green firms to exert market power makes the tax less attractive to green consumers. When the pollution level is endogenized via majority voting, both neutral and green consumers vote in favor of laxer standards and therefore pollution is higher compared to the case of nondifferentiated products. By contrast, the majority chosen tax induces the efficient level of pollution. Green consumerism reduces environmental protection with standards but not with taxes. |
| Keywords: | political economy,green label,standard,tax,product differentiation,green consumerism,corporate social responsibility,environmental regulation |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03429506&r= |
| By: | Helene Gomes; Luc Doyen; Fabian Blanchard; Adrien Lagarde |
| Abstract: | Marine ecosystems, biodiversity and fisheries are under pressure worldwide because of global changes including climate warming and demographic pressure. In that regard, many scientists and stakeholders advocate ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM). But how such EBFM can be operationalized in ecological-economic terms remains unclear. To address such issues, we propose a model of intermediate complexity (MICE) relying on multi-species, resource-based and multi-fleet dynamics, also taking climate effects into account. The model is calibrated for the small-scale coastal fishery in French Guiana. From the calibrated model, we compare different fishing species in terms of sustainability through to 2070, including a predictive strategy and the normative strategies entitled Multi-species Maximum Sustainable Yield, Multi-species Maximum Economic Yield and Ecoviability. The sustainability assessment of fishing strategies relies here on profitability, food security and biodiversity constraints to be fulfilled over time. The results point overall to the long-term detrimental impact of climate change. The prognosis is particularly catastrophic under the most pessimistic climate scenario (RCP 8.5), with a potential collapse of both biomass of targeted species and fishing activity by 2070, regardless of the fishing strategies. However, under the optimistic scenario (RCP 2.6), our results demonstrate the interest of Ecoviability strategies in order to ensure sustainability and ecosystem-based management of fisheries. Such EVA strategies require a major reallocation of the fleets operating in the fishery. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Eco-viability; Climate Change; Ecosystem-based fishery management; Marine biodiversity |
| JEL: | Q22 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-24&r= |
| By: | Shaikh M.S.U. Eskander; Khandokar Istiak |
| Abstract: | Understanding how energy efficiency improvement can mitigate CO2 emissions is critical for global climate change policies to ensure environmental sustainability and a low carbon future. Being the catalyst for training future generations, universities can play an instrumental role in this vision by adopting energy-saving and CO2 reduction strategies. We investigate how energy efficiency and affluence affect the emissions reduction experience of the UK universities. Using HESA data, a centralized system of reporting energy use and corresponding emissions, we adopt a two-step estimation strategy to first develop efficiency and activity indices for residential and non-residential energy use and emissions, and then to employ a two-step system GMM estimation procedure that captures the environment-economy-energy nexus to analyze the impact of the energy efficiency on CO2 emissions. For 122 UK universities over the period between 2008-09 and 2018-19, econometric results, which are robust to alternative specifications and restricted samples, confirm higher energy efficiency is conducive to lower emissions. However, the less-than-elastic relationship between energy efficiency and emissions implies that the UK universities will not be able to comply with their net-zero objectives unless they increase their investments in renewables and energy-efficient technologies. These findings will draw interests from pro-environment activists, university and government administrators, and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Emissions, Energy, Index decomposition, University |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-94&r= |
| By: | Xue, Chaokai; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Ahmed, Zahoor; Ahmad, Mahmood; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | Undoubtedly, energy is indispensable to attain economic development; however, it also generates CO2 emissions, which are the dominant contributor to environmental deterioration and climate change. In this regard, clean energy can help to achieve both sustainable development and environmental sustainability since it comprises non-carbohydrate energy sources that do not or seldom generate emissions. Against this backdrop, this work considers economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and probes the impact of clean energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the third largest European economy France from 1987 to 2019 controlling urbanization and economic growth. Using the STIRPAT framework, the study employed the novel Augmented ARDL method that overcomes the limitations of the ARDL methods. The outcomes disclosed strong evidence of cointegration as F-statistics (overall and independent variables) and t-statistics of the dependent variables were significant. The long-run analysis revealed that EPU poses a threat to environmental sustainability by augmenting emissions levels. Surprisingly, clean energy consumption does not contribute to emissions reduction in the long-run. Economic growth boosts CO2 emissions, while urbanization is conducive to environmental quality supporting ecological modernization theory. The study detected causality from EPU to economic growth and emissions. Finally, based on the study outcomes, a policy framework is suggested to address the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 and 13. |
| Keywords: | Economic Policy Uncertainty; Clean Energy Consumption; Economic Growth; Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110945&r= |
| By: | Nauli A. Desdiani (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Fachry Abdul Razak Afifi (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Amalia Cesarina (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Syahda Sabrina (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Meila Husna (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Rosalia Marcha Violeta (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Adho Adinegoro (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Alin Halimatussadiah (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)) |
| Abstract: | The establishment of national climate policy targets has forced the local government to set ambitious climate goals supporting the national government to achieve its proposed target. Besides low awareness of climate change and environmental risk impacts, the biggest challenge faced by the local governments to exert climate actions lies in the financing of the programs. This paper aims to analyze the current local government budget on climate and environmental activities and identify available potential financing sources to finance local government climate and environmental initiatives. We found that the local budget allocation for environmental spending increased from 1% in 2016 to 3% in 2020, yet it is still relatively low and insufficient for achieving the climate target. With a limited budget, local governments must find additional potential financing sources for financing their climate actions. Through case study analysis, insights from several regions that have gained harness of potential from various climate and environmental financing initiatives to overcome environmental issues in their areas and reach climate and environmental goals were attained. To address local budget shortages problem for climate and environmental activities, several strategies for the local government are proposed: (1) optimizing and improving the quality of spending from intergovernmental fiscal transfer; (2) adopting Climate Budget Tagging (CBT); (3) increasing local-own source revenue from natural resource and environmental based activities; (4) valuing regencies and/or cities with high ecological value with more fiscal support through TAPE and TAKE schemes; (5) optimizing the role of SOEs and private sectors through CSR and PPP; (6) optimizing multilateral financing; and (7) utilizing other financings from the central government such as through environmental fund management agency (BPDLH), disaster pooling fund, ICCTF, and SDGs Indonesia One. |
| Keywords: | climate change — environmental risk — climate and environmental financing — local budget |
| JEL: | H72 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:wpaper:202167&r= |
| By: | Anu Rangarajan; Tulika Narayan |
| Abstract: | The need for innovative, sustainable solutions to combat climate change is greater than ever. Mathematica’s researchers draw on our expertise from multiple sectors, domains, and regions to design solutions to address various climate change challenges. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Greenhouse gas emissions, Resilience |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:73f90d1b439a4afe9b4c7ef3476d89fa&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and governance explain the CKC proposition. Our empirical strategy is based on the Westerlund panel cointegration test, augmented mean group (AMG), and vector autoregressive (VAR) panel Granger-causality tests. Findings – The results suggest that the CKC hypothesis is incomplete without these mechanisms, as they play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in Africa. We recommend improving the environmental standards and proper regulatory and monitoring systems to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development in the continent. Originality/value –The study revisits the CKC hypothesis with particular emphasis on governance and more robust empirical estimation techniques. |
| Keywords: | carbon cuts; Energy consumption; Governance; Climate crisis; Panel analysis; Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/069&r= |
| By: | Witos, Krzysztof; Wójcik-Czerniawska, Agnieszk; Grzymała, Zbigniew |
| Abstract: | The paper addresses environmental impact of using pallets and compares the performance of plastic and wooden pallets regarding to carbon footprint and waste, they produce. Common wisdom has it, that wooden pallets are environmentally friendly. Plastic pallets, due to the material they are being made of, are regarded to be a potential source of pollution in land, air, and water. We have gathered, evaluated, extracted and/or calculated data showing how much CO2, and solid waste is generated due to specific wooden and plastic pallet operations. The Life Cycle Assessment method has been used, with primary data extracted from our own studies and experience or taken from reputable sources we quote in our work. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316601&r= |
| By: | Carlos Benavides; Luis Cifuentes (University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]); Manuel Díaz; Horacio Gilabert; Luis Gonzales; Diego González; David Groves (Rand Corporation); Marcela Jaramillo; Catalina Marinkovic; Luna Menares; Francisco Meza; Edmundo Molina; Marcia Montedónico; Rodrigo Palma; Andrés Pica; Cristian Salas; James Syme; Rigoberto Torres; Sebastián Vicuña; José Valdés; Adrien Vogt-Schilb |
| Abstract: | Chile aims to reach carbon neutrality. Its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commits the country to reach net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 and sets targets for emissions to be reduced progressively over time. To comply with the goals of the NDC, line ministries have considered a set of sectoral transformations, such as closing coal-fired power plants, promoting electric mobility, and increasing forest captures which, taken together, could bring emissions down to zero. This study evaluates how these sectoral transformations would fare under a wide range of economic, environmental, and technological uncertainties. It identifies the vulnerabilities of the strategy, that is, under what conditions sectoral transformations are insufficient to achieve net-zero emissions. It then quantifies options for making sectoral plans to deliver the NDC more robust, that is to reduce the likelihood of not achieving carbon neutrality. Additional measures discussed include speeding up retirement of coal-fired power plants, promotion of telework and non-motorized transport, reduction of beef consumption, expansion of thermal retrofitting of houses, increased afforestation, sustainable forest management, and expansion of protected areas. These measures are based on ideas proposed by sectoral experts during a participatory process. Finally, a macroeconomic evaluation finds that enhancing the set of measures put forward to comply with the NDC would result in a net gain of 0.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2050, on the top of 4.4% GDP gain that the current NDC plans would bring. |
| Keywords: | general equilibrium model,greenhouse gas emissions,robust decision-making,cost-benenefit analysis,climate change mitigation,decarbonization |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03485958&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab; Chami Abdelilah; Derj Atar; Hammi Ibtissem; Morazzo Mariano; Naciri Yassine; Zarkik Afaf |
