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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Zhu, Yichen; Ghoshray, Atanu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315271&r= |
| By: | Oleg Badunenko (Brunel University); Marzio Galeotti (University of Milan); Lester C. Hunt (University of Portsmouth) |
| Abstract: | The standard approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) holds that as a country develops and GDP per capita grows environmental degradation initially increases but eventually it reaches a turning point where environmental degradation begins to decline. Environmental degradation takes many forms, one of them being emissions of harmful gases. According to the EKC concept, a country can reduce emissions by ‘growing’. The standard approach implicitly assumes that a country emits as little as possible for its economic development, whereas in reality, a country might emit above the best attainable level of emissions. Therefore, emissions could be reduced before and after the turning point by becoming more environmentally efficient – i.e., ‘improving’ the emissions level. This article proposes a Stochastic Environmental Kuznets Frontier (SEKF) which is estimated for CO2 emissions for OECD countries and used to benchmark each country before and after the turning point differently, thus, indicating how a country could ‘grow’ and/or ‘improve’ to reduce its CO2 emissions. Additionally, we analyse the role of the stringency of environmental policies in reducing a country’s carbon inefficiency measured by the distance from the benchmark EKC and find widespread carbon inefficiencies that could be reduced by more stringent market-based environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | Environment and growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve, CO2 emissions, Panel data, OECD countries, Stochastic frontier approach, Stochastic Environmental Kuznets Frontier, Environmental Policy Stringency |
| JEL: | O44 Q56 Q54 C13 C33 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.28&r= |
| By: | Ms. Deniz O Igan; Mr. Divya Kirti; Dalya Elmalt |
| Abstract: | As climate change looms larger, many look to sustainable investing that incorporates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns as part of the way forward. To assess scope for ESG-conscious investing to achieve climate change goals, we explore the link between emissions growth and ESG scores using firm-level data for the largest emitters around the world. Discouragingly, our analysis uncovers at best a weak relationship: firms with better ESG scores do display somewhat slower emissions growth but this link is substantially attenuated and no longer statistically significant if we limit attention to within-country or within-firm variation. Our findings suggest limited scope for sustainable investing strategies conditioned solely on ESG indicators to meaningfully help mitigate climate change and, more broadly, underscore the need to continue to build consensus towards effective economy-wide policies to address climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change goal; ESG score; emissions growth; ESG indicator; climate change mitigation; Corporate social responsibility; Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate finance; Global |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/112&r= |
| By: | Anu Rangarajan; Tulika Narayan |
| Abstract: | Agricultural technologies can contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. This brief describes a decision support tool that quantifies and monetizes such impacts to inform scale-up of innovative technologies that deliver “win–win†agricultural and environmental outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Greenhouse gas emissions, Sustainable agriculture, West Africa |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:c81f7f0beed9445585eb24d0778d24c1&r= |
| By: | Kevin T. Smiley; Ilan Noy; Michael Wehner; Dave Frame; Christopher Sampson; Oliver E. Wing |
| Abstract: | Climate change is already increasing the severity of extreme weather events such as with rainfall during hurricanes. But no research to date investigates if, and to what extent, there are social inequalities in current climate change-attributed flood impacts. Here, we use climate change attribution science paired with hydrological flood models to estimate climate change-attributed flood depths and damages during Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas. We then combine this information with detailed land-parcel and census tract socio-economic data to describe the socio-spatial characteristics of these climate change-induced impacts. Our findings show that 30 to 50% of the flooded properties would not have flooded without climate change. These climate change-attributed impacts were particularly felt in Latinx neighborhoods, and especially so in Latinx neighborhoods that were low-income and among those located outside of FEMA’s 100-year floodplain (and therefore less likely to be insured). An important implication is the need to focus on pressing climate justice challenges that not only concern future climate change-induced risks, but are already affecting vulnerable populations disproportionately now. |
| Keywords: | Hurricane Harvey, attribution, climate change, poverty, flood insurance |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9412&r= |
| By: | Gözlügöl, Alperen A. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the highest-ranking issues on the political and social agenda. Vulnerabilities of the world ecosystem laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential damage for the human and business life made the need for urgent action clear once again. Corporations are one of the main actors that will play a major role in the decarbonisation of the economy. They need to put forward a net zero strategy and targets, transitioning to net-zero by 2050. Yet, an important but rather overlooked stakeholder group in the sustainability debates can pose a significant stumbling block in this transition: employees. Although climate action has huge benefits by ameliorating adverse environmental events and is expected to have overall positive impact on employment, net zero transition in companies, especially in certain sectors and regions, will cause substantial adverse employment effects for the workforce. This has the potential to slow down or even derail the necessary climate action in companies. In this regard, just transition is a promising concept, which calls for a swift and decisive climate action in corporations while taking account of and mitigating adverse effects for their workforce. If well implemented, it can accelerate net zero transition in companies. This potential clash of environmental (E) and social (S) aspects of ESG agenda, materialised in the companies' net zero transition, and its potential remedy, just transition, have important implications for corporate governance and finance, especially for directors' duties & executive remuneration, sustainability disclosures, institutional investors' engagement and green finance. |
| Keywords: | climate change,sustainability,ESG,employees,workforce,net zero transition,corporate governance,institutional investors,green finance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:325&r= |
| By: | Takayoshi Kato; Mikaela Rambali; Victor Blanco-Gonzalez |
| Abstract: | Mountainous areas are at the forefront of climate change. This working paper presents approaches to strengthening the resilience of human and natural systems in mountainous areas against the impacts of climate change. Chapter 1 provides an overview of climate-related hazards to ecosystems and communities in mountainous areas, especially in developing countries, and their exposure and vulnerability to those hazards. The chapter then examines various ways governments and development co‑operation providers can strengthen the climate resilience of mountain communities and ecosystems. Chapter 2 presents the case of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 Q54 R11 F63 F64 |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:104-en&r= |
| By: | Onil Banerjee (Inter-American Development Bank); Martin Cicowiez (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP); Marcia Macedo (Woodwell Climate Research Centre, Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM)); Žiga Malek (Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)); Peter Verburg (Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)); Sean Goodwin (Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM)); Renato Vargas (CHW Research); Ludmila Rattis (Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM)); Paulo M. Brando (University of California); Michael T. Coe (Universit´e Paris-Dauphine); Christopher Neill (Woodwell Climate Research Centre); Octavio Damiani (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEM+ESM). This paper’s main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation. |
| JEL: | C68 Q5 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0292&r= |
