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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Maksym Ivanyna; Nicholas Stern; William Oman; Amar Bhattacharya |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major threat to the sustainability and inclusiveness of our societies, and to the planet’s habitability. A just transition to a low-carbon economy is the only viable way forward. This paper reviews the climate change challenge. It stresses the criticality of systems changes (energy, transport, urban, land use, water) in a climate-challenged world, and the importance of infrastructure investment geared toward such systems changes. The key policies to enable the transition are: public spending on and investment frameworks for sustainable infrastructure, pricing carbon, regulations, promoting sustainable use of natural resources, scaling up and aligning finance with climate objectives, low-carbon industrial and innovation policies, building resilience and adaptation, better measurement of well-being and sustainability, and providing information and education on climate risks. Implemented well, climate action would unlock the inclusive growth story of the 21st century, making our societies more sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous. |
| Keywords: | climate change challenge; climate change mitigation; low-carbon economy; climate action; challenge of climate change; Climate change; Natural disasters; Greenhouse gas emissions; Global; South Asia |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/147&r= |
| By: | Davide Furceri; Michael Ganslmeier; Mr. Jonathan David Ostry |
| Abstract: | Are policies designed to avert climate change (Climate Change Policies, or CCPs) politically costly? Using data on governmental popular support and the OECD’s Environmental Stringency Index, we find that CCPs are not necessarily politically costly: policy design matters. First, only market-based CCPs (such as emission taxes) generate negative effects on popular support. Second, the effects are muted in countries where non-green (dirty) energy is a relatively small input into production. Third, political costs are not significant when CCPs are implemented during periods of low oil prices, generous social insurance and low inequality. |
| Keywords: | EPS change; policy design; Policy implication; popular support; baseline model; Climate change; Climate policy; Fuel prices; Environmental policy; Natural disasters; Global |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/156&r= |
| By: | Kolapo, Adetomiwa; Tijani, Abiade Akeem |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314987&r= |
| By: | Mirzabaev, Alisher |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315872&r= |
| By: | Branca, Giacomo |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315920&r= |
| By: | Shobande, Olatunji; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | Africa is currently experiencing both financial and human development challenges. While several continents have advocated for financial development in order to acquire environmentally friendly machinery that produces less emissions and ensures long-term sustainability, Africa is still lagging behind the rest of the world. Similarly, Africa's human development has remained stagnant, posing a serious threat to climate change if not addressed. Building on the underpinnings of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis on the nexus between economic growth and environmental pollution, this study contributes to empirical research seeking to promote environmental sustainability as follows. First, it investigates the link between financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa. Second, six advanced panel techniquesare used, and they include: (1) cross-sectional dependency (CD) tests; (2) combined panel unit root tests; (3) combined panel cointegration tests; (4) panel VAR/VEC Granger causality tests and (5) combined variance decomposition analysis based on Cholesky and Generalised weights. Our finding shows that financial and human capital developments are important in reducing CO2 emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in East and Southern Africa. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development; Human Capital; East and Southern Africa; Climate Change |
| JEL: | G21 I21 I25 O55 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110639&r= |
| By: | Mikael Skou Andersen (Aarhus University); Gérard Bonnis (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Nitrogen management policies introduced in the past decades by some OECD countries have succeeded in reducing excess nitrogen use by farmers, but half of global mineral fertiliser use is still lost for crops. While about half of OECD countries have nutrient surpluses of between 25-50 kg N per hectare, a smaller number of countries are still having surpluses of more than 100 kg N per hectare. Since the production and use of mineral fertilisers have a large greenhouse gas footprint and to achieve the deep reductions in emissions as the Paris Agreement aims for, nitrogen management policies could be reinforced and pursued more systematically. The paper identifies significant reduction potential by eliminating the excess use of nitrogen fertilisers and improving efficiency in the use of manure-nitrogen, which could be obtained with a redesign of nitrogen management policies and schemes for public financial support. To underpin such measures a tax on the nitrogen surplus at farm level could play a vital role. Based on the available estimates of environmental externalities of nitrogen, the paper identifies an average rate of EUR 1-2 as a suitable starting point for a tax or penalty on the surplus application of nitrogen. The paper also explores the opportunities for sustainable nutrient management in agriculture with climate mitigation benefits relating to nitrous oxides in particular. |
| Keywords: | agricultural fertilisers, climate change mitigation, environmental taxation, manure, nitrogen pollution |
| JEL: | D62 H23 H87 O13 P52 Q15 Q24 Q51 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:186-en&r= |
| By: | Roznik, Mitchell; Mishra, Ashok K. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nc1117:316034&r= |
