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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒01‒03
fifty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Lehmann, Ina; Siebert, Michael; Högl, Maximilian; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina |
| Abstract: | The ocean is vital for life on earth and yet it is under serious threat from climate change and resource overexploitation. Environmental change in the ocean significantly undermines human livelihoods, especially in the developing and least developed countries where people are particularly vulnerable to climate change-related losses and damages. This Briefing Paper outlines challenges that people, development cooperation and policy face and suggests ways forward for sustainable ocean governance through sustainable resource use, comprehensive risk management and enhanced climate action. Life in the ocean is threatened in various ways by human activities. Climate change, as one severe consequence, leads to ocean warming and ocean acidification putting complex ecosystems and their sensitive species in danger. Such climatic impacts are exacerbated by pollution, especially plastic, and the overharvesting of many marine species. As a result of the confluence of these developments, many local coastal communities lose their livelihoods. At the same time, climate change increasingly threatens coasts through sea level rise, salinisation and growing frequencies of extreme weather events, such as floods and storms. This puts the 2.6 billion people living at or near the coasts at high risk; low-altitude small islands are expected to become uninhabitable within the next decades if current global warming trajectories continue. Furthermore, the ocean contributes to climate change mitigation because marine ecosystems absorb CO2. In response to these challenges, there is a need for sustained awareness raising on the importance of the ocean for development as well as for the need of enhanced international cooperation for joint action. Conscious politics, substantial action and financial resources are needed at multiple levels of governance, from empowering local stakeholders to developing locally sound solutions to political guidance through national and international policy-making processes. From a development policy angle, this Briefing Paper specifically suggests that current climate and biodiversity policy processes pay enhanced attention to the ocean under climate change, pollution and overexploitation stress. This should be guided by the overarching vision of a sustainable blue economy. More concrete reform needs are a stronger focus on responsible stakeholder inclusion at all levels in ocean governance in general, ranging from individual households to communities, private sector and governments; expansion of marine protected areas and promotion of marine and coastal nature-based solutions to complement sustainable blue economies while ensuring their inclusive and rights-based governance; support for sustainable small-scale fisheries and promotion of eco-friendly mariculture and aquaculture; expansion of the reach of the UNFCCC's Nairobi Work Programme and the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (WIM) to oceans and coasts; and support for radical decarbonisation pathways and a carbon-neutral blue economy. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:222021&r= |
| By: | von Gnechten, Rachel; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; van der Bliek, Julie; Yu, Winston (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Keywords: | Water productivity; Water scarcity; Agricultural water use; Water allocation; Water accounting; Sustainable Development Goals; Water resources; Water management; Groundwater; Irrigation efficiency; Climate change; Water policies; Policy making; Farmers; Case studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:conprc:h050554&r= |
| By: | Kim, Wongi (Sungshin Women's University) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the dynamic effects of climate change on within-country income inequality. Using panel data of 17 APEC member economies, I estimate impulse responses via the local projection method. Temperature and precipitation shocks, defined as deviations of temperature and precipitation from their historical norms, are also exploited to measure country-specific climate change. The empirical results reveal the following. First, temperature and precipitation shocks deteriorate income inequality measured by the Gini index; these effects are long-lasting. Moreover, asymmetric effects exist: heatwaves and droughts more significantly increase income inequality than coldwaves and floods. Lastly, current redistribution policies do not seem to effectively mitigate those adverse effects. I also discuss implications of carbon pricing/tax and environmental taxes related to income inequality. |
| Keywords: | APEC; climate change; income inequality; redistribution policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepas:2021_002&r= |
| By: | Florian Bourgey (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bloomberg L.P. Quantitative Finance Research - Bloomberg L.P.); Emmanuel Gobet (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ying Jiao (ISFA - Institut de Science Financière et d'Assurances) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of transition risk on a firm's low-carbon production. As the world is facing global climate changes, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has set the idealized carbon-neutral scenario around 2050. In the meantime, many carbon reduction scenarios, known as Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) have been proposed in the literature for different production sectors in more comprehensive socioeconomic context. In this paper, we consider, on the one hand, a firm that aims to optimize its emission level under the double objectives of maximizing its production profit and respecting the emission mitigation scenarios. Solving the penalized optimization problem provides the optimal emission according to a given SSP benchmark. On the other hand, such transitions affect the firm's credit risk. We model the default time by using the structural default approach. We are particularly concerned with how the adopted strategies by following different SSPs scenarios may influence the firm's default probability. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk,transition risk,credit risk,Shared Socioeconomic Pathways,carbon emission reduction,optimal production profit |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03458299&r= |
| By: | Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO); Angela Köppl |
| Abstract: | A comprehensive restructuring of economies and a massive increase of investments in climate-friendly technologies, infrastructures, and R&D is needed for reaching the Paris targets. The EU has launched a process for greening the financial sector emphasising the need for new instruments and financial market regulation for aligning investments to sustainability. This chapter summarises research on two topics: firstly, what are the main political strategies, especially at EU level, to support green finance, and secondly, which are the key supporting factors, barriers and actors for an upscaling of green investments? To assess the relevance of green finance in the financial market and climate policy (with focus on Austria) an expert survey was conducted. It delivers insights on promising policies and strategies for fostering the growth of green finance. Conclusions can be drawn on instruments (like carbon pricing) that should be integrated in post-COVID-19 stimulus packages to ensure a Paris-aligned recovery. |
| Keywords: | Green finance, EU sustainable finance strategy, survey data, low-carbon transition, green recovery |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2021:i:640&r= |
| By: | Liebich, Lena; Nöh, Lukas; Rutkowski, Felix Joachim; Schwarz, Milena |
| Abstract: | In light of its recently completed strategy review, the ECB has presented a climate action plan, which schedules the consideration of climate criteria within the corporate sector purchase program (CSPP). We study the potential role of the ECB in supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy by decarbonizing the CSPP. We demonstrate that the carbon intensity of CSPP purchases is basically determined by three factors: First, by the CSPP-eligibility criteria as these tend to exclude bonds from low-emission sectors. Second, by the underlying structure of the bond market as this tends to be skewed towards carbon-intensive sectors. Third, among the eligible bonds, the ECB tends to select those from relatively emission-intensive sectors. Consequently, to decarbonize the CSPP, the ECB can theoretically act along these three lines. That is: Adjust the CSPP-eligibility criteria to expand the range of eligible low-carbon assets. Revise the principle of market neutrality to tilt the CSPP portfolio towards low-carbon companies. Or purchase so far neglected low-carbon bonds within the current eligibility and market neutrality framework. We analyze chances and discuss risks with regard to all three options. As we find that all approaches to decarbonize the CSPP have either very limited effects on the carbon intensity of the CSPP portfolio or are associated with significant theoretical and practical concerns, we conclude that the contributions to the success of an active green monetary policy that goes beyond the principle of market neutrality are not guaranteed, while at the same time risks arise for a monetary policy oriented towards price level stability. In contrast, by linking the CSPP to climate-related disclosures, the ECB can contribute to increased transparency and improved risk management and has an important and potentially climate-effective lever in hand that is independent of revising the principle of market neutrality. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:svrwwp:052021&r= |