| By: | Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Frédéric Reynés (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Gissela Landa (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Meriem Hamdi‑cherif; Aurélien Saussay (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | In response to the COVID-19 health crisis, the French government has imposed drastic lockdown measures for a period of 55 days. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the economic and environmental impacts of these measures in the short and long term. We use a Computable General Equilibrium model designed to assess environmental and energy policies impacts at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. We find that the lockdown has led to a significant decrease in economic output of 5% of GDP, but a positive environmental impact with a 6.6% reduction in CO2 emissions in 2020. Both decreases are temporary: economic and environmental indicators return to their baseline trajectory after a few years. CO2 emissions even end up significantly higher after the COVID-19 crisis when we account for persistently low oil prices. We then investigate whether implementing carbon pricing can still yield positive macroeconomic dividends in the post-COVID recovery. We find that implementing ambitious carbon pricing speeds up economic recovery while significantly reducing CO2 emissions. By maintaining high fossil fuel prices, carbon taxation reduces the imports of fossil energy and stimulates energy efficiency investments while the full redistribution of tax proceeds does not hamper the recovery. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax,CO2 emissions,Macroeconomic modeling,Neo-Keynesian CGE model,Post-COVID economy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03403038&r= |
| By: | Hinsche, Isabelle Cathérine |
| Abstract: | As part of the Next Generation EU (NGEU) program, the European Commission has pledged to issue up to EUR 250 billion of the NGEU bonds as green bonds, in order to confirm their commitment to sustainable finance and to support the transition towards a greener Europe. Thereby, the EU is not only entering the green bond market, but also set to become one of the biggest green bond issuers. Consequently, financial market participants are eager to know what to expect from the EU as a new green bond issuer and whether a negative green bond premium, a so-called Greenium, can be expected for the NGEU green bonds. This research paper formulates an expectation in regards to a potential Greenium for the NGEU green bonds, by conducting an interview with 15 sustainable finance experts and analyzing the public green bond market from September 2014 until June 2021, with respect to a potential green bond premium and its underlying drivers. The regression results confirm the existence of a significant Greenium (-0.7 bps) in the public green bond market and that the Greenium increases for supranational issuers with AAA rating, such as the EU. Moreover, the green bond premium is influenced by issuer sector and credit rating, but issue size and modified duration have no significant effect. Overall, the evaluated expert interviews and regression analysis lead to an expected Greenium for the NGEU green bonds of up to -4 bps, with the potential to further increase in the secondary market. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Finance,Green Bonds,Greenium,Next Generation EU,EU Bonds,Environmental,Social and Governance (ESG),Sustainable Investing,Green Finance |
| JEL: | C23 G12 G14 G21 G23 G28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:663&r= |
| By: | Sébastien Marchand (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Damien Cubizol (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Elda Nasho Ah-Pine (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Huanxiu Guo (The Institute of Economics and Finance - Nanjing Audit University) |
| Abstract: | In 2013, the Chinese central government launched a war on air pollution. As a new and major source of information, the Internet plays an important role in diffusing environmental news emotion and shaping people's perceptions and emotions regarding the pollution. How could the government make use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution? The paper investigates the causal relationship between web news emotion (defined by the emotional tone of web news) and air pollution (SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10) by exploiting the central government's war on air pollution. We combine daily monitoring data of air pollution at different levels (cities and counties, respectively the second and third administrative levels in China) with the GDELT database that allows us to have information on Chinese web news media (e.g. emotional tone of web news on air pollution). We find that a decrease of the emotional tone in web news (i.e. more negative emotions in the articles) can help to reduce air pollution at both city and county level. We attribute this effect to the context of China's war on air pollution in which the government makes use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution. |
| Keywords: | News emotion,Air pollution,Mass media,The internet,Government,China |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03448375&r= |
| By: | Samuel Kortum; David A. Weisbach |
| Abstract: | We derive the optimal unilateral policy in a general equilibrium model of trade and climate change where one region of the world imposes a climate policy and the rest of the world does not. A climate policy in one region shifts activities—extraction, production, and consumption—in the other region. The optimal policy trades off the costs of these distortions. The optimal policy can be implemented through: (i) a nominal tax on extraction at a rate equal to the global marginal harm from emissions, (ii) a tax on imports of energy and goods, and a rebate of taxes on exports of energy but not goods, both at a lower rate than the extraction tax rate, and (iii) a goods-specific export subsidy. The policy controls leakage by combining supply-side and demand-side taxes to control the price of energy in the non-taxing region. It exploits international trade to expand the reach of the climate policy. We calibrate and simulate the model to illustrate how the optimal policy compares to more traditional policies such as extraction, production, and consumption taxes and combinations of those taxes. The simulations show that combinations of supply-side and demand-side taxes are much better than simpler policies and can perform nearly as well as the optimal policy. |
| Keywords: | carbon taxes, border adjustments, leakage, climate change |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9409&r= |
| By: | Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jorge A. Bonilla (ULA - Universidad de Los Andes [Venezuela]) |
| Abstract: | We contribute to the literature on air pollution and health by assessing an additional channel, the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on health. Currently, there is a vast literature on the effects of urban pollution on health. Our research, unlike other studies, jointly investigates the effects of pollution, ENSO and local weather on health. On the one hand, ENSO manifests itself as an extreme climatic shock that follows certain seasonality and influences weather. It may also have an impact on floods, droughts and agriculture inducing changes in food markets or a loss of household income, which also affect health. On the other hand, health outcomes are affected by other factors which follow separate mechanisms to the previous ones. Therefore, pollutant impacts on health may be interpreted as separate effects from other shocks mediated through ENSO. Using a database from 1998 to 2015 on air quality and vital statistics for Bogotá, and ENSO information, we find that across several specifications, ENSO affects birth weight and the probability of low birth weight after separating pollution and classical local weather impacts. Interestingly, the effect on birth weight of ENSO are several times larger than the impacts of pollution. Being exposed to ENSO may decrease birth weight up to 1.3%, while an increase of 1 ppb of SO2 or 1 µg/m3 of PM25 might reduce birth weight up to 0.3% or 0.14%, respectively. From a policy point of view, these results are relevant because regardless of the measure of pollution that we employ, the amount of the impacts exhibited by climatic shocks via ENSO events dominate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Health,ENSO Index,El Niño,La Niña,weather,Pollution,Bogotá |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03429482&r= |
| By: | Arogundade, Sodiq; Hassan, Adewale; Bila, Santos |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of diaspora income on the ecological footprint of 22 countries African countries. Methodologically, we used the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) fixed-effect model, fixed effect instrumental variable regression, Machado and Silva (2019) panel quantile regression, and Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test. There are four main important findings from this empirical study: (1) diaspora income has a negative and statistical impact on ecological degradation, (2) financial development plays a crucial role in mitigating the environmental impact of diaspora income, and African countries must achieve an annual estimated threshold of financial development before they could reap the environmental quality impact of diaspora income, (3) the role of financial development in reducing the environmental degradation impact of diaspora income is less for higher polluting countries in Africa, (4) unidirectional causality from diaspora income to ecological footprint. In ensuring a sustainable environment, we recommend that African governments provide a tax credit to the recipient of the diaspora income who invests in environment-friendly technologies. |
| Keywords: | Diaspora income, Driscoll-Kraay fixed-effect model, fixed effect instrumental variable regression, Machado and Silva (2019) MMQR, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test, Financial development, Ecological footprint, Africa |
| JEL: | F64 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110819&r= |
| By: | S, Anitha; Chandrakanth, M. G. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315211&r= |