| Abstract: | During the 2015 Paris Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), governments pledged to limit the global temperature increase to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels, to peak emissions as soon as possible, and to achieve carbon neutrality in the second half of the century. Yet, even assuming full implementation of the commitments made by governments in Paris, the global concentration of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions will lead to a 2.7°C increase in the global average temperature, which will not meet the 2°C target. Therefore, more urgent action is needed to further strengthen the ambitions of the parties as expressed in theit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb21-18&r= |
| By: | Alienor Cameron; Marc Baudry |
| Abstract: | On 14 July 2021, the European Commission formally adopted a proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage caused by its increasingly ambitious environmental policies. There is a gap between the ways in which this issue is discussed in political spheres and the evidence provided by economic literature on it. The aim of this paper is to bridge this gap by presenting the context and policy debate surrounding carbon leakage and CBAs in the EU, reviewing the state of the economic literature on this topic, and discussing further research that is necessary to answer remaining policy concerns and unresolved research questions. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon border adjustment, carbon leakage |
| JEL: | H23 L51 O33 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2022-1&r= |
| By: | Julien Xavier Daubanes (University of Geneva); Shema Frédéric Mitali (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne); Jean-Charles Rochet (Swiss Finance Institute; University of Geneva - Geneva Finance Research Institute (GFRI); University of Zurich - Swiss Banking Institute (ISB)) |
| Abstract: | Green bonds allow firms to commit to climate-friendly projects. Equity investors react positively to their announcement. Based on prior empirical studies, we suggest that green bond commitments help managers signal the profitability of their green projects and that they do so because they are sensitive to their rm's stock price. We present a signaling model in which firms undertake green projects not only because of carbon penalties but, additionally, because of managerial incentives, predicting that the role of the former is augmented by the latter. We test this prediction by exploiting both cross-industry differences in the stock-price sensitivity of managers' pay and in stock share turnover, and cross-country variations in effective carbon prices. Our results not only support the role that our theory ascribes to managerial incentives, but also show that this role mainly depends on carbon pricing. Green bonds are not substitutes to carbon pricing. On the contrary, the latter is essential to the effectiveness of the former. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds; Green finance; Climate policy; Carbon pricing; Managerial incentives; Short-termism |
| JEL: | D53 H23 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2197&r= |
| By: | Rui Mano; Mr. Philip Barrett; Katharina Bergant; Jean Chateau |
| Abstract: | The run up to the 26th Climate Change Conference has brought tackling climate change to the fore of global policy making. In this context, the U.S. administration has recently unveiled new climate targets. This paper elaborates on the administration’s plans and uses two models developed at the IMF to illustrate key macro-climate trade-offs. First, a model with endogenous fuel-specific technological change shows that subsidies cannot substitute for explicit carbon pricing and that even a moderate carbon tax can greatly economize on the overall fiscal cost of the package. Second, a rich sectoral model shows that there are only very marginal economic costs from front-loading the decarbonization of the power sector but there are large accompanying environmental benefits. Regulations can be effective in the power sector because they provide an appropriate shadow cost to carbon. However, a carbon tax would still be more efficient and easier to administer. Finally, as the economy transitions away from fossil-fueled power generation, there would be a significant reallocation of labor across sectors and locations that would need to be handled carefully to limit the social costs of the transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; subsidies; carbon tax; power sector. |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/290&r= |
| By: | Filippo Belloc; Bouwe Dijkstra; Edilio Valentini |
| Abstract: | We develop a new measure of installation-level environmental compliance costs under an Emissions Trading System (ETS) by estimating normalized demand curves of permits sector-by-sector. Our measure reflects installation-level compliance costs deviations within-sector and it is scaled by both the installation’s baseline output and the sector-specific abatement efficiency. An application to four sectors in Phase 3 of the EU ETS unveils a non-negligible within-sector variance and reveals that the installation-level dimension explains the largest part of it, while the country effect accounts for 7.7% to 11.4% of the total within-sector variance. This points to the installation-level dimension as mostly important when the impact of environmental regulations has to be assessed in practice. |
| Keywords: | compliance costs, environmental regulation, abatement technology, EU ETS |
| JEL: | L50 L60 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:861&r= |
| By: | Fernández-Amador, Octavio; Oberdabernig, Doris; Tomberger, Patrick |
| Abstract: | The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report 2021 underscores the need to curb methane emissions. In this article published in Empirical Economics (open access), the authors investigate the convergence of methane footprints, highlight the difficulties to achieve methane abatement in the medium run, and argue that the formulation of climate policies should deal with methane emissions separately. Click on the link below to read the full article. |
| Date: | 2022–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1342&r= |
| By: | Oyinbo, Oyakhilome |
| Abstract: | Agricultural intensification associated with increased use of external inputs, such as inorganic fertilizer is widely considered relevant to improving farm income and welfare of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The emphasis on increased use of inorganic fertilizer will likely be associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions, especially nitrous oxide, as with the Asian Green Revolution. Yet, traditional agricultural extension systems typically provide generalized ‘blanket’ fertilizer recommendations that are not tailored to the plot-specific growing conditions of individual farmers, which could lead to negative environmental externalities. Within this context, a digital nutrient management decision support tool ‘Nutrient Expert’ has been co-developed in Nigeria to enable the extension system to transition from provision of generalized to plot-specific fertilizer recommendations. Using a three-year randomized controlled trial in northern Nigeria, this paper analyses the impact of farmers’ access to site-specific nutrient management recommendations, provided through the Nutrient Expert tool on environmental sustainability of maize intensification. The primary outcome of interest is global warming potential (greenhouse gas emission per unit maize yield), measured using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 1 method. The preliminary results show that the provision of tailored recommendations to the treatment group led to a reduction in global warming potential compared with the control group, who were exposed to blanket recommendations. However, the observed effect size is small, and the effect is not statistically significant at the conventional significance levels. A plausible reason could be due to the on average, low fertilizer application rates in the study area compared with the often cited over application of fertilizer in most parts of Asia. Overall,this paper finds weak evidence of the causal effects of farmer-tailored nutrient management extension advice on mitigating the environmental impacts of fertilizer intensification under farmers’ conditions and management in maize-based farming systems of northern Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316602&r= |
| By: | Cecilia Bellora; Lionel Fontagné (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | On March 10, 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the border carbon adjustment mechanism that the European Commission committed to setting up. How would this adjustment work and what would be its consequences? By reducing the incentive to displace production of high-emitting products to countries with little or no carbon tax, the carbon adjustment mechanism would reduce "carbon leakage" but increase the price of carbon in the European Union (EU). Therefore, European industries that use as inputs goods subject either to the carbon tax or to the carbon adjustment are at risk of a loss of competitiveness. However, the main challenge in addressing climate change is the participation of the major emitting countries in the effort to abate greenhouse-gas emissions. While the European mechanism could help the EU in strengthening its emissionreduction targets, it is above all the compliance of the United States with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement that will make it possible to save one year's worth of global emissions by 2035, pending a more concrete commitment from China. |
| Abstract: | Le Parlement européen vient d'adopter une résolution concernant le mécanisme d'ajustement carbone à la frontière que la Commission européenne s'est engagée à mettre en place. Quel pourrait être son fonctionnement et quelles en seraient les conséquences ? En réduisant l'incitation à déplacer la production des produits fortement émissifs vers des pays ne taxant pas, ou peu, le carbone, le mécanisme d'ajustement carbone devrait diminuer les « fuites de carbone », mais augmenter le prix du carbone dans l'Union européenne (UE). Une perte de compétitivité pour les industries européennes utilisant comme intrants les biens soumis à la taxe carbone ou au mécanisme d'ajustement n'est donc pas à exclure. Mais l'enjeu principal pour la préservation du climat est la participation des grands pays émetteurs à l'effort de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Si le mécanisme européen est de nature à permettre à l'UE de renforcer ses objectifs de réduction d'émissions, c'est surtout le respect des engagements pris dans l'accord de Paris par les États-Unis qui permettra d'économiser une année d'émissions mondiales d'ici à 2035, dans l'attente d'un engagement plus concret de la Chine |
| Keywords: | International Trade,Climate Change,Commerce international,changement climatique |
| Date: | 2021–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03436004&r= |
| By: | Li, Shiyuan |
| Abstract: | Enterprises who are the most responsible for air pollution are also constrained by environmental protection policies the most. As the strictest environmental policy in China, Atmosphere Ten Articles carries the task to balance the relationship between the ecology and economic development. This paper analyzes the impact of this policy on enterprise performance from two perspectives: social performance and economic performance. The corporate life cycle theory is also integrated into the policy evaluation, and enterprise ownership heterogeneity is analyzed. Through decomposition, we found that the policy can promote the enterprises’ economic performance through technological innovation and resource allocation effect. This paper extends the existing environmental policy evaluation framework and provides empirical reference for future research. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility; Total Factor Productivity; Atmosphere Ten Articles; Corporate Life Cycle |
| JEL: | E61 L25 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110974&r= |
| By: | Li, Yumin; Li, Shiyuan; Li, Guodong; Liu, Minquan |
| Abstract: | Governments have been heavily involved in financing investments that provide environmental benefits. The Chinese government has provided various green incentives for the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these low-carbon incentive policies. We estimate a NEV demand model and simulate different policy scenarios. We find that incentive policies have increased the NEV demand by 56.26% during the sample period. Among these incentive policies, free license policy contributed most of the sales. One should, therefore, consider both financial and non-financial incentive policies in future green development program designs. |
| Keywords: | Low-carbon incentive policies, Subsidies, New energy vehicles, Demand estimation |
| JEL: | L62 O31 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110970&r= |
| By: | Behrendt, Karl; Paparas, Dimitrios |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316594&r= |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto |
| Abstract: | Accelerating the transition toward low or net-zero carbon emissions is necessary to keep global warming at theoretically safe levels. That will likely bring price shocks associated with rising metal prices, energy costs, and carbon taxes – what has been called “greenflation”. Greening the economy will also require public spending and redistributive policies. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb51-21&r= |