| By: | Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jorge A. Bonilla (ULA - Universidad de Los Andes [Venezuela]) |
| Abstract: | We contribute to the literature on air pollution and health by assessing an additional channel, the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on health. Currently, there is a vast literature on the effects of urban pollution on health. Our research, unlike other studies, jointly investigates the effects of pollution, ENSO and local weather on health. On the one hand, ENSO manifests itself as an extreme climatic shock that follows certain seasonality and influences weather. It may also have an impact on floods, droughts and agriculture inducing changes in food markets or a loss of household income, which also affect health. On the other hand, health outcomes are affected by other factors which follow separate mechanisms to the previous ones. Therefore, pollutant impacts on health may be interpreted as separate effects from other shocks mediated through ENSO. Using a database from 1998 to 2015 on air quality and vital statistics for Bogotá, and ENSO information, we find that across several specifications, ENSO affects birth weight and the probability of low birth weight after separating pollution and classical local weather impacts. Interestingly, the effect on birth weight of ENSO are several times larger than the impacts of pollution. Being exposed to ENSO may decrease birth weight up to 1.3%, while an increase of 1 ppb of SO2 or 1 µg/m3 of PM25 might reduce birth weight up to 0.3% or 0.14%, respectively. From a policy point of view, these results are relevant because regardless of the measure of pollution that we employ, the amount of the impacts exhibited by climatic shocks via ENSO events dominate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Health,ENSO Index,El Niño,La Niña,weather,Pollution,Bogotá |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03429482&r= |
| By: | Kai A. Konrad; Kjell Erik Lommerud |
| Abstract: | A central issue that is discussed in climate policy is the fear of owners of stocks of fossil hydrocarbon deposits that high CO2 taxes and bans on the combustion use of hydrocarbons will turn their stocks into stranded assets. They might react by extracting and selling their reserves today: a rush to burn results. We show how the stranded-asset problem could be avoided or strongly moderated. We analyze a simple intertemporal equilibrium with a given stock of fossil hydrocarbons. In this framework the following properties hold: For a climate-neutral solution to the rush-to-burn problem it is important to maintain existing and generate new markets for climate-neutral products from fossil hydrocarbons in the future. We give examples for such products. Subsidies for such products (or for their innovation) reduce the rush-to-burn problem. In contrast, the creation of substitutes for fossil hydrocarbon-based climate-neutral products, or subsidies for such products reduce the market for products made from fossil hydrocarbons. This can aggravate the stranded-assets problem and thus can have a climate-damaging effect. |
| Keywords: | green paradox, rush to burn, catalytic pyrolysis, hydrocarbons, plastics |
| JEL: | Q54 Q35 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2021-09&r= |
| By: | Aude Pommeret (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Francesco Ricci (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy generation and storage requires specialized capital goods, embedding critical raw materials (CRM). The scarcity of CRM therefore affects the transition from a fossil based energy system to one based on renewables, necessary to cope with climate change. We consider the issue in a theoretical model, where we allow for a very costly potential substitute, reflecting a backstop technology, and for partial and costly recycling of materials in capital goods. We characterize the main features of the efficient energy transition, and their dependence on the relative abundance of CRM and on the recycling technology. Recycling reduces the cost of the transition. It also calls for having a large stock of recyclable CRM embedded in specialized capital at the time of adoption of the backstop technology. Moreover, we consider constraints on policy tools and myopic regulation, and show how abstracting from the scarcity of CRM, or tightly linking subsidies for renewables to the carbon tax revenue, is misleading in designing climate policy. |
| Keywords: | material scarcity,recycling,energy transition,policy acceptability,myopia |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03429055&r= |
| By: | Daniel Francisco NAGAO MENEZES (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) (Brazil)); Leandro PEREIRA MORAIS (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) (Brazil)) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research was to analyze the tender exemption for selective waste collection by associations and cooperatives formed by low-income people with a view to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which was proclaimed in the 2030 Agenda. As a result, it was discovered that 13 of the 17 SDGs advocated in the 2030 Agenda can be positively affected by the exemption from bidding, especially because they will foster collective organizations, generating reflections on the lives of low-income people who may be involved in those activities. In addition, it was observed that the implementation of this local sustainable development policy creates challenges such as: the interests of local and regional elites, the absence of a balanced environmental development policy and the inability of environmental management, as well as social and economic problems in the institutionalization cycle of these cooperatives and workers associations. |
| Keywords: | Offer exemption, 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2106&r= |
| By: | 市川, 類; Ichikawa, Tagui |
| Abstract: | 近年、2050年までのカーボンニュートラルの実現は、世界的な最重要関心事項であり 、世界各国においては、その実現のために、成長戦略の一環として、グリーンイノベーシ ョンの推進に取り組んでいる。一般的に、カーボンニュートラルの実現については、多く の困難があることは理解されつつも、イノベーション推進によるその実現への期待は高く 、また、その実現可能性は完全には否定できない。しかしながら、そのカーボンニュート ラルのイノベーションによる実現については、過去の事例を踏まえると社会への普及まで 含めてどの程度の時間を要するのか、再生可能エネルギーの導入普及以外にどのような技 術システムのイノベーションが必要なのか、また、これらのイノベーションを経済成長に つなげるにはどうするかなどといった、イノベーションによる実現可能性やその理論から みた政策の方向については、これまで必ずしも十分に議論はなされていない。このような 問題意識のもと、本ワーキングペーパーにおいては、2050年までのカーボンニュート ラルの実現に向けて、これまでのエネルギー分野とそのシステムにおけるイノベーション に係る歴史と、将来のカーボンニュートラル型エネルギーシステムとのその実現に向けた イノベーションとその政策のあり方の両面から考察を行うことにより、イノベーションに よる実現可能な範囲の輪郭を捉え、その政策の方向を提示することを目的とする。具体的 には、過去のイノベーションによるエネルギーシステム改革の歴史からみると、カーボン ニュートラル実現には過去に前例がない急速でのシステム転換が求められること、近年の 日本を含む先進国でのCO2排出量の減少はエネルギー消費と経済成長とのデカップリン グの進展が大きな要因であり、そのカーボンニュートラルの実現には特に発展途上では大 きな困難があること、日本においても近年再エネの進展は進みつつあるが産業政策的には 必ずしも成功しなかったこと、また、今後再生可能エネルギーの普及拡大のみではカーボ ンニュートラルの実現は困難であり、供給安定性及び供給可能性（エネルギー安全保障） の観点から、システム自体の抜本的な改革とそのための多様な技術のイノベーションをセ ットで推進することが喫緊の課題であること、そのためには、蓄電・水素システムについ て物理化学的視点からの技術的な可能性を見極めるとともに、デジタル技術による全く新 たな分散型調整システムの設計が不可欠であることなどについて考察する。その上で、カ ーボンニュートラル型のエネルギーシステムの特徴を指摘した上で、カーボンニュートラ ルを実現するためのイノベーション政策としては、環境規制として位置付けに加え、長期 的な目標の社会的共有という特徴を踏まえて、バランスの取れたイノベーション政策の構 築の必要性であること、また、経済成長における汎用技術としてのエネルギー技術の位置 付けとその歴史を踏まえると、カーボンニュートラルの実現だけでは必ずしも経済成長は 見込まれず、デジタルイノベーションなどとの連携の下で取り組むことが必要であること などを論点として提示する。 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:iirwps:21-04&r= |
| By: | Jee, Su Jung; Srivastav, Sugandha |
| Abstract: | Do clean technologies learn from their dirty counterparts? Using patents granted by USPTO from 1976 to 2020, we evaluate the "intellectual distance" between clean and dirty technologies. Our measure of intellectual distance is intuitively similar to "degrees of separation" where 1 indicates that a clean patent directly cites a prior dirty patent, and 2 indicates that there is an intermediary technology. We find that less than one-tenth of clean patents directly cite prior dirty art. Since citations are a proxy for learning, this implies that for the most part, leveraging dirty knowledge to pivot into clean sectors is not straightforward. However, there is a high degree of heterogeneity. Some clean technologies such as geothermal energy, carbon capture and storage, and offshore wind learn significantly from dirty technologies, due to shared knowhow related to drilling, pollution-control and operating out at sea. Our analysis identifies "clean adjacent sectors" that build upon dirty knowledge inputs, which could be plausible diversification options for dirty firms. |