| By: | Setzer, Joana; Higham, Catherine; Jackson, Andrew; Solana, Javier |
| Abstract: | Given the urgent need to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and concern regarding insufficient climate action and ambition across the globe, NGOs and individuals are increasingly turning to the courts to force States, public authorities, and private entities to increase their climate action and ambition and hold them accountable through climate-related litigation. The three contributions in this legal working paper discuss various aspects of such climate change litigation around the world. The papers examine the evolution of climate-related cases, the scope of such cases and the varying grounds on which they have been based. They also focus in some detail on certain key judgments addressing novel issues, as well as a recent climate-related case brought against a national central bank. The papers were originally presented at the Legal Colloquium on “Climate change litigation and central banks – Action for the environment”, organised by the European Central Bank on 27 May 2021. JEL Classification: K32, K33, K39, K41, Q54 |
| Keywords: | Article 11 TFEU, climate-related litigation, climate change, climate risk, compilation of cases, corporate sector purchase programme, European Convention on Human Rights, financial risk, Ireland, legal standing., litigation against financial institutions, monetary policy, right to an environment, transnational legal networks |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecblwp:202121&r= |
| By: | Harding, Matthew (University of California, Irvine); Kettler, Kyle (University of California, Irvine); Lamarche, Carlos (University of Kentucky); Ma, Lala (University of Kentucky) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a cautionary tale about claiming environmental costs and benefits when justifying the use of public funds. Using the example of a dynamic pricing policy, we show that the resulting impact on short-term operating costs and emissions is at best ambiguous. Moreover, it is hard to quantify even in ideal scenarios where data is plentiful and the behavioral response can be estimated precisely using a randomized control trial of customers of an electric utility. While dynamic pricing has been touted as a means to control generation costs and pollution, price-induced reallocation of electricity consumption within a day may actually increase net emissions depending on the source-generation mix of a region. |
| Keywords: | dynamic pricing, randomized experiment, load shifting, air pollution |
| JEL: | D12 L11 L94 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14846&r= |
| By: | Eleni Theodorou; Spyros Spyrou; Georgina Christou |
| Abstract: | This research paper explores young people’s climate action in Cyprus in light of the global mobilization of children and youth and the emergence of the international Fridays for Future movement. The study on which the paper draws explored in particular the emergence and role of ‘Youth for Climate Cyprus’ in climate action on the island through the use of ethnographic and other qualitative approaches including ethnographic observation, in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions as well as textual analysis of social media posts and local media coverage of youth climate activism. The paper examines the meaning that young activists make of their activism on climate change, the forms their activism takes, and the means through which they organize and mobilize around the cause of climate change including their strategies for gaining legitimacy. |
| Keywords: | Youth climate activism, youth social movements, climate change, climate justice, Cyprus |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:166&r= |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | How can decentralized individual decisions inefficiently reduce the ability of biodiversity to mitigate ecological and environmental variability and then its "natural insurance" role? In this article we present a simple theoretical setup to address this question and to evaluate some policy options. We study a model of strategic competition among farmers for the conversion of a natural forest to agricultural land. Unconverted forest land allows to conserve biodiversity, which contributes to reducing the volatility of agricultural production. Agents' utility is given in terms of a Kreps Porteus stochastic differential utility capable of disentangling risk aversion and aversion to fluctuations. We characterize the land used by each farmer and her welfare at the Nash equilibrium, we evaluate the overexploitation of the land and the agents' welfare loss compared to the socially optimal solution and we study the drivers of the inefficiencies of the decentralized equilibrium. After characterizing the value of biodiversity in the model, we use it to obtain a decomposition which helps to study the policy implications of the model by identifying in which cases the allocation of property rights is preferable to the introduction of a tax on land conversion. Our results suggest that enforcing property rights is more relevant in case of stagnant economies while taxing land conversion may be more suited for rapidly developing economies. |
| Keywords: | Stochastic differential games,Recursive preferences,Land conversion,Insurance value,Biodiversity |
| Date: | 2021–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03369958&r= |
| By: | Laure Kuhfuss (The James Hutton Institute); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Frans de Vries (University of Stirling); Nick Hanley (University of St Andrews [Scotland]) |
| Abstract: | he environmental benefits from Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes can often be enhanced if private land managers are induced to enrol land in a spatially coordinated manner. One incentive mechanism which has been proposed to achieve such spatial coordination is the agglomeration bonus, a two-part payment scheme which offers a pecuniary (financial) reward for decisions that lead to greater spatial coordination of enrolled land. However, farmers respond to a range of motives when deciding whether to participate in such schemes, including non-pecuniary motives such as a concern for the environment or social comparisons. This study implements a de-contextualised laboratory experiment to test the effectiveness of the agglomeration bonus when non-pecuniary motives are explicitly incorporated into the decision-making environment. We capture intrinsic preferences for the public good dimension of environmental improvement through a real donation to environmental charities and examine the relative impact of a group-ranking nudge. The experimental results show that the agglomeration bonus does indeed improve participation and spatial coordination when non-pecuniary motives are accounted for, but that its performance is not enhanced by the nudge. |
| Keywords: | Agglomeration Bonus,Coordination Games,Environmental Preferences,Laboratory Experiments,Social Comparison,Nudge,spatial Coordination |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03435954&r= |
| By: | Mubenga-Tshitaka, Jean Luc; Dikgang, Johane; Muteba Mwamba, John W.; Gelo, Dambala |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether the effects of weather variability in temperature and precipitation on agricultural output are short- or long-run. In fact, the study addresses two policy-relevant questions: (1) Does temperature or precipitation variability affect agricultural output, and if so, is the effect short- or long-term? (2) Is the effect of weather variability on agricultural output homogenous across East Africa? However, there is clear evidence of cross-country dependency. If cross-sectional dependency exists among the cross-sectional countries under investigation, the first generation of panel data techniques is not applicable. We use data from the FAOSTAT for 1961 to 2016 for East African countries, while climate-related variables (temperature and precipitation) are from the Climate Research Unit (CRU). We find that variability in temperature has a long-run impact on agricultural output, while variability in precipitation has a short-run effect. However, after considering the heterogeneity among countries, there is evidence of the long-run effect of precipitation variability in some countries. |
| Keywords: | Climate variability, agricultural output, cross-sectional dependency, heterogeneity |
| JEL: | Q1 Q2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110771&r= |
| By: | Campos, Bente Castro; Petrick, Martin |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315111&r= |
| By: | Li, Shanshan; Kallas, Zein |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314970&r= |
| By: | Echeverría, Lucía (University of Zaragoza); Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Carpooling is a sustainable daily mobility mode, implying significant reductions in energy consumption and CO2 emissions, although it remains an uncommon practice. With the aim of stimulating this green transportation mode, this paper focus on understanding why certain individuals will agree to share a car to a common destination, apart from the obvious environmental benefit in emissions. It first describes the profile of users and then explores the relationship between this transportation mode and the participants' well-being. To that end, we have selected two countries, the UK and the US, where the use of cars represents a high proportion of daily commuting. We use the UK Time Use Survey (UKTUS) from 2014-2015 and the Well-Being Module of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2010-2012-2013 to identify which groups in the population are more likely to pool their cars, and with whom those individuals enjoy carpooling more. Results indicate that individuals with certain socio-demographic characteristics and occupations are more likely to commute by carpooling, but the profile seems to be country-specific. Furthermore, our evidence reveals a positive relationship between carpooling and well-being during commuting. |