| By: | Mohajan, Haradhan |
| Abstract: | During the first industrial revolution (IR1) human and animal labor technology converted into machinery, such as the steam engine, the spinning jenny, puddling and rolling processes for making iron, coke smelting, etc. During the second industrial revolution (IR2) electricity, internal combustion engine, indoor plumbing, chemical industries, etc. technologies are developed. The third industrial revolution (IR3) began in the 1950s that is considered as the move from mechanical and analogue electronic technology to digital electronics. Nano, bio, and IT technologies, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, robotics, etc. are the most important driver of the IR3. During the IR1&2s only Western Europe and the USA were developed but during the IR3 the world becomes about 10 times wealthier, and development spreads almost every part of the world. In the IR3 there have been developed thousands of businesses organizations and millions of jobs globally. Major modern inventions are happened in the IR3. Economic development, development of transportation, development of 3D printing, robotics technologies, fab lab, etc. are extraordinary activities during the IR3. In the IR3 standard of living and life expectancy of every nation has increased than that of the IR1&2s. The IR3 has also some negative impacts, such as air pollution, biodiversity reduction, water pollution, habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and climate change, etc. This study has tried to discuss various aspects of IR3 in some details. |
| Keywords: | Digital Revolution, 3D Printing, Economic Development, Industrial Revolution, Renewable Energy, Robotics |
| JEL: | B15 B3 D6 I3 N1 O1 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110972&r= |
| By: | Adekunle, Wasiu; Omo-Ikirodah, Beatrice; Collins, Olutosin; Adeniyi, Andrew; Bagudo, Abubakar; Mosobalaje, Risikat; Oladepo, Safiyyah |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the previous studies to re-examine the functional relations and causal links between environmental degradation and its possible determinants in Nigeria, covering 1977 to 2015. With the aid of ARDL model estimation, the study found a positive relationship between economic growth (measured by real GDP per capita and environmental degradation. A positive relation was also established between energy consumption and carbon emission. Similarly, this study reported a positive relationship between transport services in the import and export sectors and carbon emission. Through the Granger causality test, the study established a unidirectional causality running from carbon emission to economic growth. Similarly, there was a unidirectional causality from real GDP per capita to transport services in the export sector. Based on these findings, there is an increasing need for the authorities to regulate economic activities that directly and indirectly contribute to systematic environmental degradation in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Environmental degradation, Transport services, Economic growth, ARDL, Granger causality |
| JEL: | C22 O13 O44 |
| Date: | 2021–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111069&r= |
| By: | Rachel Feldman (Department of Economics, Georgetown University); Arik Levinson (Department of Economics, Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | State-level renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) aim to encourage renewable energy and discourage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the electric power sector in the United States. Do they work? Some prominent government agencies and advocacy groups assert that U.S. renewables growth has been largely due to RPSs. That seems unlikely, given that in most regions, renewables exceed RPS requirements. But it’s not an easy question to answer, thanks to interstate trading and the possibility that states with abundant renewable resources might set the most ambitious RPS goals. We combine the best features of three recent academic studies, using reduced-form and instrumental variables approaches. In some specifications, RPSs do appear to lower carbon emissions and boost wind and solar generation. But the effects are small—consistent with the academic findings and in contrast to the public claims and policy goals. Classification- Q42 Q48 |
| Keywords: | solar and wind energy, fossil fuels, renewable energy credits |
| Date: | 2022–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geo:guwopa:gueconwpa~22-22-01&r= |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This article discusses some policy options that central banks may find useful in dealing with climate change risk in the financial sector. The effect of climate change on the financial sector are indirect but severe when they occur. Central banks play an important role in regulating the financial sector and in managing its inherent risks, yet there are no studies that suggest policy solutions to help central banks and other financial sector regulators deal with the risk that climate change pose to the financial sector. Five policy options are proposed in the paper, which includes: imposing a climate change capital surcharge; impose a fixed-rate risk capital - based on Tier 2 capital; a reduction in lending to industries whose activities destroy the environment and climate; creating a climate bank; and, requiring financial institutions to relocate their important assets to areas less prone to climate change events. Several policy experiments are needed to identify the best policy option that works best for each country while taking into account the unique financial sector, financial system and climate change history of each country |
| Keywords: | climate change, financial risk, financial institutions, central bank, financial system, financial sector, banks, capital surcharge, climate change risk, climate bank, bank regulation |
| JEL: | G21 G28 Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111217&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab; Chami Abdelilah; Derj Atar; Hammi Ibtissem; Morazzo Mariano; Naciri Yassine; Zarkik Afaf |
| Abstract: | Morocco's significant renewable energy resources offer an unprecedented opportunity to anchor the country’s economic and political choices in the energy transition, and to turn the transition into an essential lever for economic development. This is all the more relevant as the costs of renewable energies have dropped over the past 10 years2, and now offer strong potential, not only for creating green jobs but for ensuring a dynamic and resilient economic growth as well. In 2020, nearly 20% of Morocco's electricity production was provided by renewable energy resources (RES), while the installed capacity of RES was around 36%. Morocco's ambition is to reach a target of 52% of installed RES capacity by 2030, reinforcing the country's commitment to energy transition and decarbonization. However, this transition must also be sustainable from a socio-economic point of view and must ensure that ‘no one is left behind’. It is, therefore, necessary to quantify the costs and benefits of the energy transition, in order to identify the right policy approaches and mitigate the potential negative effects of the transition on growth, particularly in terms of industrial competitiveness, employment, and citizens' purchasing power. Part II of the Morocco’s Decarbonization Pathway Policy Brief series presented an update of the decarbonization scenarios. It revealed that in the Increased Ambition and Green Development scenarios, Morocco would achieve higher decarbonization targets than the current policy. Decarbonization targets will be achieved mainly thanks to extensive electrification of the final sectors and increasing RES in the generation mix. More specifically, the transportation, power generation, and residential sectors will be crucial to the decarbonization of Morocco’s energy consumption. This third Policy Brief in the series presents the results of a cost-benefit analysis, performed to identify the technological levers of the energy transition in Morocco, and to estimate the global economic benefit of modeled scenarios presented in Part II, both at national and sectoral levels. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb23-19&r= |
| By: | Anwar, Muhammad Azfar; Zhang, Qingyu; Asmi, Fahad; Hussain, Nazim; Plantinga, Auke; Zafar, Muhammad Wasif; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) explains the dynamics associated with income and environmental quality. This study utilizes bibliometric analysis and data visualization techniques and empirically determines the tendencies and patterns in the EKC literature. Furthermore, the study explains intellectual structure, construct development, evolution, collaborations, and research clusters within the EKC research domain during the last two decades, from 2000 to 2020. The study empirically analyzes 2,218 articles and 55,051 references from 328 journals, 4,146 authors, 99 countries, and 50 subject categories. The study used co-citation analysis to examined the noticeable research articles, journals and authors’ contribution. Moreover, the co-occurrence analysis examined the prominent countries, institutions and keywords in the concerned literature. Most studies in EKC domain focus on developing regions facing the dual challenge of growth and environmental sustainability. The current initiative categorizes the EKC knowledge domain into major research areas with the help of different clusters namely causality analysis, non-renewable energy, energy consumption, the EKC, and industrial pollution. The study further discusses emerging trends that provide future research fronts and intellectual development within the EKC framework. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets curve; bibliometrics; carbon emissions; bibliographic coupling |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110944&r= |
| By: | Li, Zhiyun; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel |
| Abstract: | A growing empirical literature is analyzing the effects of weather fluctuations on a variety of economic outcomes with the goal of better understanding the potential impacts of climate change. In agricultural studies, constructing weather variables typically requires researchers to define a “season”, a time period over which weather conditions are considered relevant to the agricultural outcome of interest. While researchers often have the background knowledge to make reasonable assumptions about seasonality in crop-specific analyses, these modeling choices are less obvious when dealing with aggregate agricultural data encompassing multiple crops or livestock. In this article, we explore the consequences of assuming an incorrect season in such analyses. We first provide a conceptual framework to show that imposing an incorrect season essentially introduces non-classical measurement error in weather regressors, causing unknown biases in weather impacts. We confirm this finding in simulations. We then propose a tractable data-driven approach to recover the “true” underlying season. The approach consists of a grid search with cross-validation that evaluates the fit of models based on a wide range of season definitions. In simulations, we find the approach is effective at recovering the “true” season under certain data generating processes. Finally, we apply our approach to a US state-level panel of agricultural Total Factor Productivity. We find, unsurprisingly, considerable differences in seasonality across regions. Importantly, our empirical findings suggest that imposing arbitrary seasons lead to substantially different estimates of weather effects in either direction, in line with our theoretical and simulated results. This work contributes to the development of more robust empirical studies of climate change impacts on agriculture and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa22:316528&r= |
| By: | Thomas Cherico Wanger; Francis Dennig; Manuel Toledo-Hern\'andez; Teja Tscharntke; Eric F. Lambin |
| Abstract: | Production of cocoa, the third largest trade commodity globally has experienced climate related yield stagnation since 2016, forcing farmers to expand production in forested habitats and to shift from nature friendly agroforestry systems to intensive monocultures. The goal for future large-scale cocoa production combines high yields with biodiversity friendly management into a climate adapted smart agroforestry system (SAS). As pollination limitation is a key driver of global production, we use data of more than 150,000 cocoa farms and results of hand pollination experiments to show that manually enhancing cocoa pollination (hereafter manual pollination) can produce SAS. Manual pollination can triple farm yields and double farmers annual profit in the major producer countries Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Indonesia, and can increase global cocoa supplies by up to 13%. We propose a win win scenario to mitigate negative long term price and socioeconomic effects, whereby manual pollination compensates only for yield losses resulting from climate and disease related decreases in production area and conversion of monocultures into agroforestry systems. Our results highlight that yields in biodiversity friendly and climate adapted SAS can be similar to yields currently only achieved in monocultures. Adoption of manual pollination could be achieved through wider implementation of ecocertification standards, carbon markets, and zero deforestation pledges. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.02877&r= |