| Keywords: | Green Transition, Intellectual Distance, Clean Technology, Dirty Technology, Intellectual Carbon Lock-in |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2021-22&r= |
| By: | Li, Minghao; Zhang, Wendong |
| Abstract: | US-China trade relations have implications for global nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses, and increasing blue water demand. The case shows that trade policy analysis needs to integrate environmental considerations. |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202108120700001837&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (Rennes School of Business); Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble INP, GAEL, 38000 Grenoble, France.); Salvatore Federico (Università degli Studi di Genova, Dipartimento di Economia.); Fausto Gozzi (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, LUISS Guido Carli, Roma.) |
| Abstract: | This work targets the class of spatiotemporal problems with free riding under natural (pollution, epidemics...etc) diffusion and spatial externalities. Such a class brings to study a family of differential games in continuous time and space. In the fundamental pollution free riding problem we develop a strategy to solve completely the associated game contributing to the associated debate on environmental federalism. We depart from the preexisting literature in several respects. First, instead of assuming ad hoc pollution diffusion schemes across space, we consider a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for pollution (diffusion and advection). Second, we tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games instead of static games in the related literature. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is infinite. Third, we allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states while the literature assumes identical states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game under decentralization and fully characterize the resulting long-term spatial distributions. In particular, we prove that there exist a Perfect Markov Equilibrium, unique among the class of the a‑ne feedbacks. We further provide with full exploration of the free riding problem, reflected in the so-called border effects. Finally, we explore how geographic discrepancies (the most elementary being the asymmetry of players) affect the shape of the border effects. We check in particular that our model is consistent with the set of stylized facts put forward by the related empirical literature. |
| Keywords: | Spatial externalities, spatial diffusion, differential games in continuous time and space, infinite dimensional optimal control problems, environmental federalism |
| JEL: | Q53 R12 O13 C72 C61 O44 |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2021028&r= |
| By: | Matthew Sharp |
| Abstract: | The effects of environmental regulation on labour demand has received significant attention, though research has almost entirely been conducted in developed countries. The aggressive development strategy pursued by Vietnam, through reforms such as the Doi Moi, has been associated with poor environmental performance. Since 1994, Vietnam has pursued detailed Environmental Plans aimed at reducing emissions and pollution by firms and has introduced numerous laws which have implications for all Vietnamese businesses. This dissertation examines changes in employment resulting from treatment of environmental factors as mandated by regulation among micro, small, and medium manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam, using unbalanced firm-level panel data from the 2011, 2013, and 2015 rounds of the UNU-Wider Vietnam SME survey. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), two-stage-least squares (2SLS), fixed-effects, and fixed-effects-2SLS models are estimated to recover effects of treatment of environmental factors on labour demand. OLS and fixed-effect models show small positive effects. Once instrumental variables and fixed effects are used to control for endogeneity, results still indicate that there are no large negative effects on employment from treatment of environmental factors. These results are consistent with existing evidence from developed countries that environmental regulation does not lead to large reductions in employment by regulated firms. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2021-02&r= |
| By: | Pedro Naso; Tania Theoduloz; Nicholas Tyack; Dambala Gelo; Mare Sarr; Timothy Swanson |
| Abstract: | We run an experiment in five countries with 7,132 participants to study how information on the contribution of others influences contributions to climate change mitigation. Participants receive artificially generated information on the average contribution of others, on the ranking of contributions and endowments of others, and on others’ nationalities. We show that (i) participants from developed countries free ride on the average of others, whereas participants from developing countries follow the lead of the majority; (ii) information on the ranking of contributions increases participants’ contributions as compared to information on the average of others; and (iii) participants dislike to be in the first and last position of the contribution ranking. Our results suggest that a country’s contribution to climate change mitigation can be promoted by using information on the contributions of other countries. |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_72&r= |
| By: | Pauline Lecole (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The small farm sector in France has been rapidly changing in the last decade. Case studies and statistical work indicate that a fringe of small farms are developing a business model radically different from conventional agriculture, based on more sustainable production systems and mobilizing innovative ways to create value added at farm level. Can this type of farm foreshadow a new model of agriculture, both economically viable and environmentally sustainable? Should it be better supported by agricultural policies? To respond to these questions, this article compares the economic and environmental performance of small French farms relatively to the performance of medium and large farms. Our analysis is based on 2018 data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and we use the small farm definition provided by the French farm union "Confédération Paysanne", which defends small-scale peasantry agriculture. Our results show that 55 % of small farms display greater environmental performance than the median environmental performance of the overall farm sector. Our central finding is that 13 % of small farms are both more environmentally and economically performant, in comparison to all farms. These environmentally and economically farms are run by younger farmers, mostly women. They are mostly organic and generate sufficient income per worker to ensure their short-term economic viability. However, subsidies from the Common agricultural policy (CAP) remain indispensable. A rebalancing of the allocation of CAP support, according to the number of workers, could help to ensure their long-term viability and would contribute to a performant small-holding innovative model of agriculture.. |
| Abstract: | On assiste au renouvellement des petites exploitations agricoles. De plus en plus d'études de cas et travaux statistiques montrent qu'aujourd'hui certaines petites exploitations françaises s'inscrivent dans un modèle innovant et performant. Cet article compare les performances économiques et environnementales des petites exploitations, définies d'après les critères de la Confédération Paysanne, avec celles des moyennes et grandes exploitations du RICA. On montre que 55 % d'entre elles sont relativement plus performantes sur le volet environnement que l'ensemble des exploitations. 13 % sont même doublement performantes. Elles sont dirigées par de jeunes chefs, majoritairement des femmes, souvent en agriculture biologique, et dégagent un revenu par actif suffisant pour se maintenir. Les aides de la PAC sont cependant indispensables. Un rééquilibrage des aides par actif pourrait assurer la viabilité des petites exploitations à long terme, et contribuer à développer un modèle de petites exploitations innovantes et performantes.. |
| Keywords: | economic performance,environmental performance,FADN,small farms,petites exploitations agricoles,performance économique,performance environnementale |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03440213&r= |
| By: | Chen, Chen-Ti |