| Keywords: | carpooling, green mobility, user profiles, subjective well-being |
| JEL: | R40 J22 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14736&r= |
| By: | Mr. Giovanni Melina; Marika Santoro |
| Abstract: | The increased likelihood of adverse climate-change-related shocks calls for building resilient infrastructure in the Maldives. Fulfilling these infrastructure needs requires a comprehensive analysis of investment plans, including with respect to their degree of climate resilience, their impact on future economic prospects, and their funding costs and sources. This paper analyzes these challenges, through calibrating a general equilibrium model. The main finding is that there is a significant dividend associated with building resilient infrastructure. Under worsened climate conditions, the cumulative output gain from investing in more resilient technologies increases up to a factor of two. However, given the Maldives’ limited fiscal space, particularly after COVID-19, the international community should also step up cooperation efforts. We also show that it is financially convenient for donors to help build resilience prior to the occurrence of a natural disasters rather than helping finance the reconstruction ex-post. |
| Keywords: | IMF working paper Asia-Pacific; climate condition; climate resilience; adaptation infrastructure; disaster shock; Infrastructure; Natural disasters; Public investment spending; Private investment; South Asia |
| Date: | 2021–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/096&r= |
| By: | Stoeffler, Quentin; Premand, Patrick |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315354&r= |
| By: | Cardenas, J. C.; Jaramillo, F; León, D; López, M.; Rodríguez, M; Zuleta, H |
| Abstract: | The economic crisis from the Covid-19 pandemic has generated a fall in tax revenues and an increase in the need for public spending in most economies throughout the world. This situation has led to a substantial increase in the sovereign debt levels and has dramatically reduced the fiscal space of governments. For upper- middle-income countries (UMICs), current access to financing is limited and this can potentially limit the space for climate action in the short and medium run. However, delaying climate action can generate a negative signal on fiscal sustainability due to the physical and transition risks of climate change. Unsustainable production practices will result in a deterioration of the productive capacity of natural assets reducing potential tax income. Simultaneously there will be a stronger need for public spending to face the future damages associated to greenhouse gases emissions. Therefore, in order to address the current crisis, we need an integral approach that considers the climate crisis as a challenge with a high degree of urgency. For this approach to be feasible, sufficient international climate finance needs to be available, and it should help to steer relief and recovery efforts into a direction in which these are also compatible with climate targets. In this document, we propose a sovereign debt negotiation scheme in which the conditions of the debt depend on the climate policies undertaken by the debtor countries. Likewise, we point out that the feasibility of beneficial agreements for debtors and the implementation of good climate policies depend positively on the size of the debt and each country's potential to affect the current trend of climate change. For these reasons, the formation of coalitions of debtor countries can be a key factor for debt relief and the implementation of climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Covid 19, Climate Change, Sovereign Debt, Coalitions, Climate Policy |
| JEL: | D62 D71 F34 G23 H63 Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:019732&r= |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | On December 11 2019, the European Commission released a communication outlining a blueprint for a "European Green Deal". To clarify its scope and limits, this Policy brief offers a critical examination of the main concepts that underpin and frame it: carbon neutrality, decoupling, resource efficiency, inclusive growth and just transition. [First paragraph] |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal,European Commission,Main concepts |
| Date: | 2020–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03403011&r= |
| By: | Philip Adams |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on modelling with the Victoria University Regional Model (VURM) of the impacts on the Australian economy and its industries and regions, of achieving net zero greenhouse emissions by 2050. This is timely, being published at the time of the Glasgow Climate Change Conference, at which Australia has committed to achieving net-zero by 2050, albeit with little detail yet about how it is to be achieved and what its impacts will be on different industries and regions. At the national level we find that despite the requirement for deep cuts in emissions, the Australian economy continues to grow strongly in terms of production (real GDP) and employment. The loss of real GDP in 2050 due to decarbonisation is projected to be around 1 per cent, or close to $30 billion (in 2021 prices). Our previous assessment in 2014 estimated a loss of 3.8 per cent, or nearly $150 billion (2021 prices). This time the negative GDP result is much smaller because the abatement task is easier due, in part, to lower than previously expected renewable generation costs and faster than previously expected penetration of electric vehicles for both light and heavy transport. For industries, decarbonisation provides an impetus to some, especially industries producing electricity from renewable generation and industries directly and indirectly associated with forestry and wood production. But, there are some industries for which zero-emissions restrains output and employment. Examples include coal-based electricity generation and coal mining. The pattern of decarbonisation effects across states and territories reflects the pattern of industry effects. Overall, real Gross State Product (GSP) is projected to fall relative to Base Case values in all states except Tasmania and South Australia. The state projected to experience the largest decline is Queensland because of an over-representation of coal mining, broadacre agriculture and coal generated electricity in its economy. For Australia as a whole, vulnerable industries noted above account for less than 4 per cent of aggregate employment. However, some sub-state regions are much more heavily dependent on the vulnerable industries. We identify 9 out of 88 sub-state (SA4) regions as vulnerable in terms of potential loss of employment. These include coal-dependent regions such as Hunter in NSW, Fitzroy in QLD and Gippsland in VIC. |
| Keywords: | CGE, Climate policy, Industries, Regions, Employment |
| JEL: | C68 Q52 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-324&r= |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but also based on the performances of the productive systems used by farm holdings, assessing their environmental impacts through the cost of fertilizer resources used. This communication uses the symbolic clustering tools in order to analyze the conditional quantile estimates of thefertilizer costs of yearly crop productions in agriculture, as a replacement proxy for internal soil erosion costs. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, we present the empirical data model, the quantile regression approach and the interval principal component analysis clustering tools used to obtain typologies of European countries on the basis of the conditional quantile distributions of fertilizer cost empirical estimates. The comparative analysis of econometric results for yearly crops between European countries illustrates the relevance of the typologies obtained for international comparisons to assess land management alternatives based on their impact on agricultural carbon sequestration in soils. |
| Keywords: | Principal component analysis,hierarchic clustering,interval estimates,quantile regression,input–output model,symbolic data analysis,agricultural production cost,fertilizer,yearly crops,micro-economics |
| Date: | 2021–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03418130&r= |
| By: | Diana Radu |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters have caused, and will continue to cause, significant losses in the EU Member States. Moreover, climate change is expected to amplify the frequency and intensity of most natural disasters. Governments step-in to cover the disasters-related costs such as emergency relief, recovery and reconstruction. Public authorities also act as insurer of last resort, in particular in those countries where insurance coverage is low. They make payments for legal commitments to cover the costs of disasters, and when there is a moral obligation to provide financial assistance. Natural disasters and climate change thus represent a real and increasing challenge for public finances, adding to fiscal sustainability issues such as a high debt level and an ageing population. There is little evidence on how EU Member States pre-arrange disaster financing and on past disasters financing. This discussion paper aims to provide an overview of relevant concepts for the design of a disaster risk financing strategy. It provides evidence from EU and Member States on disaster financing with a view to inform the debate on strengthening disaster financial resilience. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 H12 H60 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:150&r= |