| By: | Hao, Miao; Lyv, Kangjuan; Li, Shiyuan; Hu, Wuyang |
| Abstract: | Environmental regulation can be an effective tool for the government to balance the relationship between the ecology and economic development. In this paper, the corporate life cycle theory is incorporated into environmental regulation policy evaluation, and the impact of environmental regulation on the output of innovation by China’s enterprises in different development stages is analyzed. The results show that environmental regulation significantly promotes innovation and particularly green innovation of all enterprises in China. The effect is especially strong for enterprises in the start-up and growing stage, and the impetus for innovation among private enterprises is significantly greater than that of state-owned enterprises. The mechanism behind these results is also analyzed. This paper extends the existing theoretical framework and provides empirical reference for future environmental policy research. Also, we provide guidance for the government to formulate environmental policies according to the development tasks of different stages and the nature of different enterprises, so as to achieve the social and economic goals effectively. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Life Cycle; Two Control Zones; Innovation; Environmental Regulation; Difference-in-Difference |
| JEL: | L51 O44 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110971&r= |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The products and the variety of direct and indirect benefits that humans receive from nature and the various ecosystems (agricultural, forest, grass, mountain, river, marine, etc.) are commonly known as ecosystem services. Agricultural ecosystems of different types and their specific “agro-ecosystem” services are among the most widespread in the world. In recent years increasing attention is given to the system of (“good”) governance as a key to achieving public, collective, corporate, and private goals in relation to conservation and improvement of (agro)ecosystem services. Nevertheless, in Bulgaria, like in many other countries, there are few studies on the amount and importance of agro-ecosystem services, and the specific mechanisms, modes, factors, and efficiency of their management. This chapter tries to fill the gap and presents the results of a large-scale study on the structure and governance of diverse ecosystem services of Bulgarian farms. Firstly, it identifies the type, amount, and importance of various (provisional, economic, recreational, aesthetic, cultural, educational, supporting, water and air purification, biodiversity preservation, climate regulation, etc.) ecosystem services maintained and “produced” by the Bulgarian farms of different juridical type, size, specialization, and location. The study has found out that country’s farms provide a great number of essential ecosystem services among which provisioning food and feed, and conservation of elements of the natural environment prevail. Secondly, it identifies and assesses the efficiency and complementarities of specific modes and mechanisms of governance of ecosystem services used by the Bulgarian farms. The study had found out that a great variety of private, market, collective, public and hybrid modes of governance of farm activity related to agroecosystem services are applied. There is significant differentiation of employed managerial forms depending on the type of ecosystem services and the specialization of agricultural holdings. Furthermore, the management of agroecosystem services is associated with a considerable increase in the production and transaction costs of participating farms as well as big socio-economic and environmental effects for agricultural holdings and other parties. The factors that mostly stimulate the activity of Bulgarian agricultural producers for protection of (agro)ecosystems and their services are participation in public support programs, access to farmers' advice, professional training, available information, and innovation received direct subsidies from EU and national government, personal conviction and satisfaction, positive experience of others, long-term and immediate benefits for the farm, and integration with suppliers, buyers, and processors. The suggested holistic and interdisciplinary framework for analyzing the system of management of agro-ecosystem services is to be further extended and improved, and more widely and periodically applied in the future. The latter requires systematic in-depth multidisciplinary research in this new area, as well as the collection of original micro- and macro information on ecosystem survives, and forms, efficiency, and factors of their management. The accuracy of analyzes is to be improved by increasing representativeness through enlarging the number of surveyed farms and related agents, applying statistical methods, special "training" of participants, etc. as well as improving the official system for collecting agricultural, agro-economic, and agri-environmental information in the country. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, agriculture, type, amount, governance, importance, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q18 Q2 Q3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110966&r= |
| By: | Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia; Camilo Andrés Orozco-Vanegas; Daniel Parra-Amado |
| Abstract: | Given the importance of climate change and the increase of its severity under extreme weather events, we analyze the main drivers of high food prices in Colombia between 1985 and 2020 focusing on extreme weather shocks like a strong El Ni˜ño. We estimate a non-stationary extreme value model for Colombian food prices. Our findings suggest that perishable foods are more exposed to extreme weather conditions in comparison to processed foods. In fact, an extremely low precipitation level explains only high prices in perishable foods. The risk of high perishable food prices is significantly larger for low rainfall levels (dry seasons) compared to high precipitation levels (rainy seasons). This risk gradually results in higher perishable food prices. It is non linear and is also significantly larger than the risk related to changes in the US dollar-Colombian peso exchange rate and fuel prices. Those covariates also explain high prices for both perishable and processed foods. Finally, we find that the events associated with the strongest El Ni˜ño in 1988 and 2016 are expected to reoccur once every 50 years. **** RESUMEN: Dada la importancia del cambio climático y su impacto sobre la ocurrencia de eventos climáticos extremos, se analizan los principales determinantes que explican altos precios de alimentos en Colombia entre 1985 y 2020 haciendo énfasis sobre los choques extremos climáticos como por ejemplo un fenómeno de El Ni˜ño fuerte. Se estima un modelo no estacionario de valores extremos para los precios de alimentos en Colombia y se encuentra evidencia que sugiere que aquellos bienes perecederos son los más expuestos a las condiciones climáticas en comparación con bienes de alimentos procesados. El riesgo asociado a altos precios de alimentos perecederos es significativamente más elevado para bajos niveles de precipitación (temporadas secas) comparados con altos niveles de precipitación (temporada de lluvias). Este riesgo del clima explica en buena parte los altos precios de perecederos el cual no es lineal. Adicionalmente, el riesgo asociado al factor climático es significativamente más alto a aquellos otros determinantes de altos precios como lo son la tasa de cambio peso-dólar y la dinámica de los precios de combustibles. Estas variables también explican altos precios de los alimentos tanto procesados como perecederos. Finalmente, se encuentra evidencia que sugiere que eventos como El Ni˜ño fuerte observados en 1988 y 2016 fueron los más extremos y las estimaciones sugieren que eventos parecidos tienen una re-ocurrencia de una vez cada 50 a˜ños. |
| Keywords: | Extreme weather events, Extreme value theory, Food inflation, Return levels, Relative Risk ratio, Eventos climáticos extremos, Teoría de valor extremo (EVT), precios de alimentos, niveles de riesgo, razones de riesgo relativo |
| JEL: | C32 C50 E31 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:1189&r= |
| By: | Beatriz Manotas-Hidalgo (Universidad Publica de Navarra) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the pollution generated by oil operations in Nigeria can affect agricultural total factor productivity. I analyze oil spills, which are the main ecological disaster in Nigeria and lead to major environmental, economic, and social problems. Following a consumer-producer household framework, and applying a difference-and-difference approach, I estimate an agricultural production function. I find that farmers located less than 10 kilometers from oil spills suffer a relative reduction in agricultural output of around 2.73%. I also examine alternative mechanisms and find that oil-spill pollution can explain my results. I detect less owner-occupied land and a drop in labor income in urban areas close to oil spills, which could also be explained by a decrease in the labor productivity component. This study highlights an externality through which the oil industry affects living conditions in rural areas and stresses the importance of clean-up in areas close to oil spills. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nav:ecupna:2109&r= |
| By: | Funke, Franziska; Mattauch, Linus; van den Bijgaart, Inge; Godfray, Charles; Hepburn, Cameron; Klenert, David; Springmann, Marco; Treich, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Livestock is known to play a significant role in climate change and to negatively impact global nitrogen cycles and biodiversity. However, economically efficient policies for regulating meat production and consumption are under-researched. In the absence of first-best policy instruments for the livestock sector, second-best consumption taxes on meat can address multiple environmental externalities simultaneously, while improving diet-related public health. Here, we review the empirical basis for the 'social costs of meat' and study rationales for regulatory efforts to tax meat in high-income countries from the perspective of public, behavioural and welfare economics: (i) multiple environmental externalities, (ii) adverse effects on one's own health, (iii) animal welfare, (iv) learning curves for 'alternative protein technologies', and (v) distributional effects. We conclude that meat is significantly underpriced and provide preliminary estimates of the environmental social costs associated with meat consumption. We identify several directions for future research towards optimal meat taxation. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2022-01&r= |
| By: | Eric Jondeau (Swiss Finance Institute; University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute); Benoît Mojon (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Luiz A. Pereira da Silva (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we build portfolios with decreasing carbon footprint, which passive investors can use as new Paris-consistent (PC) benchmarks and have the same risk- adjusted returns as business as usual (BAU) benchmarks. As the distribution of firms' carbon intensity is very skewed, excluding a small fraction of highly polluting firms can massively reduce the carbon footprint of a portfolio of corporate stocks. We identify the worst polluters globally, exclude them from the portfolio, and re- allocate the proceeds so as to keep sectoral and regional exposures similar to those of the business as usual (BAU) benchmark. This approach limits divestment from corporates in Emerging Countries that would result from implementing exclusions and reinvestment without the objective of preserving regional exposures. We show that reducing the carbon footprint of the portfolio by 64% in 10 years would be obtained by excluding sequentially up to 11% of the corporates, which together amount to less than 6% of the global market portfolio. While this reallocation preserves regional and sectoral exposures similar to those of the BAU benchmark, it does not change its risk-adjusted return. We define PC benchmark portfolios at the global level, for Emerging Countries, Europe, North America, and the Pacific. |
| Keywords: | Portfolio carbon footprint, Green and brown assets, Alignment with Paris Agreement |
| JEL: | G11 G24 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2191&r= |