| Abstract: | United States’ animal agriculture experienced dramatic structural changes over the last three decades. As technology advances, the industry has featured the growing prevalence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that can keep animals in confined spaces and feed them at a lower cost than historical practices. Higher productivity and lower operating costs also help the U.S. livestock sector enhance its competitiveness in international markets. However, concentrated feeding also concentrates pollution externalities. Manure, a byproduct of CAFOs, contains high nutrient contents and is a major source of water pollution. In addition, recent trade disputes have created significant challenges for U.S. livestock producers.This dissertation contains three essays studying these two pressing issues confronting U.S. animal agriculture: (1) the environmental externalities from industrialized animal farms and the effectiveness of environmental regulations on CAFOs; and (2) the competitiveness of the U.S. livestock sector in the international markets.Chapters 1 and 2 provide the general introduction to the dissertation, and the background on environmental regulations in U.S. animal agriculture and the development of the industry.Chapters 3 and 4 together examine the effectiveness of the Clean Water Act (CWA) regulations, administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), on CAFOs. In 2003, EPA significantly increased the stringency of its CWA regulations of animal operations above a certain size threshold, and thus designated as CAFOs. However, empirical evidence has documented that such size-based regulations incentivize operations to downsize to the regulatory threshold to avoid compliance, raising concerns about the effectiveness of the regulations.Chapter 3 proposes a theoretical framework adapted from Garicano et al. (2016) to study the effects of size-based CWA regulations on CAFOs. The model highlights an important adverse consequence of size-based regulations: less productive operations may be better off reducing their operational sizes to legally avoid compliance obligations. Downsizing leads to output losses that increase in compliance costs. This result suggests that both the cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits of the CAFO regulations may be overestimated by the EPA.Chapter 4 empirically investigates whether water quality around CAFOs has improved since the EPA updated the regulations in 2003. Using data from Iowa, the chapter studies water quality impacts of the CWA updates on CAFOs. Estimates show that ammonia-nitrogen concentration, a key surface water pollutant from animal agriculture, downstream of a hog CAFO decreases 4 to 6 percentage points on average after the regulation updates. The effects are the largest during high precipitation months, providing suggestive evidence the regulations reduce onsite spillage and over-application of manure to nearby fields.Chapter 5 shifts the focus to trade issues in the U.S. livestock industry. The chapter examines the long-run impacts of trade shocks on U.S. beef competitiveness, using the export bans imposed on U.S. beef exports following the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in December 2003 in the U.S. Results show that the U.S.’s comparative advantage in beef has not recovered to its pre-outbreak level, and that the U.S. would have maintained its comparative advantage had the BSE event not occurred. This study sheds light on the implications of recent trade disputes for U.S. farmers.Chapter 6 summarizes the previous sections and discusses future research moving forward. |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202101010800009480&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Rutgers University [Newark] - Rutgers - Rutgers University System); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health); Marc Fleurbaey (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (Kiel University); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We find that if all countries adopt the necessary uniform global carbon tax and then return the revenues to their citizens on an equal per capita basis, it will be possible to meet a 2 °C target while also increasing wellbeing, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. These results indicate that it is possible for a society to implement strong climate action without compromising goals for equity and development. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03462781&r= |
| By: | Zeug, Walther; Kluson, Forrest Rafael; Mittelstädt, Nora; Bezama, Alberto; Thrän, Daniela |
| Abstract: | Our current economic systems are transgressing planetary boundaries globally and yet societal needs are not sufficiently and equally fulfilled. Fostering the bioeconomy as an economy based on renewable resources can be a transformation towards a sustainable future, to fulfill societal needs within planetary boundaries. However, sustainability is not intrinsic to the bioeconomy and consequently advanced and comprehensive monitoring systems on a national scale are needed. In the systemic modeling and monitoring of the German bioeconomy (SYMOBIO) a comprehensive national monitoring framework in the context of global dynamics was developed, and a first pilot report of monitoring results was published and presented to the public in June 2020. Stakeholder participation plays a role in informing monitoring from the beginning. Consequently, in this study we aim at evaluating the pilot report and monitoring as well as the general perception of the bioeconomy by an open survey. We collected approximately 100 responses, mainly from the stakeholder group "science". Most stakeholders are moderately satisfied with the monitoring and reporting. However, social aspects of the bioeconomy like hunger, poverty and inequalities are considered to be underrepresented, and the socio-economic perspective is viewed as too narrow. Future monitoring efforts should be oriented more on international agreed frameworks like the SDGs and be comparable to other monitoring systems and levels. Regarding general perceptions of the bioeconomy, a majority of stakeholders have a vision of a socio-ecological transformation, in contrast to German and European strategies which are seen as business-as-usual capitalism using additional renewable resources. Even though most stakeholders see the current development of bioeconomy critically, they consider the future development as open and encourage a sustainable bioeconomy that creates sustainable consumption and production patterns, global responsibility and compliance with planetary boundaries, as well as economic and ecological justice and participation shaping the overall economy. Our analysis underpins previous perspectives from stakeholder workshops and is embedded in increasingly polarizing societal mentalities of transformations. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomy,sustainability,monitoring,stakeholder participation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:82021&r= |
| By: | Hendrik Hakenes (Institute for Financial Economics and Statistics, University of Bonn, ECONtribute, and CEPR); Eva Schliephake (Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Catolica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal) |
| Abstract: | To reduce a negative externality, socially responsible households can invest responsibly (SRI), consume responsibly (SRC), or do both. Which is better? In a closed microeconomic model with intertwined product and capital markets, we analyze how responsible households should use SRI and SRC to maximize their impact. Both strategies reduce the externality as long as investors are risk-averse and the products have no perfect substitutes. Responsible households gain the highest impact when using SRC in equal proportion to SRI. A mere focus on SRC is never efficient. SRI plays a role in any green strategy. The financial performance of green investments is determined by the responsible households' mix between SRI and SRC. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investment (SRI), ethical investment, socially responsible consumption (SRC), sustainable investment, sustainable consumption, green investment, divestment, ESG, SPI |
| JEL: | D16 G30 G23 D62 D64 H44 M14 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:134&r= |
| By: | Sulander, Tytti; Kangasharju, Aki; Kauhanen, Antti; Koski, Heli; Kulvik, Martti; Kuusela, Olli-Pekka; Kuusi, Tero; Lehmus, Markku; Puonti, Päivi; Ropponen, Olli; Valkonen, Tarmo |
| Abstract: | Abstract The third corona year 2022 will not start very brightly as the Omicron variant of COVID-19 continues to spread. However, we are cautiously optimistic about economic development throughout 2022. In Finland, growth will continue, albeit at a slower pace than this year. The most difficult phase of the pandemic is in the early part of the year, but towards the summer, consumption of services will pick up again, and the outlook for the rest of the year is clearly brighter. At the same time, the pressure to pursue a sustainable, growth-friendly and counter-cyclical economic policy in Finland is growing. Globally, the big theme of 2022 economic policy is the return of inflation, which stems from a recovery in demand, large stimulus packages, and a European Green Deal. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Economic policy, Inflation, Fiscal policy, Monetary policy, Climate, Green Deal, Forecast, EU, Euro, Finland, Employment, COVID-19, Pandemic, Omicron |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:103&r= |