| By: | Nathalie Lazaric (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Mira Toumi (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the complementarity among different treatments which involved "boosts" (provision of information) and "goals" (ambitious or modest goals) by means of a field experiment conducted in the Principality of Monaco between December 2018 and May 2019. We collected data from 77 households in four groups: ambitious electricity reduction goal combined with information (Treatment 1), modest electricity reduction goal combined with information (Treatment 2), only information (Treatment 3), and a control group (CG). Treatments 1 and 2 increased the chances of reduced electricity consumption. We show that a modest, more realistic electricity saving goal when combined with a "boost" generates better electricity conservation performance (T2). We explore the link between behavioral strategies and the household's concern for the environment in the context of the new ecological paradigm (NEP). Our results show that treatments T1 and T2 are efficient for reducing electricity consumption only in households with high levels of environmental concern; those whose level of concern about the environment is low will not respond to any of the behavioral interventions. We provide some recommendations for the implementation of behavioral tools and "boosts". |
| Keywords: | Boost,nudges,goal setting,electricity consumption,field experiment,environmental profile |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03402212&r= |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo; Costantiello, Alberto; Laureti, Lucio; Leogrande, Domenico |
| Abstract: | We estimate the Landscape and Cultural Heritage among Italian regions in the period 2004-2019 using data from ISTAT-BES. We use Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled OLS, WLS, Dynamic Panel. We found that the Landscape and Cultural Heritage is negatively associated with “Dissatisfaction with the landscape of the place of life”, “Illegal building”, “Density and relevance of the museum heritage”, “Internal material consumption”, “Erosion of the rural space due to abandonment”, “Availability of urban green”, and positively associated with “Pressure from mining activities”, “Erosion of the rural space by urban dispersion”, “Concern about the deterioration of the landscape”, “Diffusion of agritourism farms”, “Current expenditure of the Municipalities for culture”. Secondly, we have realized a cluster analysis with the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette Coefficient and we found two clusters in the sense of “Concern about the deterioration of the landscape”. Finally, we use eight different machine learning algorithms to predict the level of “Concern about the deterioration of the landscape” and we found that the Tree Ensemble Regression is the best predictor. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics; Valuation of Environmental Effects; Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Sustainability; Government Policy. |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 Q52 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110814&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Rutgers University [Newark] - Rutgers - Rutgers University System); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health); Marc Fleurbaey (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (Kiel University); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We find that if all countries adopt the necessary uniform global carbon tax and then return the revenues to their citizens on an equal per capita basis, it will be possible to meet a 2 °C target while also increasing wellbeing, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. These results indicate that it is possible for a society to implement strong climate action without compromising goals for equity and development. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03462781&r= |
| By: | Koffi Serge William Yao (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the standard version of the approval mechanism with two players in a common pool resource (CPR) extraction game. In the case of disapproval, the Nash extraction level is implemented. The paper investigates, experimentally, the extent to which the Nash threat leads to Pareto-improving extraction levels. Through our experiment, we confirm the effectiveness of the Nash threat in reducing CPR over-extraction. Although participants' behavior is mainly explained by rational thinking, inequity in payoff can also motivate their behavior. Moreover, we show that there is neither an order effect nor a framing effect. Finally, the reduction persists when the Nash threat is no longer in place. |
| Keywords: | laboratory group behavior,common pool resource,approval mechanism |
| Date: | 2021–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03418905&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Rutgers University [Newark] - Rutgers - Rutgers University System); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health); Marc Fleurbaey (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (Kiel University); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We find that if all countries adopt the necessary uniform global carbon tax and then return the revenues to their citizens on an equal per capita basis, it will be possible to meet a 2 °C target while also increasing wellbeing, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. These results indicate that it is possible for a society to implement strong climate action without compromising goals for equity and development. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03462781&r= |
| By: | Emine Hanedar; Mr. Sébastien Walker; Fernanda Brollo |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the additional spending required to make substantial progress towards achieving the SDGs in Pakistan. We focus on critical areas of human (education and health) and physical (electricity, roads, and water and sanitation) capital. For each sector, we document the progress to date, assess where Pakistan stands relative to its peers, highlight key challenges, and estimate the additional spending required to make substantial progress. The estimates for the additional spending are derived using the IMF SDG costing methodology. We find that to achieve the SDGs in these sectors would require additional annual spending of about 16 percent of GDP in 2030 from the public and private sectors combined. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, Pakistan, Costing SDGs; electricity generation; additional spending; IMF SDG; sector-international comparison; teacher wage bill; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Global |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/108&r= |
| By: | Miranda, Javier; Börner, Jan |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315225&r= |
| By: | Ferguson, Beth; Sanguinetti, Angela PhD |
| Abstract: | Micromobility has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion, and air pollution, particularly when replacing private vehicle use and working in conjunction with public transit for first- and last-mile travel. The design of the built environment in and around public transit stations plays a key role in the integration of public transit and micromobility. This research presents a case study of rail stations in the San Francisco Bay Area, which are in the operation zone of seven shared micromobility operators. Nineteen stations and their surroundings were surveyed to inventory design features that could enable or constrain use of micromobility for first- and last-mile access. Shared mobility service characteristics, crime records, and connections to underserved communities were also documented. An interactive Bay Area Micromobility Transit ArcGIS map tool was created to aid analysis and provide a useful resource to stakeholders. The map shows layers such as train stations, bike lanes, bike share kiosks, and micromobility operation zones that vary between Oakland, Emeryville, Berkeley, San Francisco, and San Jose. Key design solutions were identified based on the findings, including protected bike lanes, increased shared bike and scooter fleet size and service area, and clear signage indicating bike rack parking corral and docking points. |
| Keywords: | Architecture, Micromobility, shared mobility, public transit, rail transit stations, accessibility, urban design, digital mapping, case studies |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5gb6h1j5&r= |
| By: | Alessandro Taberna; Tatiana Filatova; Andrea Roventini; Francesco Lamperti |