| By: | Leif Jacobs (Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology); Lara Quack (Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology); Mario Mechtel (Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We introduce a new microsimulation model built on household transport data to study the distributional effects of carbon-based fuel taxation of private road transport in Germany. Our data includes annual mileage at the car-level, the distinction between fuel types, as well as car-specific fuel consumption, allowing for a very detailed analysis. The model allows focusing on different types of households as well as identifying effect heterogeneity across the income distribution. We compare the recent fuel tax scheme with three policy reform scenarios to empirically test several hypotheses regarding distributional effects of carbon pricing. We find that the legal status quo of the fuel tax has overall regressive effects, with the tax on petrol acting regressive and the tax on diesel acting progressive. A transformation of the current tax into a revenue-neutral carbon-harmonised fuel tax yields a progressive distributional effect, while an introduction of a new carbon tax on transport fuels is neither learly regressive nor progressive. Combining both tax schemes also has non-regressive effects. Our results suggest that policy makers face various options for pricing road transport greenhouse gas emissions without causing an overall disproportionate tax burden on low-income households. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, fuel tax, distributional effects, road transport, microsimulation, exante impact assessment |
| JEL: | H22 H23 Q48 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:405&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Raufhon Salahodjaev (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the empowerment of women in politics on the environmental sustainability. Using data for the period 2015-2019 from 179 countries, we investigate the link between representation of women in parliament and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). To explore the causal effect, we rely on gender quotas, language intensity and land suitability for agriculture as instruments for the share of women in parliament. Our results suggest that 10 percentage points increase in instrumented proportion of women in parliament leads to 7.1 points increase in the EPI. The results remain robust to a number of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | environmental performance, women in parliament |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/001&r= |
| By: | Miao, Ruiqing; Feng, Hongli; Hennessy, David A.; Arora, Gaurav; Loesch, Charles R. |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the roles of additionality of environmental benefits and spatial spillover effect of grassland conversion in determining the optimal grassland easement acquisitions. The preliminary results indicate that when conversion hazard rate is large then considering additionality and spatial spillover does not secure much additional environmental benefit than does ignoring additionality or spatial spillover. The study further explores the performance of three environmental benefit targeting strategies as well as three heuristic optimization algorithms in terms of securing environmental benefits via easement acquisition. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa22:316531&r= |
| By: | Uri Dadush |
| Abstract: | The EU's proposed carbon border tax is well intentioned. It is motivated by climate concerns, not by protectionism. However, the tax is based on the false premise of carbon leakage, and its implementation is rife with practical difficulties. Moreover, the tax, as proposed, departs from the Paris agreement principle of differentiated responsibilities, and will be challenged by developing countries. The United States is not ready to adopt carbon taxes, either. The WTO, already in a fragile state, may be dealt another body blow by the proposed tax. Better alternatives are available. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb21-21&r= |
| By: | Chishti, Muhammad Zubair; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | The current paper formulates a novel framework to scrutinize the effects of shocks in technological and financial innovation on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) in BRICS economies. The Westerlund cointegration test is applied to confirm the long-run association among the constructs. The estimates of second-generation techniques, viz, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG), determine the following results. First, the positive shocks from financial innovation significantly disrupt the CO2e, while financial innovation's adverse shocks cause to stimulate pollution. Second, positive shocks in technological innovation also plays a pivotal role in mitigating carbon emissions while the negative shocks exhibit no impact. Third, the process of urbanization exhibits a negative linkage with environmental degradation. Fourth, fossil fuel consumption demonstrates a positive association with CO2e. Lastly, the negative correlation between foreign direct investment-CO2e nexus and GDP per capita squared-CO2e nexus assert the existence of EKC hypothesis, respectively. Also, fully-modified OLS is also deployed for country-level analysis. Besides, the causality test validates the findings by confirming the causal relationship among the modeled variables. Based on the study outcomes, this study has recommended an SDG-oriented policy framework. |
| Keywords: | Financial innovation, Technological innovation, CO2e, FDI, urbanization, BRICS |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110943&r= |
| By: | Béatrice Parguel (DRM - MLAB - Dauphine Recherches en Management - MLAB - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Johnson Guillaume (DRM MOST - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article critically reviews how marketing research has investigated green advertising and greenwashing over the past three decades. First, we present how the mainstream literature initially considered green advertising primarily as a branding project, until the greenwashing debate emerged in the 1990s and became the key focus of marketing research on climate change in the late 2000s. Adopting a more critical stance, we then argue that the unanimous and uncritical condemnation of greenwashing in the marketing academic literature actually helps to perpetuate the legitimacy of green advertising, and so prevents challenge to the foundations of the neoliberal agenda. We call this phenomenon the "great green illusion." |
| Abstract: | Cet article interroge de manière critique comment la recherche en marketing a étudié la publicité verte et le greenwashing au cours des trois dernières décennies. Si la littérature mainstream a d'abord considéré la publicité verte comme participant des opérations de branding des marques et des organisations, le débat sur le greenwashing, apparu dans les années 1990, est devenu central à la fin des années 2000 dans les travaux conduits en marketing sur le changement climatique. Adoptant une posture plus critique, nous soutenons que la condamnation aussi rapide qu'unanime du greenwashing sert, en réalité, à préserver la légitimité de la publicité verte et à éviter de questionner les fondements de l'agenda néolibéral. Elle participe ainsi de ce que nous qualifions de « grande illusion verte. » |
| Keywords: | green advertising,greenwashing,CSR,regulation,self-regulation,neoliberalism |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03425494&r= |
| By: | Elvis Dze Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of women’s socioeconomic empowerment on environmental sustainability in Africa over the 1996-2019 period. Results of the system Generalised method of Moments (GMM) estimator reveal that women’s socioeconomic empowerment is environment enhancing. Moreover, the findings reveal that the environmental impact of women’s socioeconomic empowerment is modulated through GDP per capita and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), leading to respective net effects of 0.002055 and 0.003478. These positive net effects are offset beyond respective threshold values of 9.513889 and 9.611398. These thresholds of GDP and FDI are critical for complementary policies relating to the link between women empowerment and environmental sustainability. Consequently, for women empowerment to effectively contribute to environmental sustainability in Africa, various governments, either through individual or concerted efforts should endeavour to create enabling business environments capable of attracting substantial FDI necessary to propel sustainable growth. Moreover, the nexus is not linear and hence, governments should also be aware of critical levels of FDI and GDP per capita at which, complementary policies are needed for women’s socioeconomic empowerment to maintain a positive influence on environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Women empowerment, Environmental sustainability, Ecofeminism, Africa |
| JEL: | B54 J16 O55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/003&r= |
| By: | Ben Youssef, Slim |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the relationships between renewable energy consumption, net energy imports, military expenditures, arms exports, gross domestic product, and carbon dioxide emissions by using annual data about the USA during the period 1980-2016. The autoregressive distributed lag approach and the vector error correction model are used. Long-run unidirectional causalities are running from all considered variables to net energy imports and arms exports. We show that arms exports have a positive long-run effect on both renewable energy consumption and on net energy imports. Military expenditures have a positive long-term effect on renewable energy consumption, but they have a negative long-term effect on net energy imports. We recommend that the United States should prefer to export sophisticated weapons to its allies rather than intervene directly and militarily in the event it should secure its supply of imported fossil fuels; we also recommend increasing the R&D budget of the US Department of Defense allocated to innovations in renewable energies. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; net energy imports; arms exports; military expenditures; autoregressive distributed lag; USA. |
| JEL: | C32 H56 O51 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110959&r= |
| By: | Ian M. Trotter; Torjus F. Bolkesj{\o}; Eirik O. J{\aa}stad; Jon Gustav Kirkerud |
| Abstract: | Weather is one of the main drivers of both the power demand and supply, especially in the Nordic region which is characterized by high heating needs and a high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, ambitious decarbonization plans may cause power to replace fossil fuels for heating in the Nordic region, at the same time as large wind power expansions are expected, resulting in even greater exposure to weather risk. In this study, we quantify the increase in weather risk resulting from replacing fossil fuels with power for heating in the Nordic region, at the same time as variable renewable generation expands. First, we calibrate statistical weather-driven power consumption models for each of the countries Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Then, we modify the weather sensitivity of the models to simulate different levels of heating electrification, and use 300 simulated weather years to investigate how differing weather conditions impact power consumption at each electrification level. The results show that full replacement of fossil fuels by power for heating in 2040 leads to an increase in annual consumption of 155 TWh (30%) compared to a business-as-usual scenario during an average weather year, but a 178 TWh (34%) increase during a one-in-twenty weather year. However, the increase in the peak consumption is greater: around 50% for a normal weather year, and 70% for a one-in-twenty weather year. Furthermore, wind and solar generation contribute little during the consumption peaks. The increased weather sensitivity caused by heating electrification causes greater total load, but also causes a significant increase in inter-annual, seasonal, and intra-seasonal variations. We conclude that heating electrification must be accompanied by an increase in power system flexibility to ensure a stable and secure power supply. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.02893&r= |
| By: | Nikos Tsakiris; Panos Hatzipanayotou (Athens University of Economics and Business); Michael S. Michael |
| Abstract: | In a model of two large asymmetric countries, we examine the effectiveness of the non-cooperative setting of tradable emission permits in reducing global pollution, under different rules of international taxation of capital earnings. Our key result is that, under certain conditions, the lowest Nash equilibrium level of global pollution is achieved when the policy-mix combines internationally, rather than nationally, tradable emission permits and either capital-tax exemptions or capital-tax credits. |
| Keywords: | Emission Permits, Cross-border Pollution, Capital Tax Competition, Capital Tax Rules |
| JEL: | F18 F21 H21 |
| Date: | 2022–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2201&r= |
| By: | Nawab Khan (Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan , China); Ram L. Ray (Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, USA); Hazem S. Kassem (Saud University, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia); Muhammad Ihtisham (Wuhan, China); Abdullah (Rawalpindi, Pakistan); Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Stephen Ansah (Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China); Shemei Zhang (Sichuan Agricultural University,Sichuan , China) |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies. |