| By: | Emanuele Gabriel Margherita (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); Alessio Maria Braccini |
| Abstract: | In this study, we analyse the value creation of Industry 4.0 (I40) technologies in flexible manufacturing (FM) under a sustainability perspective. I40 is a popular strategy that Western manufacturing organizations adopt to face competition from low-cost producers. Organizations adopting I40 use advanced digital technologies to make production processes more flexible and increasingly automated. Several pieces of evidence confirm how I40 leads to higher productivity and higher-quality products, improving the economic performance of organizations. However, increasing automation may also lead to the reduction of human labour in the production process, which may contribute to the disappearance of jobs, the reduction of expertise and the loss of know-how in manufacturing organizations. While the literature acknowledges the technical and economic advantages of I40, the sustainability of the value created through these technologies deserves further investigation. To address the gap, we complement the IT value theory with the concept of sustainability, including the three dimensions of economic, environmental and social sustainability. We perform a multiple case study analysis of four Italian manufacturing organizations that have successfully implemented I40 technologies in FM. The cases show that I40 technologies support sustainable organizational value when they are deployed with a worker-centric approach. In this condition, the organization leverages workforce activities to continuously fine-tune the technologies and to exploit the adaptive features of the technologies to continuously improve processes. |
| Keywords: | flexible manufacturing,Industry 4.0,sustainability,triple bottom line,social sustainability,multiple case study,technology adoption,IT value,sustainable value |
| Date: | 2021–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03442440&r= |
| By: | Takahashi, Ryo (Waseda University, Graduate School of Economics); Otsuka, Keijiro (Kobe University, Institute of Developing Economies); Tilahun, Mesfin (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Birhane, Emiru (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Holden, Stein T. (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we argue that while community forest management is effective in protecting forest resources as argued by Ostrom, it may fail to provide proper incentives to take care of such resources because of collective sharing of benefits of forest management. This study proposes a mixed private and community management system as a desirable arrangement for timber forest management in Ethiopia, which is characterized by communal protection of community-owned forest area and individual management of individually owned trees. By conducting a randomized experiment in Ethiopia, we found that the mixed management system significantly stimulated intensive forest management activities, including pruning, guarding, and watering. Furthermore, the treated members extracted more timber trees and forest products, which are byproducts of tree management (thinned trees and pruned branches). In contrast, the extracted volumes of nontimber forest products unrelated to tree management (fodder and honey) did not change by the intervention. |
| Keywords: | property regimes; individual rights commons; community forest management; RCT |
| JEL: | O13 P48 Q23 Q24 |
| Date: | 2021–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsclt:2021_006&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (Kiel University); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03462773&r= |
| By: | Ashley Pople; Ruth Hill; Stefan Dercon; Ben Brunckhorst |
| Abstract: | In the face of increasing climate volatility and stretched aid budgets, more effective ways to support households in times of crisis are needed. This paper examines the welfare impact of an anticipatory cash transfer provided to households forecasted to experience extreme floods in Bangladesh. Evidence on the impact of a one-off transfer in a disaster are limited, despite the widespread use of such transfers in crises, reflecting more broadly a dearth of evaluations in the humanitarian sector. To assess impact, we exploit administrative constraints experi-enced during the programme roll-out caused by the quick onset of the flood and restrictions on movement as a result of Covid-19, to compare treated households with otherwise comparable households which did not receive the cash transfer. We find that the anticipatory cash transfer was mostly spent on food and water, and that treated households were 36% less likely to go a day without eating during the flood. Three months after the flood, households that had received the transfer reported significantly higher child and adult food consumption and well¬being. They also experienced lower asset loss, engaged in less costly borrowing after the flood, and reported higher earning potential. Our results are robust to alternate control group defi¬nitions and model specifications. These benefits from the anticipatory cash transfer occurred before a traditional humanitarian response would normally arrive, highlighting the benefits of being early. We find that small changes in timing matter: receiving the cash a day earlier resulted in a small and marginally significant increase in welfare. |
| Keywords: | finance and microfinance; climate change; anticipatory humanitarian action |
| JEL: | D12 O12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2021-07&r= |
| By: | Andrea Hauser; Carlos Rosa; Rui Esteves; Alexandra Moura; Carlos Oliveira |
| Abstract: | A complete model to analyse and predict future losses in the property portfolio of an insurance company due to hurricanes is proposed. A novel statistical model, in which weather data is not required, is considered. Climate data may not be reliable, or may be difficult to deal with or to obtain, hence we reconstruct the storm behaviour through the registered claims and respective losses. The model is calibrated using the loss data of the property portfolio of the insurance company Fidelidade, from hurricane Leslie, which hit the center of continental Portugal in October 2018. Several scenarios are simulated and risk maps are built. The simulated scenarios can be used to compute risk premiums per risk class in the portfolio. These can be used to adjust the policy premiums accounting for a storm risk. The risk map of the company also depends on its portfolio, namely its exposure, providing a hurricane risk management tool for the insurance company. |
| Keywords: | Risk; Hurricanes; Property Insurance; Regression Models |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp02092021&r= |
| By: | Treude, Sibylle |
| Abstract: | The article deals with the influence of the European Commission in the field of economic policy in the European Union (EU) since the beginning of the 21st century. Starting from reflections on the guiding idea of supranationality the question arises if and how the Commission has increased its influence on the economic policies of the EU Member States. The role of the EU's long-term strategies like the European Green Deal are analysed by applying the approach of Evolutionary Institutionalism. Has the European Commission induced institutional change and improved its own institutional fitness? Which role does the European Green Deal play in European economic policy? |
| Keywords: | European integration,EU,European economic policy,European Green Deal,European integration theory/approaches,Evolutionary Institutionalism |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hkowis:352022&r= |
| By: | Vanaja, Shiuli |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315156&r= |
| By: | Carlos Benavides; Luis Cifuentes (University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]); Manuel Díaz; Horacio Gilabert; Luis Gonzales; Diego González; David Groves (Rand Corporation); Marcela Jaramillo; Catalina Marinkovic; Luna Menares; Francisco Meza; Edmundo Molina; Marcia Montedónico; Rodrigo Palma; Andrés Pica; Cristian Salas; Rigoberto Torres; Sebastián Vicuña; José Valdés; Adrien Vogt-Schilb |