| Abstract: | By 2050 about 70% of the worldùs population is expected to live in cities. Cities offer spatial economic advantages that boost agglomeration forces and innovation, fostering further concentration of economic activities. For historic reasons urban clustering occurs along coasts and rivers, which are prone to climate-induced flooding. To explore trade-offs between agglomeration economies and increasing climate-induced hazards, we develop an evolutionary agent-based model with heterogeneous boundedly-rational agents who learn and adapt to a changing environment. The model combines migration decision of both households and firms between safe Inland and hazard-prone Coastal regions with endogenous technological learning and economic growth. Flood damages affect Coastal firms hitting their labour productivity, capital stock and inventories. We find that the model is able to replicate a rich set of micro- and macro-empirical regularities concerning economic and spatial dynamics. Without climate-induced shocks, the model shows how lower transport costs favour the waterfront region leading to self-reinforcing and path-dependent agglomeration processes. We then introduce five scenarios considering flood hazards characterized by different frequency and severity and we study their complex interplay with agglomeration patterns and the performance of the overall economy. We find that when shocks are mild or infrequent, they negatively affect the economic performance of the two regions. If strong flood hazards hit frequently the Coastal region before agglomeration forces trigger high levels of waterfront urbanization, firms and households can timely adapt and migrate landwards, thus absorbing the adverse impacts of climate shocks on the whole economy. Conversely, in presence of climate tipping points which suddenly increase the frequency and magnitude of flood hazards, we find that the consolidated coastal gentrification of economic activities locks-in firms on the waterfront, leading to a harsh downturn for the whole economy. |
| Keywords: | Agglomeration; path-dependency; climate; flood; shock; relocation; migration; agent-based model; tipping point; resilience; lock in. |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/44&r= |
| By: | Alan, Sule (University of Essex); Corekcioglu, Gozde (Kadir Has University); Sutter, Matthias (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of a program aiming at improving the workplace climate in corporations. The program is implemented via a clustered randomized design and evaluated with respect to the prevalence of support networks, antisocial behavior, perceived relational atmosphere, and turnover rate. We find that professionals in treated corporations are less inclined to engage in toxic competition, exhibit higher reciprocity toward each other, report higher workplace satisfaction and a more collegial atmosphere. Treated firms have fewer socially isolated individuals and a lower employee turnover. The program's success in improving leader-subordinate relationships emerges as a likely mechanism to explain these results. |
| Keywords: | workplace climate, relational dynamics, leadership quality, RCT |
| JEL: | C93 M14 M53 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14726&r= |
| By: | Stergiou, Eirini; Rigas, Nikos; Kounetas, Konstantinos |
| Abstract: | European industries are under pressure regarding their environmental performance and productivity growth. The current energy crisis offsets governments efforts to achieve carbon neutrality while removing significant degrees of freedom in terms of firm's competitiveness. This paper studies environmental productivity and its components at a European industrial level using a dataset of 13 industries of the manufacturing sector from 27 European countries over the 1995-2014 period. Our results point out that industrial environmental productivity has deteriorated across Europe with best practice change being the main contributor. In addition, referring to the technological leaders in Europe, the findings point out that low tend to follow the middle-high technology industries. Finally, the non-convergence hypothesis and the creation of discrete clubs for the productivity index case and its components are supported. |
| Keywords: | European Industries; Metafrontier Malmquist Luenberger index; Convergence; Technological heterogeneity |
| JEL: | C61 D24 L60 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110780&r= |
| By: | Kluge, Norbert; Vitols, Sigurt |
| Abstract: | The 'Green Deal' will be a civic achievement only when workers are able to participate in it actively. Codetermination as a guiding principle for sustainable companies sets the course for decent work, incomes, production locations and, at the same time, for competitiveness and a healthy environment. Research has provided strong evidence of the efficiency and functionality of codetermination. However, there must be political will and support for it. It is the democratic design principle of the social market economy. |
| Keywords: | Codetermination, green deal |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:imupbs:4&r= |
| By: | Shenghao Feng; Keyu Zhang; Xiujian Peng |
| Abstract: | Electricity penetration is an important part of China's pursuit of carbon neutrality. Understanding the costs of replacing fossil fuel with electricity helps to understand the costs of reaching carbon neutrality in China. This study uses econometrics techniques to estimate the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) parameter between electricity and non-electric energy for China. Results show that the value is around 1.8 -- higher than the ones that have been used in the literature. We show that our estimated results are non-linearly stable. We compare our econometrically estimated parameter with two representative values that have been used in the literature. We apply these three parameter values in scenarios in which China reaches carbon neutrality in 2060. Simulation results suggest that the two representative values lead to overestimations of GDP costs and carbon price levels, and underestimations of electricity generation and energy consumption. |
| Keywords: | CGE, CES, econometrics estimation, carbon neutrality, China, electricity |
| JEL: | C68 E17 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-323&r= |
| By: | Barban, Nicola (University of Bologna); De Cao, Elisabetta (London School of Economics); Francesconi, Marco (University of Essex) |
| Abstract: | Fertility has a strong biological component generally ignored by economists. Using the UK Biobank, we analyze the extent to which genes, proxied by polygenic scores, and the environment, proxied by early exposure to the contraceptive pill diffusion, affect age at first sexual intercourse, age at first birth, completed family size, and childlessness. Both genes and environment exert substantial influences on all outcomes. The anticipation of sexual debut and the postponement of motherhood led by the diffusion of the pill are magnified by gene-environment interactions, while the decline in family size and the rise in childlessness associated with female emancipation are attenuated by gene-environment effects. The nature-nurture interplay becomes stronger in more egalitarian environments that empower women, allowing genes to express themselves more fully. These conclusions are confirmed by heterogenous effects across the distributions of genetic susceptibilities and exposure to environmental risks, sister fixed effects models, mother-daughter comparisons, and counterfactual simulations. |
| Keywords: | fertility, genetics, polygenic score, contraceptive pill, nature versus nurture, social norms |
| JEL: | D10 I14 I15 J01 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14756&r= |
| By: | François Maréchal (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques (EA 3190) - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Pierre-Henri Morand (LBNC - Laboratoire Biens, Normes, Contrats - AU - Avignon Université) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes the use of social and environmental clauses in public procurement contracts. After describing the current French legal context, it shows how a mechanism design approach can explain the factors that theoretically justify such practices, potentially including favoritism and rent-seeking. An empirical analysis is then carried out on the French public procurement data set for the year 2017. It illustrates the weight of political preferences in the choice to resort to social clauses and the weight of the preferences of the local chief executive to explain the use of environmental clauses. It also highlights that social and environmental clauses do not seem to be used as a tool for favoritism. |
| Keywords: | Public procurement,social clauses,environmental clauses,favoritism |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03418572&r= |
| By: | David Grover (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management); Swaroop Rao (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management, IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | Article 6 of the Paris Agreement provides for the creation of a successor to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the parameters of which are currently being operationalised. This paper uses the broad literature on the relationship between general foreign direct investment (FDI) and inequality in FDI host countries to develop expectations about the likely impact of past and future international mitigation investment on inequality, unemployment and poverty outcomes. Using 2000 and 2010 census data for small geographic areas in Brazil, we compare the change in those outcomes in areas that experienced CDM project activity to the same in areas that did not, using a difference-indifference approach. We find that areas with CDM project activity experienced improvements in those outcomes, which appear to be driven by project types that are associated with 'primary' sector activity. Including measurement and reporting procedures for these broader sustainable development outcomes in the rulebook of a post-2020 agreement could be favourable to the interests of both developed and developing countries. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03404189&r= |