| Keywords: | mobile phone usage; propensity score matching; difference-in-difference; inorganic fertilizer usage; human capital; sustainable development; Afghanistan |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/066&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between the 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates CO2 emission in Africa. This result is robust across different types of infrastructural development indexes. When the indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting governance and trade openness with the different infrastructural development variables, the following results are obtained. Firstly, infrastructural development interacts with governance producing a positive net effect, up to a governance threshold estimate of 0.532 when the positive net effect is nullified. Secondly, infrastructures interact with trade openness producing a negative net effect up to a trade openness threshold of 78.066914 (% of GDP) when the negative net effect is nullified. Positive and negative synergy effects are also apparent. Practical policy implications are discussed based on the results obtained. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructures, CO2, trade openness, governance, Africa, System GMM |
| JEL: | N67 N77 C23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/062&r= |
| By: | Rosenberg, Andrew B.; Pratt, Bryan; Arnold, David |
| Abstract: | The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is the largest agricultural land retirement program in the United States, with the General Signup competitive auction accounting for about one-half of enrolled acreage. In this study, we assess the land use impacts of the CRP, identifying the land uses that could have been retired had rejected offers in the 2016 General Signup instead been accepted. We also compare information from proposed offers with land use decisions after offers were rejected to determine the costs that the program would have to pay to avoid these land uses. In the immediate years after the Signup that we examine, 47 percent of acreage in fields with a rejected offer was planted in crops for grain, while 14 percent was planted in crops for forage, and 10 percent was used for grazing. We find that the fraction of land in each use is relatively consistent across a range of Environmental Benefits Index (EBI) scores. Further, we find that the cost effectiveness of retiring grain and other productive agricultural uses is relatively constant across a large range of EBI scores but is lower for the lowest scoring offers. Finally, we find that program land use impacts vary significantly across states and depend on prior enrollment status. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa22:316533&r= |
| By: | François Libois (Paris School of Economics and INRAE, France); Jean-Marie Baland; Nicolas Delbart; Subhrendu Pattanayak |
| Abstract: | Since 1993, Nepal implemented one of the most ambitious and comprehensive program of decentralization of forest management in the world, widely considered as a success story in terms of participatory management of natural resources. Using quasi-experimental methods, we first quantify the net gains in tree cover related to the program in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal and describe their temporal evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms driving forest restoration, highlighting that while community forestry played a role in increasing forest biomass and forest size, it also reduced demand pressures by altering energy choices. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:defipp:2106&r= |
| By: | Elodie Letort (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fanny Le Gloux (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with the environmental performance of labeling strategies promoting an agricultural commodity characterised by the joint and complementary provision of an environmental public good and a private characteristic such as health benefits. In a theoretical analysis, we explore different market settings with an eco-label, health label, or a label promoting both health and the environment to see how the degree of information given to homogeneous consumers on the public and private characteristics affects public good provision. We show that when consumers only have access to partial information on one of the two complementary characteristics (eco-label or health label), public good provision is higher through a health label in most situations. An eco-label leads to higher provision in a small market if consumers' preferences for the environment are higher than for health. We prove that in most situations, public good provision increases when the label promotes both characteristics rather than one (full information). The extent of this increase depends on consumers' preferences and the market size. The public good remains underprovided in all market settings from the perspective of a social planner. However, under certain conditions, a health label and a health and environment label lead to the optimal provision of public good from the perspective of an environmental agency. |
| Keywords: | environmental services,joint production,market differentiation,impure public good model |
| Date: | 2021–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03338427&r= |
| By: | Nikos Tsakiris; Panos Hatzipanayotou; Michael S. Michael |
| Abstract: | In a model of two large asymmetric countries, we examine the effectiveness of the non-cooperative setting of tradable emission permits in reducing global pollution, under different rules of international taxation of capital earnings. Our key result is that, under certain conditions, the lowest Nash equilibrium level of global pollution is achieved when the policy-mix combines internationally, rather than nationally, tradable emission permits and either capital-tax exemptions or capital-tax credits. |
| Keywords: | Emission Permits; Cross-border Pollution; Capital Tax Competition; Capital Tax Rules |
| JEL: | F18 F21 H21 |
| Date: | 2022–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucy:cypeua:01-2022&r= |
| By: | Jorrit Gosens; Alex Turnbull; Frank Jotzo |
| Abstract: | China aims for net-zero carbon emissions by 2060, and an emissions peak before 2030. This will reduce its consumption of coal for power generation and steel making. Simultaneously, China aims for improved energy security, primarily with expanded domestic coal production and transport infrastructure. Here, we analyze effects of both these pressures on seaborne coal imports, with a purpose-built model of China's coal production, transport, and consumption system with installation-level geospatial and technical detail. This represents a 1000-fold increase in granularity versus earlier models, allowing representation of aspects that have previously been obscured. We find that reduced Chinese coal consumption affects seaborne imports much more strongly than domestic supply. Recent expansions of rail and port capacity, which reduce costs of getting domestic coal to Southern coastal provinces, will further reduce demand for seaborne thermal coal and amplify the effect of decarbonisation on coal imports. Seaborne coking coal imports are also likely to fall, because of expanded supply of cheap and high quality coking coal from neighbouring Mongolia. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.06357&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of ICT on sustainable development and the mechanisms through which the effect is modulated. The methodology involves the: (i) Fixed Effects estimator to control for individual heterogeneity, (ii) Driscoll and Kraay estimator to control for cross-section dependence between panels, (iii) the Mean Group estimator to take into account the averages between panel groups, (iv) the system GMM to correct for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity bias and (v) the instrumental variable Fixed Effects Tobit to take in to account the limited range in our dependent variable. The results show that ICT has a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. Whereas overall net effects are positive, the findings are contingent on the choice of the ICT measurement, the geographical location of the economy and the income group category. The study recommends policy makers to take into account ICT and the advantages it offers in the elaboration of measures for the sustainable development agenda |
| Keywords: | ICT; Sustainable development; panel data; trade openness; foreign direct investments |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/061&r= |
| By: | Elodie Letort (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fanny Le Gloux (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03338439&r= |
| By: | Roberto Esposti (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali - Universita' Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the non-monetary motivations of farmers' adoption of agro-environmental policies. Unlike the monetary (income) motivations, non-monetary drivers can not be directly observed but can be identified from observational data within appropriate quasiexperimental designs. A theoretical justification of farmers' choices is firstly formulated and a consequent natural experiment setting is derived. This latter admits heterogeneous, i.e. Individual, Treatment Effects (ITE) that, in turn, can be interpreted in terms of more targeted and tailored policy expenditure. A Causal Forest (CF) approach is adopted to estimate these ITEs for both the treated and not treated units. The approach is applied to two balanced panel samples of Italian FADN farms observed over the 2008-2018 period. Results show how heterogeneous the farmers' response and the associated non-monetary motivations can be, thus pointing to space for a more efficient policy design. |
| Keywords: | Agro-Environmental Policy, Common Agricultural Policy, Behavioural Motivations, Individual Treatment Effects, Causal Forests. |
| JEL: | C21 Q15 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:459&r= |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes the use of structural modeling for the evaluation of ecosystem-based practices (e.g. biological control of crop pests) on the basis of data collected at the scale of the agricultural plot. In the first part, we present the analytical approach used - structural modeling by partial least squares. In the second part, we present the field of study and the data considered in this work. In the third part, we present and discuss the results from the implementation of the Partial Least Squares - Path Modeling (PLS-PM) approach. Finally, we conclude on the validation of this approach and the prospects for its possible extension. |
| Abstract: | Este artículo propone el uso de la modelización estructural para la evaluación de prácticas basadas en los ecosistemas (por ejemplo, el control biológico de las plagas de los cultivos) a partir de datos recogidos a nivel de parcela agrícola. En la primera parte, presentamos el enfoque analítico utilizado: la modelización estructural por mínimos cuadrados parciales. En la segunda parte, presentamos el campo de estudio y los datos considerados en este trabajo. En la tercera parte, presentamos y discutimos los resultados de la aplicación del enfoque de modelización de trayectorias por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-PM). Por último, concluimos con la validación de este enfoque y las perspectivas de su posible ampliación. |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose l'utilisation de la modélisation structurelle pour l'évaluation de pratiques basées sur les écosystèmes (par exemple, la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs des cultures) sur la base de données collectées à l'échelle de la parcelle agricole. Dans la première partie, nous présentons l'approche analytique utilisée - modélisation structurelle par moindres carrés partiels. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons le champ d'étude et les données considérées dans ce travail. Dans la troisième partie, nous présentons et discutons les résultats de la mise en œuvre de l'approche de modélisation des chemins par moindres carrés partiels (PLS-PM). Enfin, nous concluons sur la validation de cette approche et les perspectives de son éventuelle extension. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem-based practices,structural modeling,partial least squares,plot scale,biological pest,specific costs,gross margin |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03423076&r= |
| By: | Edmond Noubissi (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Loudi Njoya (University of Dschang, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between gender and the environment. There are indeed very few studies on this topic, and existing studies have not yet investigated the channels through which women's presence in parliaments affects the environment. We use a stochastic impact model extended to the population, wealth and technology regression model to estimate both the effect and transmission of women parliamentarians on the environment in 25 African countries from 2000 to 2016. The empirical results show that the presence of women in parliament contributes to the improvement of environmental quality in Africa. In addition, the mediation analysis reveals that women parliamentarians not only have a direct positive effect on the environment but also a positive indirect effect through their impact on per capita income, corruption and development assistance. To enhance the positive effects of women parliamentarians on the environment, governments should design policies to encourage women to participate in economic activities, integrate anti-corruption programmes and participate in the management of development assistance. |
| Keywords: | Women's parliamentary, environmental quality, African countries |