| Abstract: | Chile busca alcanzar la carbono-neutralidad. Su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) compromete al país a alcanzar cero emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero para 2050 y establece objetivos para que las emisiones se reduzcan progresivamente con el tiempo. Para cumplir con las metas de la NDC, los ministerios sectoriales han considerado un conjunto de medidas, como el cierre de centrales eléctricas de carbón, la promoción de la movilidad eléctrica y el aumento de la cobertura forestal que, en conjunto, podrían reducir las emisiones netas a cero. Este estudio evalúa cómo estas medidas sectoriales se desempeñarían bajo una amplia gama de incertidumbres económicas, ambientales y tecnológicas. Identifca las vulnerabilidades de la estrategia, es decir, bajo qué condiciones las transformaciones sectoriales son insufcientes para lograr cero emisiones netas. Luego, cuantifca opciones para hacer más robustos los planes sectoriales de reducción de emisiones, es decir, para reducir la probabilidad de no lograr los objetivos de la NDC. Las medidas adicionales discutidas incluyen el retiro acelerado de las centrales eléctricas de carbón, el fomento del teletrabajo, el transporte no motorizado, la reducción del consumo de carne de vacuno, el aumento de la forestación, el manejo sostenible de bosques y el incremento de las áreas protegidas. Estas medidas se basan en ideas propuestas por expertos sectoriales durante un proceso participativo. Finalmente, una evaluación macroeconómica encuentra que robustecer lo planes sectoriales para cumplir con la NDC resultaría en una ganancia neta de 0.8% del producto interno bruto (PIB) para 2050, además del 4.4% de ganancia del PIB que los planes actuales traerían comparado con una situación sin NDC. |
| Keywords: | mitigación del cambio climático,descarbonización,toma de decisión robusta,análisis de costo-benefcio,modelo de equilibrio general,emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03410019&r= |
| By: | Stevens, Andrew W. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315304&r= |
| By: | Azusa Osumi (University of Kagoshima); Pierre Gasselin (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to study conditions of the early stage of collective action in the Val Llech project inspired by Biovallée de la Drôme, a territorial approach to ecological transitions. From interviews with key actors regarding their motivations and participation in the project, we examined which parts of their perception of the issues to be addressed in the associations are categorized into convergence, divergence, and contradictions. We subsequently identified how convergence has underpinned Val Llech's early collective action. We further examined the group's strengths and issues to be solved for the stabilization and future development of collective action. |
| Keywords: | Territorial developpement,Sustainable development,Early collective action,Sens commun |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03437296&r= |
| By: | Taron, Avinandan; Drechsel, Pay; Gebrezgabher, Solomie |
| Abstract: | This report examines social equality aspects related to resource recovery through solid waste composting and wastewater irrigation. The report shows that women are represented in greatest numbers at the base of the recycling chain, most often as informal waste pickers and as sorters of recyclables with limited access to resources and upward mobility. Despite a wide gender gap in the solid waste and sanitation sectors, women play a key role in both municipal waste reduction and food safety where irrigation water is unsafe. Analyzing the gender dimension is important for understanding household responses to recycling programs, differences between the formal and informal sectors as well as along the waste-to-resource value chain from collection to treatment and reuse. The report stresses the important role of women in household waste management, including waste segregation, and the power of women-dominated waste picker associations, where the informal sector plays an essential role alongside the formal sector. |
| Keywords: | Resource recovery; Resource management; Water reuse; Gender equity; Social equality; Waste management; Solid wastes; Liquid wastes; Agricultural value chains; Circular economy; Business models; Women's participation; Urban wastes; Household wastes; Faecal sludge; Waste collection; Recycling; Wastewater treatment; Organic wastes; Composting; Wastewater irrigation; Sustainable Development Goals; Health hazards; Sanitation; Community involvement; Social marketing; Entrepreneurs; Farmers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerere:h050720&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Bawa, Dauda; Kamaldeen, Salaudeen O.; Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Hernandez, Manuel A. |
| Abstract: | Modern cooling technologies that utilize renewable energy sources have been increasingly recognized as a promising tool to address a multitude of challenges emerging in progressively complex food systems in developing countries. When provided as cold-storages inside horticulture markets, cooling technologies can potentially contribute to improved quality of products and strengthened vertical linkages. Knowledge gaps about the actual impacts of these technologies in developing countries remain, especially in Africa south of Sahara (SSA). This study partly fills this knowledge gap by providing evidence from the evaluation of recent interventions in northeast Nigeria in which 7 small solar-powered cold-storages were installed across 7 horticulture markets. Combinations of difference-in-difference and variants of propensity-score-based methods suggest that using cold-storages significantly increased horticulture sales volumes and revenues of market-agents. Back-of-the-envelope calculations indicate that increased net revenues for market-agents may be sufficiently large to recoup the investments and operating costs of cold-storages within a reasonable time frame. Using cold-storage also reduced the share of food loss and lengthened the products' shelf-life, while raised prices received by both market-agents and farmers, which were associated with improved product quality, expanded value-adding activities by market-agents, and increased use of advance payments. We find no evidence of negative spillover effects inside horticulture markets. Finally, additional food-science experiments confirm that cold-storages preserve original physical and nutritional qualities of key horticultural products several days longer than products stored under ambient temperature. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; food systems; transformation; markets; solar energy; cold storage; sustainability; horticulture; food quality; food losses; market-agents |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2047&r= |
| By: | Chengxiu Ling; Jiayi Li; Yixuan Liu; Zhiyan Cai |
| Abstract: | Catastrophic losses caused by natural disasters receive a growing concern about the severe rise in magnitude and frequency. The constructions of insurance and financial management scheme become increasingly necessary to diversify the disaster risks. Given the frequency and severity of floods in China, this paper investigates the extreme analysis of flood-related huge losses and extreme precipitations using Peaks-Over-Threshold method and Point Process (PP) model. These findings are further utilized for both designs of flood zoning insurance and flooding catastrophic bond: (1) Using the extrapolation approach in Extreme Value Theory (EVT), the estimated Value-at-Risk (VaR) and conditional VaR (CVaR) are given to determine the cross-regional insurance premium together with the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The flood risk vulnerability and threat are analyzed with both the geography and economic factors into considerations, leading to the three layered premium levels of the 19 flood-prone provinces. (2) To hedge the risk for insurers and reinsurers to the financial market, we design a flooding catastrophe bond with considerate trigger choices and the pricing mechanism to balance the benefits of both reinsurers and investors. To reflect both the market price of catastrophe risk and the low-correlated financial interest risk, we utilize the pricing mechanism of Tang and Yuan (2021) to analyze the pricing sensitivity against the tail risk of the flooding disaster and the distortion magnitude and the market risk through the distortion magnitude involved in Wang's transform. Finally, constructive suggestions and policies are proposed concerning the flood risk warning and prevention. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.00562&r= |
| By: | Philip; Roessler; Peter; Carroll; Flora; Myamba; Cornel; Jahari; Blandina; Kilama; Daniel; Nielson |
| Abstract: | We study the causal impact of reducing the mobile gender gap. Leveraging one of the first large-scale experimental studies on women’s mobile phone ownership, we find that in Tanzania over thirteen months smartphones increased households’ annual consumption per capita by 20% compared to control. Consumption gains operated through women’s control and use of the smartphones. However, treatment effects were attenuated by handset turnover. By endline only 34% in the smartphone condition still possessed their handsets. This highlights the economic benefits of closing the mobile gender gap but also the tenuous nature of productive asset ownership for women in low-income households. |