| By: | Francois Bousquet (SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Nicolas Rocle (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Catherine Meur-Ferec (LETG - Brest - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique - LETG - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UBO - Université de Brest - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Didier Vye (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicole Lautrédou-Audouy (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marion Amalric (CITERES - Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Tours); Lucile Blanchet (SU UFR GA - Sorbonne Université - Faculté des Lettres - UFR Géographie et Aménagement - SU - Sorbonne Université, SENS - Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Sandrine Lyser (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Blondy Caroline (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Becu (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Caroline Blondy (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | What are the links between the "sense of place" of individuals and their "concern" about phenomena described as "risk" on French coasts? A state of the art specifies the concept of "sense of place" and its different dimensions (identity, emotional, symbolic, functional) as well as the notion of "concern" and its modalities (passive or active). Based on these precisions, as wells as on data from different surveys conducted on French coastal and estuarine areas, we empirically characterize the dimensions of sense of place and their links with the modalities of environmental concern. The results show negative links between the symbolic and emotional dimensions of relation to place and a concern qualified as passive, as well as positive links between the symbolic dimension of relation to place and a so-called active concern. We discuss these relationships as well as their consequences for costal and territorial risks governance. |
| Abstract: | Quels sont les liens entre la relation au lieu que développent des individus et leur « concernement » à propos de phénomènes qualifiés de « risques » sur ce même lieu ? Afin de répondre à cette question, un état de l'art précise tout d'abord le concept de « concernement » en qualifiant différentes modalités (notamment « passif » ou « actif ») ainsi que le concept de « relation au lieu » et ses différentes dimensions (identitaire, émotionnelle, symbolique, fonctionnelle) . Sur la base de ces précisions, et à partir des données issues de différentes enquêtes menées sur les littoraux français, une analyse est ensuite menée pour explorer empiriquement les liens entre différentes dimensions de la relation au lieu et les modalités de concernement vis-à-vis des risques fluviaux et côtiers. Les résultats montrent des liens négatifs entre les dimensions symboliques et émotionnelles de la relation au lieu et un concernement qualifié de passif, ainsi que des liens positifs entre la relation symbolique au lieu et un concernement dit actif. Ces relations sont enfin discutées par rapport aux implications de ce type de résultats dans des processus de gouvernance. Abstract |
| Keywords: | territoire,risque,concernement environnemental,relation au lieu,attachement |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03060514&r= |
| By: | Mr. Roberto Perrelli; Victor Duarte Lledo |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a novel macroeconomic framework to identify policy and financing options to help Rwanda achieve its sustainable development goals (SDGs). Under current policies, Rwanda would meet its SDGs right after 2050. Active policies that combine fiscal reforms and higher private sector participation could fulfill more than one third of Rwanda’s post-pandemic SDG financing gap, enabling the country to meet its SDG targets by 2040. For Rwanda to meet its SDGs by 2030, active policies would need to be complemented with about 13¾ percentage points of GDP in additional resources annually until then. |
| Keywords: | financing gap; SDG financing option; framework scenario; SDG Needs; financing options in Rwanda; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); COVID-19; Human capital; Fiscal space; Global |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/115&r= |
| By: | Paul Schreyer (OECD Statistics and Data Directorate) |
| Abstract: | While the Beyond GDP agenda has been with us for some time, it has come centre stage in the Covid crisis. The idea of building back a greener, more inclusive, more resilient economy resonates well with measurement e orts beyond GDP. But the eld of potential indicators is vast and measurement choices need some structure. We present a measurement framework that distinguishes between the production sphere, the well-being sphere and the asset sphere. GDP remains a cornerstone of the production sphere but is not suited to capture people's well-being, or sustainability of produced and natural assets. As one moves beyond GDP, however, ambitions for a single-valued aggregate have to be scaled down in favour of pragmatic choices for indicators. |
| Keywords: | Beyond GDP, green accounting, national accounts, well-being |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uqcepa:171&r= |
| By: | Amine Chekireb (Aix-Marseille Univ., CEREGE, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Julio Goncalves (Aix-Marseille Univ., CEREGE, Marseille, France.); Hubert Stahn (aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Agnes Tomini (aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | We formulate a hydro-economic model of the NorthWestern Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) to assess the effects of intensive pumping on the groundwater stock and examine the subsequent consequences of aquifer depletion. This large system comprises multi-layer reservoirs with vertical exchanges, all exploited under open access properties. We first develop a theoretical model to account for relevant features of the NWSAS by introducing, in the standard Gisser-Sanchez model, a non-stationary demand and quadratic stock-dependent cost functions. In the second step, we calibrate parameters values using data from the NWSAS over 1955-2000. We finally simulate the time evolution of the aquifer system with exploitation under an open-access regime. We specifically examine time trajectories of the piezometric levels in the two reservoirs, the natural outlets, and the modification of water balances. We find that natural outlets of the two reservoirs might be totally dried before 2050. |
| Keywords: | hydro-economic model, private pumping, multi aquifer system, groundwater-dependant ecosystems, semi-arid region, simulation |
| JEL: | C61 C62 Q15 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2144&r= |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Marco Runkel (TU - Technische Universität Berlin) |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03412279&r= |
| By: | Paola Sánchez–Bravo; Luis Noguera–Artiaga |
| Abstract: | Un producto hidroSOStenible es aquel cultivado bajo estrategias de riego deficitario, incrementando su calidad y su funcionalidad. Este tipo de productos basados en estrategias de control hídrico son clave en un escenario de escasez de agua y en la búsqueda de alternativas para un uso sostenible de esta. Además, estos productos permiten determinar de manera objetiva el nivel de ahorro de agua llevado a cabo durante todo el cultivo mediante la valoración del cumplimiento de unos ítems conocido como índice de hidroSOStenibilidad. Para que estos sistemas tengan éxito es esencial la participación e implicación del consumidor, un cambio de comportamiento. |
| Keywords: | Agua, Comportamiento, Consumidores, Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, Sostenible. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q15 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ovr:docfra:2105&r= |
| By: | Kapeller, Jakob; Leitch, Stuart; Wildauer, Rafae |
| Abstract: | This policy study asks to what extent large-scale public investment efforts could be a viable tool to provide the necessary infrastructure to break Europe's dependency on fossil fuel and carbon emissions more broadly. We estimate semi-structural VAR models for the EU27. These are used to study the impact of permanent as well as 5-year long public investment programmes. Three key findings emerge: First, government investment multipliers for the EU27 are large and range from 5.12 to 5.25. Second, debt-to-GDP ratios are likely to fall in response to the strong economic impulse generated by additional public investment spending. The study therefore classifies additional public investment spending in the EU27 as sustainable fiscal policy. Third, single country investment initiatives will likely lead to smaller economic expansions when compared to coordinated EU-wide investment, due to Europe's strong intra-member state trade flows. A coordinated approach to fiscal policy is thus substantially more effective not only when it comes to delivering network-dependent infrastructure (rail, grid) but also with respect to the economic stimulus it creates. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Policy,Sovereign Debt |
| JEL: | E62 H63 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifsowp:16&r= |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | La première partie de cet article propose quatre approches des systèmes urbains et tente de caractériser les enjeux de soutenabilité qui s'y rattachent. La deuxième partie s'attache à mettre en lumière l'enjeu des inégalités environnementales des systèmes urbains ainsi caractérisés, à la croisée de la justice spatiale et environnementale. La troisième partie reprend les quatre approches définies à la première partie pour montrer, au sujet du cas français, comment prendre la mesure des inégalités environnementales urbaines définies à la deuxième partie. |