| JEL: | F63 F64 J16 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/100&r= |
| By: | Al-Amin, A.K.M. Abdullah; Lowenberg-DeBoer, James; Franklin, Kit; Behrendt, Karl |
| Abstract: | Research shows that smaller field size favours biodiversity and it is hypothesized that autonomous arable crop equipment would make it possible to farm small fields profitably. To test this hypothesis algorithms were developed for machine time over a range of field sizes. The Hands Free Hectare (HFH) linear programming model was used to assess the economic implications of field sizes. The study considered rectangular fields in the West Midlands from 1 to 100 ha farmed with tractor sizes of 38 hp, 150 hp and 296 hp. Results showed that field times (hours/hectare) were longer for small fields with equipment of all sizes and types, but field size had the least impact for small equipment. The results showed that autonomous equipment reduces costs on farms with fields of all sizes. If temporary labour is available, conventional farms with small fields use the smaller equipment, but the extra hiring increases wheat production costs by £30-£40/ton over costs on farms with autonomous equipment. The larger 150 hp and 296 hp tractors were not profitable on the farms with small fields. The economic viability of autonomous equipment irrespective of field sizes shows that it could facilitate biodiversity gains and environment schemes, such as Environmental land management schemes (ELMS) in the United Kingdom and Agri-environment schemes (AES) in the European Union and elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316595&r= |
| By: | Pagano, Marco; Wagner, Christian; Zechner, Josef |
| Abstract: | Using the pandemic as a laboratory, we show that asset markets assign a time- varying price to firms' disaster risk exposure. In 2020 the cross-section of realized and expected stock returns reflected firms' different exposure to the pandemic, as measured by their vulnerability to social distancing. Realized and expected return differentials initially widened and then narrowed, but disaster exposure still commanded a risk premium in December 2020. When inferred from market outcomes, resilience correlates not only with social distancing, but also with cash and environmental ratings. However, vulnerability to social distancing is the only characteristic that identifies persistently scarred firms. |
| Keywords: | asset pricing,rare disasters,social distance,resilience,pandemics |
| JEL: | G01 G11 G12 G13 G14 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:673&r= |
| By: | Herve Parmentier (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jazmín Argüello (IXXI - Institut Rhône-Alpin des systèmes complexes - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Luc Merchez (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ioan Negrutiu (IXXI - Institut Rhône-Alpin des systèmes complexes - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03430949&r= |
| By: | Maria Inês Severino (IMAP - Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris (UMR 8004 / FRE2000) - Département de Chimie - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - ESPCI Paris - Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa); Effrosyni Gkaniatsou (IMAP - Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris (UMR 8004 / FRE2000) - Département de Chimie - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - ESPCI Paris - Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Farid Nouar (IMAP - Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris (UMR 8004 / FRE2000) - Département de Chimie - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - ESPCI Paris - Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Moisés Pinto (ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa); Christian Serre (IMAP - Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris (UMR 8004 / FRE2000) - Département de Chimie - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - ESPCI Paris - Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The potential of safe and low-cost batch production processes for Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) at an industrial scale has been evaluated based on the prototypical MOF MIL-160(Al), a bio-derived material of high practical interest that can be made with a high space-time yield using green ambient pressure conditions. A simple method to calculate the production cost of this material has been determined based on a simulated process constructed with the data collected from laboratory pilot largescale tests taking into account for the first time in MOF cost evaluation all the process parameters such as the scale, the cost of the raw materials, recirculation, and washing. The investment for a production plant established the ground for the estimation of the complete cost. The expected cost ranged from ca. 55 $ per kg at 100 tons per year down to 29.5 $ per kg for 1 kton per year production with longer term perspectives of reaching costs below 10 $ per kg once the bio-derived ligand is considered for the large-scale production of bioplastics. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03429537&r= |
| By: | Singh, Dheeraj; Chaudhary, M.K.; Kumar, Chandan; Kudi, B.R.; Dudi, Aishwarya |
| Abstract: | Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.), is a perennial shrub dominating the agro-ecosystem of Pali district of Rajasthan, India, which is priced for its leaves which have natural dying properties. From ancient times, Henna has been employed as a cosmetic dye for hair, skin and nails and it has acquired a particular significance in Islamic culture. It is dryland shrub which can tolerate extreme dry and high temperature conditions and survives well on problematic soils with high pH and saline water where other crops cannot be grown. The development of Henna cultivation and processing in Pali, Rajasthan, is a blend of indigenous knowledge and people's innovations. Presently Henna cultivation in the region is under 40,000 hectares which is the largest area under this crop at single location and it is purely rainfed with no use of fertilizers or pesticides. In this crop generally, no fertilizers and plant protection measures are used and a single leaf cutting is taken every year under the rainfed conditions and two cuttings where water is available. Under rainfed conditions for a dense planting the dried leaf yield in the first year is about 250 kg ha-1 while over the second, third and fourth years the yield normally ranges from 500 to 2,500 kg ha-1. The crop starts generating returns from its second year onwards, which continues for 20 years while incurring only maintenance costs in the form of hoeing, weeding and harvesting. By following these measures, on average they produce 15-20 quintal dry Henna leaves ha-1 from their barren fields. The financial analysis indicated that Henna farming due to its high quality at Pali is a profitable and attractive option for farmers livelihoods. Sustainable income from Henna benefits the farmers of the district as it can tolerate high salinity, drought and incidences of pest and diseases. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316599&r= |
| By: | Graham Beattie; Iza Ding; Andrea La Nauze |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence of an energy efficiency gap in China. Using an incentivized field experiment, we document that providing information to consumers on the energy costs of lightbulbs significantly affects their willingness to pay for energy efficient bulbs. Unlike previous literature, we do not find evidence that this gap is driven by biased beliefs. Further our experimental design allows us to rule out that changes in willingness to pay are driven purely by the salience of the monetary or environmental costs of lightbulbs. We argue that the results are consistent with consumers being risk averse and uncertain about the benefits of more energy efficient appliances. |
| Keywords: | energy-efficiency, lightbulbs, information experiment |
| JEL: | Q40 H23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9435&r= |
| By: | Alt, Marius; Gallier, Carlo; Kesternich, Martin; Sturm, Bodo |
| Abstract: | Bei der 26. UN-Klimakonferenz in Glasgow geht es um die Umsetzung der Ziele aus dem Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die schrittweise Zielerhöhung der einzelnen Länder, die sich anschließend in konkreten Klimaschutzbeiträgen widerspiegeln sollen. Der vorliegende ZEW Policy Brief erläutert diesen Prozess und erklärt, warum eine schrittweise Verschärfung der nationalstaatlichen Ziele allein nicht ausreichen wird, um den Klimawandel deutlich abzuschwächen. Aus ökonomischer Sicht ist die Gründung eines Klimaklubs zu empfehlen, in dem ein CO2-Preis Anreize zur Emissionsvermeidung setzt. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:92021&r= |
| By: | Elodie Letort (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fanny Le Gloux (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03338416&r= |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel; Zafar, Wasif; Saleem, Muhammad Mansoor |
| Abstract: | Energy poverty is a critical policymaking problem in the world, while the outlined solutions in academic and policy literature talks about the solutions, without addressing the possible cause of the problem. The interaction between labor and energy market might pave a way to address the issue. Within the context of energy poverty, this interaction might turn out to be a major roadblock in the way to attain the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From this perspective, this study aims at analyzing the constituents of inequality in access to energy, and in that pursuit, it has employed Kaya-Theil Decomposition method. The study is carried out at the global level over the period of 1990-2019. The study outcomes demonstrate all the inequality components to be rising during the study period. Presence of a possible feedback loop in the association might create the Vicious Circle of Energy Poverty around the globe. This study contributes to the literature by addressing the demand-side dimension of the energy poverty issue, while using the Kaya-Theil Decomposition method as an estimator of demand-side factors. Based on the study outcomes, a policy framework has been recommended, and it is aimed at helping the nations to achieve the objectives of SDG 7, SDG 8, and SDG 10. |
| Keywords: | Energy poverty; Energy intensity; Labor productivity; Labor force participation; Theil index |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111061&r= |
| By: | Pejman Bahramian (Department of Economics, Queen's University) |
| Abstract: | The Province of Ontario has had a very aggressive program of introducing wind electricity generation technologies into its generation supply mix. This program, combined with the rigid baseload production by nuclear and hydro plants, has created a surplus baseload electricity supply for 20 years. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) has been suggested as an economically viable technology for storing energy produced by non-dispatchable wind energy sources. In this vein, an analytical framework has been developed to explore the feasibility of the PHS facility to manage the surplus supply of electricity and compare its cost performance with the alternative gas power plants. The analysis is undertaken for a situation where the PHS plant uses surplus energy for the first 20 years of its operation, and additional wind energy would be provided for the second 20 years of the project’s life. It is found that given the level of capital costs of building PHS in Ontario, the PHS expansion is not economically cost-effective to utilize the projected off-peak surpluses. The economic analysis also illustrates that in the context of Ontario, the integration of PHS with wind power generation will have a negative impact on the Canadian economy in all circumstances. This loss is borne mainly by the electricity consumers of Ontario. Even considering the cost of GHG emissions from a world perspective, this investment is not worthwhile. It would be better socially from the perspective of the world if the surplus baseload electricity from Ontario would be given away to the US free of charge. It could then be used to reduce generation by natural gas plants in the USA, hence reducing GHG emissions globally, without any incremental cost to Canada. |
| Keywords: | economic analysis, electricity, pumped hydro storage, wind power |
| JEL: | O55 D61 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1478&r= |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marie Laporte (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sabine Duvaleix (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Elodie Letort (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03338454&r= |
| By: | Peter Asare-Nuamah (UESD, Somanya, Ghana); Anthony Amoah (UESD, Somanya, Ghana); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study complements the extant literature by assessing the role of governance dynamics in food security in Ghana for the period 1980-2019. The empirical evidence is based on the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) technique and governance is categorized into: political (entailing political stability and voice & accountability), economic (consisting of regulatory quality and government effectiveness) and institutional (entailing corruption-control and the rule of law) governance dynamics. The study finds that the engaged governance dynamics improve food security in Ghana. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on the sustainable development goals. |