| Keywords: | finance and microfinance; climate change; anticipatory humanitarian action |
| JEL: | J16 L96 O12 O33 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2021-05&r= |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has clearly highlighted the dangers of an economic globalization that has little respect for environmental standards and is always threatened by the belligerent actions of the great powers in the never-ending race for economic, strategic and political power. In this context, the Thucydides trap of world leadership between the United States and China cannot fail to worry the citizens of the world. At the same time, the threats of "rogue states" and terrorism have not disappeared. What then are the new forms of state power, but also what are the greatest threats shaking the world in the 21st century? Environmental and economic conflicts will be dangerous. The ecological and economic catastrophes (global warming, rare earths, transformation of production methods, excessive inequalities) are underway, close to the tipping point. The liberal economic system is not able to solve it, with the individual interest priority. |
| Keywords: | International security,global warning,inequalities,globalization,state power |
| Date: | 2021–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03420095&r= |
| By: | Amaro, Ignacio Benito |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314995&r= |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the economic impact of severe natural disasters in Africa using the generalized synthetic control method. In other words, it assesses how gross domestic product (GDP) would have been affected if severe natural disasters did not occur. Moreover, it explores the determinants of the destructiveness of the impact, focusing on the role played by capital. We find that severe natural disasters induce a significant and continuous reduction of GDP many years after the event. Indeed, economic losses caused by disasters depend on the level of capital (human capital, employment and capital stock) and aspects of governance quality (political stability and absence of violence). In other words, negative synergies are apparent because while capital stock, employment and human capital unconditionally reduce the macroeconomic impact of natural disasters, the corresponding conditional or interactive effects with political stability are also negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; economic growth; Africa |
| JEL: | Q54 O17 O55 P1 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/094&r= |
| By: | Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Amarnath, Giriraj (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has recently developed an innovative Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) product to facilitate the scaling of flood insurance particularly in vulnerable economies, to provide risk cover to poor farmers against crop losses that occur due to floods. While the product developed is technically very sound, the economics of such an intervention is important to ensure the large-scale acceptance and adoption of the product by different stakeholders and for its sustenance in the long term. This paper attempts at conducting an ex ante assessment of the economics of IBFI from the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: farmers, the insurance company and the government. The paper discusses the methodological challenges and data issues encountered in undertaking an economic analysis of such a product. The issues and processes involved have been empirically demonstrated using a theoretical case study based on a synthesis of information drawn from a host of sources and certain assumptions. Field-based data are now being collected and analyzed from the locations where IBFI has recently been piloted by IWMI. This will help in further refining the process of economic evaluation and identifying the experiences of different stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Economic analysis; Stakeholders; Disaster risk management; Farmers; State intervention; Flood damage; Crop losses; Compensation; Subsidies; Insurance premiums; Cost benefit analysis; Economic viability; Sustainability; Villages; Remote sensing; Datasets; Models; Developing countries; Case studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050736&r= |
| By: | Salim Turdaliev (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I estimate the price elasticity of residential electricity demand using household-level panel data for Russia. The study takes advantage of the variation in tariffs across regions and over time, as well as the introduction of increasing block rate (IBR) tariff schemes in a number of regions. I show that in those regions consumers appear to be aware of the block cut-offs, even though the latter are household and dwelling-specific, to the point that there are a total of 35 different tier cut-offs. Based on these results, I estimate the price elasticity of electricity demand to be around -0.09. I also predict the associated changes in electricity consumption, CO2 emissions, and revenues if similar IBR policies are implemented countrywide. |
| Keywords: | residential electricity demand, transition economy, natural experiment, increasing block rates, attentiveness, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | Q41 Q48 L98 L94 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2021_37&r= |
| By: | Hervé Bercegol (SPEC - UMR3680 - Service de physique de l'état condensé - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Henri Benisty (IOGS - Institut d'Optique Graduate School) |
| Abstract: | Global historical series spanning the last two centuries recently became available for primary energy consumption (PEC) and gross domestic product (GDP). Based on a thorough analysis of the data, we propose a new, simple macroeconomic model whereby physical power is fueling economic power. From 1820 to 1920, the linearity between global PEC and world GDP justifies basic equations where, importantly, PEC incorporates unskilled human labor that consumes and converts energy from food. In a consistent model, both physical capital and human capital are fed by PEC and represent a form of stored energy. In the following century, from 1920 to 2016, GDP grows quicker than PEC. Periods of quasi-linearity of the two variables are separated by distinct jumps, which can be interpreted as radical technology shifts. The GDP to PEC ratio accumulates game-changing innovation, at an average growth rate proportional to PEC. These results seed alternative strategies for modeling and for political management of the climate crisis and the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Energy-GDP nexus,global economy,innovation,historical series,technological revolutions,Energy transition |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cea-03451983&r= |
| By: | OCDE |
| Abstract: | Les lignes directrices du G20 à Rome pour l’avenir du tourisme identifient les principaux problèmes et opportunités de repenser et de remodeler la politique du tourisme en réponse aux impacts de la pandémie de COVID-19. Il présente des lignes directrices pour l’action qui sont éclairées par la nécessité a) de rétablir la confiance et de permettre la reprise, b) de tirer des leçons de l’expérience de la pandémie et c) de donner la priorité à un programme de développement durable pour guider le tourisme futur. Ils s’artiennent autour de sept domaines d’action interdépendants: i) mobilité sûre, ii) gestion des crises; iii) la résilience; iv) l’inclusivité; v) transformation verte; vi) la transition numérique; et vii) l’investissement et l’infrastructure. Les lignes directrices du G20 à Rome ont été approuvées dans le communiqué de Rome de la réunion des ministres du Tourisme du G20 de 2021. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, gestion de crise, inclusion, infrastructures, investissement, mobilité des voyages, pandémie, résilience, tourisme, tourisme durable, transformation verte, transition numérique |
| JEL: | Z38 L83 |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaad:2021/03-fr&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sven Teske (UTS - University of Technology Sydney); Dimitri Pescia (Agora Energiewende); Mentari Pujantoro |
| Abstract: | The wind power sector took off in Vietnam after the feed-in tariff was raised to 8.5 UScents / kWh for onshore projects in 2018. As of March 2021, 113 wind projects with total capacity 6,038MW have signed a power purchase agreement. Most are expected to enter commercial operation before December 2021. We explore here three scenarios for wind power development in Vietnam through 2030. It argues that by 2030 the wind power installed capacity in the New Normal could be around 17 GW onshore and 10 GW offshore. In a Factor Three scenario, offshore wind reaches 21 GW by 2030. This has three policy implications. First, Vietnam's next power development plan provides an important opportunity to increase at low costs the level of ambition of wind power development. Second, flexibility should be the guiding principle of the plan. Third, to realize the large potential of offshore wind power, infrastructure planning has to start soon. |