| Keywords: | Systèmes urbains,Inégalités environnementales,Pollutions |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03403015&r= |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | L'article propose une introduction au numéro spécial de la Revue de l'OFCE « Écologie et inégalités » en présentant les différents âges de l'économie de l'environnement, le défaut d'intérêt de la discipline économique contemporaine pour les enjeux environnementaux et les étapes de ce que serait une transition juste. |
| Keywords: | Transition juste,Économie écologique,Économie de l’environnement |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03403012&r= |
| By: | Alexandra Bykova (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Richard Grieveson (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Doris Hanzl-Weiss (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Gabor Hunya (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Niko Korpar (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Leon Podkaminer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Robert Stehrer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Roman Stöllinger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | It is now over three decades since the eleven EU member states in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe (EU-CEE) started their transition to market capitalism. All countries experienced deep recessions in the early 1990s, but since have achieved mostly sustained convergence with Western Europe. Many EU CEE countries have overtaken Southern EU member states in terms of economic development. However, growth rates have slowed since the 2008 crisis, and the level of economic and social development varies widely across the region. This study has three key components. First, it establishes that the existing EU-CEE growth model may be reaching its limit, especially for the region’s most developed countries. Second, it details the megatrends which will further impact the region’s growth model now and in the future, including demographic, environmental, and digital factors. Finally, it outlines a set of policy options to develop the region’s growth model in a way that would drive a more sustained and sustainable rate of convergence with Western Europe in the coming decades. We find that governments in the region need to a) provide an underlying infrastructure that can support the growth of internationally competitive companies, b) fully embrace and take advantage of the digital revolution, c) maximise all available resources to profit from the green transition, and d) use policy levers to stimulate the automation of low productivity jobs and ease the transition into new and higher value work for their populations. Behind this should stand two important supportive pillars accommodative fiscal and monetary policy at the national and EU levels and a more progressive tax system to fund an expanded welfare state. |
| Keywords: | EU-CEE, transition, convergence, functional specialisation, digitalisation, green transition, EU, demographics, FDI, industrial policy |
| JEL: | O40 O47 P27 F21 O44 L16 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:458&r= |
| By: | Patrick Mellacher |
| Abstract: | I develop a rather simple agent-based model to capture a co-evolution of opinion formation, political decision making and economic outcomes. I use this model to study how societies form opinions if their members have opposing interests. Agents are connected in a social network and exchange opinions, but differ with regard to their interests and ability to gain information about them. I show that inequality in information and economic resources can have a drastic impact on aggregated opinion. In particular, my model illustrates how a tiny, but well-informed minority can influence group decisions to their favor. This effect is amplified if these agents are able to command more economic resources to advertise their views and if they can target their advertisements efficiently, as made possible by the rise of information technology. My results contribute to the understanding of pressing questions such as climate change denial and highlight the dangers that economic and information inequality can pose for democracies. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.09408&r= |
| By: | Gonzalvo, Clarisse; Aala, Wilson |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315023&r= |
| By: | Altenbrunn, Kerstin; Elsasser, Peter |
| Abstract: | Im Projekt 'Quantifizierung und Regionalisierung des Wertes von Waldökosystemleistungen in Deutschland (ReWaLe)' wird der ökonomische Nutzen von Ökosystemleistungen des Waldes analysiert. Betrachtet werden dabei insbesondere die Waldökosystemleistungen Rohholzproduktion, Klimaschutz, Erholungsleistung sowie verschiedene Leistungen im Bereich Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege. Das in diesem Rahmen entwickelte Modell kombiniert Bewertungsdaten mit regional-statistischen Informationen anhand von Bewertungsfunktionen, die in einem geografischen Informationssystem (GIS) implementiert sind, und visualisiert die Ergebnisse. Die regionalen Daten werden mithilfe von Geodatenbanken verwaltet und können somit für die Modellberechnung angewendet werden. Das Modell ReWaLe besteht aus einer Toolbox, in der die verschiedenen Bewertungsberechnungen implementiert sind. Die Anwendung ist sowohl über Eingabemasken als auch über Scripte möglich. Simulationen, wie sich Änderungen in der Waldwirtschaft auf die ökonomische Waldleistung auswirken, lassen sich durch die Variation der Eingangsdaten in das Modell abbilden.Die vorliegende technische Dokumentation zum Modell ReWaLe (Regionalisierung des ökonomischen Wertes von Waldleistungen) umfasst, neben einer kurzen Einleitung, Informationen zu im Projekt verwendeten und zur Verfügung stehenden Datengrundlagen, die für das Modell relevante Datenaufbereitung und -bearbeitung sowie die Beschreibung der Implementierung der Bewertungsberechnungen im geografischen Informationssystem. Dabei werden ebenso lizenzrechtliche Nutzungshinweise, das verwendete Koordinatensystem sowie die Definition von Wald im Projekt erläutert. |
| Keywords: | Wald-Ökosystemleistungen,ökonomische Bewertung,Nutzentransfer,Simulationsmodell,GIS,forest ecosystem services,economic valuation,benefit function transfer,simulation model, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:178&r= |
| By: | Vatsa, Puneet; Ma, Wanglin |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315149&r= |
| By: | Taiki Kakimoto; Shinsuke Uchida |
| Abstract: | Large-scale natural disasters are known to increase disaster victims' risk-taking behavior such as alcohol consumption, but the potentially prolonged phenomenon has rarely been tracked. This study examines the long-term causal effect of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent Fukushima nuclear accident on alcohol consumption by using the monthly expenditure data of representative households in 47 prefecture capitals in Japan in 2000-2019. We use the seismic intensity (Shindo) of each city to identify the causal relationship between the earthquake and alcohol consumption. The results reveal a persistent increase in alcohol consumption in cities with a seismic intensity of 6 or higher. This trend is particularly pronounced for non-employed (retired) households. We also find that the long-term increase in alcohol consumption is associated with the persistent decline of spending on things that maintain social connections. |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:11&r= |
| By: | Nathalie Pouokam |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the main challenges faced by resource-rich nations in promoting equity; describes policy tools available for managing exhaustible natural resources; and analyzes the relationship between resource wealth and state fragility. It is argued that human capital accumulation, innovation, and technology diffusion can help escape the trap of low growth and resource dependence that plagues so many developing countries. But to make this possible, resource-rich nations must sustain strong citizen participation in the policy making to hold governments accountable and ensure the inclusive management of resource wealth. |
| Keywords: | resource curse; natural resource wealth; exhaustible natural resources; resource rent; resource wealth; natural resource; Natural resources; Fiscal rules; Income inequality; Exports; Global |
| Date: | 2021–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/097&r= |
| By: | Amondo, Emily Injete |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315096&r= |
| By: | Feng, Xiaolong |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315368&r= |
| By: | Julien Milanesi (CERTOP - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès) |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03416223&r= |
| By: | Paulin Ibanda Kabaka (LAM - Les Afriques dans le monde - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Bordeaux Montaigne - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Bordeaux - IEP Bordeaux - Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PDP - Centre de recherche Pau Droit Public - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | Le droit de la chasse est l'ensemble des normes et principes édictés par les pouvoirs publics pour réguler la gestion des ressources fauniques ou animales, lors des prélèvements effectués à l'occasion de chasse, afin de leur permettre de se reproduire et d'éviter toute extinction d'espèces animales. |
| Keywords: | droit de l'environnement,CITES,faune,cynégétique,ressources fauniques,animaux,chasse,droit de la chasse,Congo,permis de chasse,guide de chasse,chasseur,crocodile |
| Date: | 2021–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03410190&r= |