| Keywords: | Governance; Vulnerability; Food security; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | I38 Q12 R20 O20 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/090&r= |
| By: | Peter Asare-Nuamah (UESD, Somanya, Ghana); Anthony Amoah (UESD, Somanya, Ghana); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study complements the extant literature by assessing the role of governance dynamics in food security in Ghana for the period 1980-2019. The empirical evidence is based on the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) technique and governance is categorized into: political (entailing political stability and voice & accountability), economic (consisting of regulatory quality and government effectiveness) and institutional (entailing corruption-control and the rule of law) governance dynamics. The study finds that the engaged governance dynamics improve food security in Ghana. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on the sustainable development goals. |
| Keywords: | Governance; Vulnerability; Food security; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | I38 Q12 R20 O20 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/090&r= |
| By: | Steuer, Sebastian; Tröger, Tobias |
| Abstract: | Die BaFin hat im August 2021 eine Richtlinie für nachhaltige Investmentvermögen vorgelegt. Diese soll regeln, unter welchen Voraussetzungen ein Fonds als "nachhaltig", "grün" o.ä. bezeichnet und vermarktet werden darf. Zwar sind aufsichtsrechtliche Maßnahmen, die darauf abzielen, die Qualität von Informationen zu Nachhaltigkeitscharakteristika von Finanzprodukten zu erhöhen, grundsätzlich zu begrüßen. Der Erlass der konsultierten Richtlinie ist jedoch nicht zu befürworten. Im Lichte der einschlägigen unionsrechtlichen Regelwerke und Initiativen ist unklar, welchen informationellen Mehrwert diese rein nationale Maßnahme schaffen soll. Ferner bleibt auf Grundlage des Entwurfs unklar, anhand welcher Maßstäbe die "Nachhaltigkeit" eines Investmentvermögens beurteilt werden soll, sodass das primäre Regelungsziel einer verbesserten Anlegerinformation nicht erreicht würde. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Finance,Regulierung,Nachhaltigkeit,Offenlegungspflichten,BaFin |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safepl:93&r= |
| By: | Schmidt, Lorenz; Odening, Martin; Ritter, Matthias |
| Abstract: | Weather is a pivotal factor for crop production as it is highly volatile and can hardly be controlled by farm management practices. Since there is a tendency towards increased weather extremes in the future, understanding the weather-related yield factors becomes increasingly important not only for yield prediction, but also for the design of insurance products that mitigate financial losses for farmers, but suffer from considerable basis risk. In this study, an artificial neural network is set up and calibrated to a rich set of farm-level yield data in Germany covering the period from 2003 to 2018. A nonlinear regression model, which uses rainfall, temperature, and soil moisture as explanatory variables for yield deviations, serves as a benchmark. The empirical application reveals that the gain in forecasting precision by using machine learning techniques compared with traditional estimation approaches is substantial and that the use of regionalized models and disaggregated high-resolution weather data improve the performance of artificial neural networks. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:316598&r= |
| By: | Schmidt, Lorenz; Odening, Martin; Ritter, Matthias |
| Abstract: | Weather is a pivotal factor for crop production as it is highly volatile and can hardly be controlled by farm management practices. Since there is a tendency towards increased weather extremes in the future, understanding the weather-related yield factors becomes increasingly important not only for yield prediction, but also for the design of insurance products that mitigate financial losses for farmers, but suffer from considerable basis risk. In this study, an artificial neural network is set up and calibrated to a rich set of farm-level yield data in Germany covering the period from 2003 to 2018. A nonlinear regression model, which uses rainfall, temperature, and soil moisture as explanatory variables for yield deviations, serves as a benchmark. The empirical application reveals that the gain in forecasting precision by using machine learning techniques compared with traditional estimation approaches is substantial and that the use of regionalized models and disaggregated high-resolution weather data improve the performance of artificial neural networks. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:316598&r= |
| By: | M Goujon (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-François Hoarau (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion) |
| Date: | 2021–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03471422&r= |
| By: | Hlongwane, Nyiko Worship; Daw, Olebogeng David |
| Abstract: | This study examines the challenges and opportunities of electricity generation from coal on growth of South African economy. The study utilizes the available annual time series data collected from secondary sources (World Bank) spanning for the period from 1971 to 2015. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and an Error Correction Model (ECM) to analyse the challenges and opportunities of coal-fired electricity generation on growth South African economy. Statistical results from revealed a positive statistically insignificant short run and positive statistically significant long run relationship between electricity generated from coal and economic growth in South Africa. Renewable electricity generation also contribute positively to economic growth both in the short and long run period. The policy implication from this study is that the policy makers need to acknowledge the positive contribution of coal-fired electricity generation, revise policies on decommissioning of these powerplants, implement policies that encourage coal-fired electricity generation in a way that is environmentally friendly and increase investment in renewable electricity generation to boosts economic growth in South Africa. |
| Keywords: | Electricity generation, Economic growth, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)Model, Renewable electricity, South Africa |
| JEL: | C1 C29 P19 Q43 |
| Date: | 2021–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110963&r= |
| By: | Wadjamsse Djezou; Vincent Koffi; Eric Aba; Martine Audibert (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Cet article a pour objectif d'analyser l'effet de la gouvernance des pesticides sur les pratiques phytosanitaires dans le maraîchage urbain en Côte d'Ivoire. Deux approches sont mobilisées. Une approche documentaire qui recense la législation, la réglementation et les acteurs en présence et une approche empirique basée sur l'économétrie des variables qualitatives. Un modèle, logit binaire, a été appliqué aux données recueillies auprès de 421 producteurs dans la ville de Bouaké. Il ressort des analyses que la plupart des maraîchers ne sont pas associés à la gestion des pesticides. Par conséquent, leur faible niveau de connaissance, à la fois en matière de réglementation des pesticides et de pesticides homologués, a un impact significatif et négatif sur leurs pratiques agricoles. Toutefois, l'encadrement de ces producteurs améliore les pratiques en matière d'usage des produits homologués et d'épandage rationnel des pesticides. Ainsi, une politique d'encadrement et d'implication effective des maraîchers à la gestion des pesticides constitue un premier pas pour une bonne utilisation des pesticides en Côte d'Ivoire. |
| Keywords: | Gouvernance,Pratiques phytosanitaires,Pesticides homologués,Maraichage,Cote d'ivoire |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03466992&r= |
| By: | Louis Balzer (Universit\'e Gustave Eiffel, ENTPE); Ludovic Leclercq (Universit\'e Gustave Eiffel, ENTPE) |
| Abstract: | The literature about tradable credit schemes (TCS) as a demand management system alleviating congestion flourished in the past decade. Most proposed formulations are based on static models and thus do not account for the congestion dynamics. This paper considers elastic demand and implements a TCS to foster modal shift by restricting the number of cars allowed in the network over the day. A trip-based Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) model represents the traffic dynamics at the whole urban scale. We assume the users have different OD pairs and choose between driving their car or riding the transit following a logit model. We aim to compute the modal shares and credit price at equilibrium under TCS. The travel times are linearized with respect to the modal shares to improve the convergence. We then present a method to find the credit charge minimizing the total travel time alone or combined with the carbon emission. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a typical demand profile from 7:00 to 10:00 for Lyon Metropolis. We show that traffic dynamics and trip heterogeneity matter when deriving the modal equilibrium under a TCS. A method is described to compute the linearization of the travel times and compared against a classical descend method (MSA). The proposed linearization is a promising tool to circumvent the complexity of the implicit formulation of the trip-based MFD. Under an optimized TCS, the total travel time decreases by 17% and the carbon emission by 45% by increasing the PT share by 24 points. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.07277&r= |
| By: | Miriam Juárez-Torres; Jonathan Puigvert |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the effects of tropical cyclones on the economic activity of establishments in the manufacturing and service sectors in Mexico. The analysis relies on panel data that combines establishment-level economic activity with municipal-level exposure to tropical cyclones on a monthly basis to estimate an augmented distributed lag model. Results show that, after a tropical cyclone, the average manufacturing establishment experiences a short-term and small negative effect on production growth. For establishments in the service sector, the effect is small and negative on revenue growth, while positive, higher in magnitude, and more persistent on growth of operative expenditures. The disaggregated data allows for the analysis of the heterogeneity of the effects between manufacturing and services sectors. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q51 L60 O12 O14 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2021-24&r= |
| By: | Maximilien Germain (EDF R&D OSIRIS - Optimisation, Simulation, Risque et Statistiques pour les Marchés de l’Energie - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF, EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF, EDF - EDF, LPSM (UMR_8001) - Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistiques et Modélisations - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris); Huyên Pham (LPSM (UMR_8001) - Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistiques et Modélisations - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FiME Lab - Laboratoire de Finance des Marchés d'Energie - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF - CREST - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Xavier Warin (EDF R&D OSIRIS - Optimisation, Simulation, Risque et Statistiques pour les Marchés de l’Energie - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF, EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF, EDF - EDF, FiME Lab - Laboratoire de Finance des Marchés d'Energie - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF - CREST - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | We consider the control of McKean-Vlasov dynamics (or mean-field control) with probabilistic state constraints. We rely on a level-set approach which provides a representation of the constrained problem in terms of an unconstrained one with exact penalization and running maximum or integral cost. The method is then extended to the common noise setting. Our work extends (Bokanowski, Picarelli, and Zidani, SIAM J. Control Optim. 54.5 (2016), pp. 2568–2593) and (Bokanowski, Picarelli, and Zidani, Appl. Math. Optim. 71 (2015), pp. 125–163) to a mean-field setting. The reformulation as an unconstrained problem is particularly suitable for the numerical resolution of the problem, that is achieved from an extension of a machine learning algorithm from (Carmona, Laurière, arXiv:1908.01613 to appear in Ann. Appl. Prob., 2019). A first application concerns the storage of renewable electricity in the presence of mean-field price impact and another one focuses on a mean-variance portfolio selection problem with probabilistic constraints on the wealth. We also illustrate our approach for a direct numerical resolution of the primal Markowitz continuous-time problem without relying on duality. |
| Keywords: | mean-field control,state constraints,neural networks |
| Date: | 2021–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03498263&r= |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marie Laporte (Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sabine Duvaleix (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Dupraz (Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Elodie Letort (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03338468&r= |