| Keywords: | Wind energy,Vietnam,scenarios |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03446269&r= |
| By: | Hilbrich, Sören |
| Abstract: | The market for social financial instruments is rapidly growing. The issuance of social bonds, for instance, reached $149.4 billion in 2020, showing an extraordinary growth of 720% compared to 2019 (ADB, 2021, p. 14). By providing capital for certain types of investments associated with positive social impacts, these instruments are intended to close funding gaps that hamper the realisation of social goals, as laid down, for instance, in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In addition, social finance might set incentives for enterprises to engage in more sustainable business models that would give them access to social financial instruments potentially associated with a lower cost of capital. However, the magnitude of the potential contribution to society of social finance is a matter of debate. This paper focuses on an important challenge for social finance that concerns the plurality of existing definitions of social investments. The paper provides an overview of the definitions followed by market participants, describes the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities as a potential standard in this context, and discusses implications for development policy. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:292021&r= |
| By: | François Facchini (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article critiques the goal of zero waste and the legislative and planning instruments implemented to achieve it. It places itself in the perspective opened by Julian Simon and the new economics of resources (NER), which challenges the idea that we should fear the depletion of natural resources (the position of the Club of Rome). It develops three proposals. First of all, he argues that the issue is not so much the volume of waste than its management (1). A small amount of untreated waste is more dangerous than a large amount of well managed. It then reminds us that high-income countries are those that manage their waste best (2). Finally, it supports the idea that waste policy should not be inspired by the reduction of the quantity of waste, but by the rule of responsibility; everyone should be responsible for their waste and bear the costs of its management (3). If these three results were taken into account in the debates, we would probably have public policies that is more respectful of the general interest (4). |
| Abstract: | Cet article questionne l'objectif du zéro déchet et des instruments législatifs et de planification mis en œuvre pour y parvenir. Il se place dans la perspective ouverte par Julian Simon et la nouvelle économique des ressources qui conteste l'idée qu'il faille craindre un épuisement des ressources naturelles (position du club de Rome). Il développe trois propositions. Il soutient, tout d'abord, que l'enjeu est moins le volume des déchets que leur gestion (1). Une petite quantité de déchet non traitée est plus dangereuse qu'une grande quantité de déchets bien gérée. Il rappelle, ensuite, que les pays à hauts revenus sont ceux qui gèrent le mieux leurs déchets (2). Il défend, enfin, l'idée que la politique des déchets ne doit pas être inspirée par la baisse de leur quantité, mais par la règle de la responsabilité ; chacun doit être responsable de ses déchets et en supporter les coûts de gestion (3). Si ces trois résultats étaient pris en compte dans les débats, nous aurions probablement des politiques publiques moins liberticides et plus respectueuses de l'intérêt général (4). |
| Keywords: | déchets, prix, responsabilité, marché |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03456939&r= |
| By: | Ewen Gallic (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Michel Lubrano (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, School of Economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics); Pierre Michel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Two main nonpharmaceutical policy strategies have been used in Europe in response to the COVID-19 epidemic: one aimed at natural herd immunity and the other at avoiding saturation of hospital capacity by crushing the curve. The two strategies lead to different results in terms of the number of lives saved on the one hand and production loss on the other hand. Using a susceptible–infected–recovered–dead model, we investigate and compare these two strategies. As the results are sensitive to the initial reproduction number, we estimate the latter for 10 European countries for each wave from January 2020 till March 2021 using a double sigmoid statistical model and the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker data set. Our results show that Denmark, which opted for crushing the curve, managed to minimize both economic and human losses. Natural herd immunity, sought by Sweden and the Netherlands does not appear to have been a particularly effective strategy, especially for Sweden, both in economic terms and in terms of lives saved. The results are more mixed for other countries, but with no evident trade-off between deaths and production losses. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03430705&r= |
| By: | Jennifer Balch; Katherine Curtis; Jack DeWaard; Elizabeth Fussell; Kathryn McConnell; Kobie Price; Lise St. Denis; Stephan Whitaker |
| Abstract: | The scale of wildfire destruction has grown exponentially in recent years, destroying nearly 25,000 buildings in the United States during 2018 alone. However, there is still limited research exploring how wildfires affect migration patterns and household finances. In this study, we evaluate the effects of wildfire destruction on in-migration and out-migration probability at the Census tract level in the United States from 1999 to 2018. We then shift to the individual level and examine changes in homeownership, consumer credit usage, and financial distress among people whose neighborhood suffered damaging fires. We pair quarterly observations from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York/Equifax Consumer Credit Panel with building destruction counts from the US National Incident Management System/Incident Command System database of wildfire events. Our findings show significantly heightened out-migration probability among tracts that experienced the most destructive wildfires, but no effect on in-migration probability. Among the consumer credit measures, we find a significant drop in homeownership among those treated by major fires. This is concentrated in people over the age of 60. Measures of credit distress, including delinquencies, bankruptcies, and foreclosures, improve rather than deteriorate after the fire, but the changes are not statistically significant. While wildfire effects on migration and borrowing are measurable, they are not yet as large as those observed following other natural disasters such as hurricanes. |
| Keywords: | Wildfire; Migration; Consumer Credit |
| JEL: | D12 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2021–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:93562&r= |
| By: | Seewald, Eva |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315004&r= |
| By: | Jana Cahlíková; Lubomir Cingl; KateÅ™ina Chadimová; Miroslav ZajíÄ ek |
| Keywords: | tax compliance; natural experiment; deterrence; simplicity; QR code |
| JEL: | C91 C93 D02 H24 H26 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2021-12&r= |
| By: | Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Amarnath, Giriraj |
| Abstract: | The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has recently developed an innovative Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) product to facilitate the scaling of flood insurance particularly in vulnerable economies, to provide risk cover to poor farmers against crop losses that occur due to floods. While the product developed is technically very sound, the economics of such an intervention is important to ensure the large-scale acceptance and adoption of the product by different stakeholders and for its sustenance in the long term. This paper attempts at conducting an ex ante assessment of the economics of IBFI from the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: farmers, the insurance company and the government. The paper discusses the methodological challenges and data issues encountered in undertaking an economic analysis of such a product. The issues and processes involved have been empirically demonstrated using a theoretical case study based on a synthesis of information drawn from a host of sources and certain assumptions. Field-based data are now being collected and analyzed from the locations where IBFI has recently been piloted by IWMI. This will help in further refining the process of economic evaluation and identifying the experiences of different stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmwpb:316618&r= |