| By: | Philippe A. Ker Rault; Phoebe Koundouri; Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Ralf Ludwig; Verena Huber-Garcia; Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business); Vicenc Acuna; Eleni Kalogianni; Joke Luttik; Kasper Kok; Nikolaos Skoulikidis; Jochen Froebrich |
| Abstract: | The Mediterranean region is anticipated to be (or, already is) one of the hot spots for climate change, where fresh-water ecosystems are under threat from the effects of multiple stressors. Climate change is impacting natural resources and on the functioning of Ecosystem Services. The challenges about modelling climate change impact on water cycle in general and specifically on socio-economic dynamics of the society leads to an exponential amount of results that restrain interpretation and added value of forecasting at local level. One of the main challenges when dealing with climate change projections is the quantification of uncertainties. Modellers might have limited information or understanding from local river catchment management practices and from other disciplines with relevant insights on socio-economic and environmental complex relationship between biosphere and human based activities. Current General Circulation Models cannot fulfil the requirements of high spatial detail required for water management policy. This article reports an innovative transdisciplinary methodology to down scale Climate Change scenarii to river basin level with a special focus on the development of climate change narrative under SSP5-RCP8.5 combination called Myopic scenario and SSP1-RCP4.5 combination called Sustainable scenario. Local Stakeholder participative workshop in the Evrotas river basin provide perception of expected changes on water demand under to two developed scenario narratives. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1913&r= |
| By: | Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business); Phoebe Koundouri (Dept. of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business); Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8) |
| Abstract: | Recent policy developments in Europe consider the importance of water ecosystems to human wellbeing and the detrimental effects that multiple pressures may have on them. Several directives and measures which culminated with the design and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, have attempted to address the issue of sustainable water management while aligning with targets of economic development. We review the European Water Framework Directive keeping in mind the commitment to the United Nation' Agenda to 2030 with the aim to identify complementarities and missing parts in aligning regional policies to global targets for sustainable development. Towards this end the management plans in selected river basins, Ebro-Spain, Adige-Italy, Evrotas-Greece, Sava-Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Anglian-UK, are examined. The analysis shows that despite significant steps towards integrated management of water bodies in Europe, it is still necessary to improve policy design and implementation to align with global sustainable development targets. Appropriate supportive methodologies must be developed that consider the socio-economic and environmental dimensions of water management. Policies should aim for environmental agreements, alternative climate change scenarios, transparent quantitative measures targeting sustainable demand of water and explicit infrastructure and knowledge transfer channels which can accelerate the implementation of sustainable water management at regional and global level. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2036&r= |
| By: | Stella Apostolaki; Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business); Phoebe Koundouri; Nikitas Pittis (University of Piraeus, Greece); Eleftherios Levantis |
| Abstract: | Despite being a natural phenomenon, water scarcity is, to a great extent, human-induced, particularly affected by climate change and by the increased water resources vulnerability. The Water Framework Directive (WFD), an 'umbrella' directive that aims to provide holistic approaches to the management of water resources and is supported by a number of Communication documents on water scarcity, requires for prompt responses to ensure 'healthy' water bodies of good ecological status. The current paper presents a multidisciplinary approach, developed and engaged within the Globaqua Project, to provide an assessment of the main challenges towards addressing water scarcity with emphasis on the climate change projections, in two Mediterranean regions. The current paper attempts to critically assess the effectiveness of the WFD as a tool to address water scarcity and increase sustainability in resource use. Criticism lies on the fact that the WFD does not directly refer to it, still, water scarcity is recognized as a factor that increases stress on water resources and deteriorates their status. In addition, the Program of Measures (PoMs) within the WFD clearly contribute to reducing vulnerability of water resources and to ensure current and future water use, also under the impact of the projected climate change. |
| Keywords: | water scarcity, sustainable resource management, integrated water management, Program of Measures, climate change, multidisciplinary approach |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1909&r= |
| By: | Stella Apostolaki; Phoebe Koundouri; Nikitas Pittis (University of Piraeus, Greece) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable management of water resources calls for integration of ideas and approaches and revolves around as- sessment of causal-effect relationships as tools towards defining informed mitigation options and planning. The current paper presents a new holistic approach developed within the Globaqua Coordination Project that com- bines indicator-based well-established and tested concepts towards developing informed Programmes of Measures and River basin management plans: a. The DPSIR framework that has been engaged as central instrument to address the Water Framework Directive requirements and the concepts embedded in the Inte- grated Water Resource Management; b. The Ecosystem Services Approach emphasizing on the links between ecosystem services, changes in ecosystems and human well-being, c. Scenario assessment for valuation of future conditions to ensure the sustainability in the use of water resources. The implementation of the new combined framework in two river basins, Ebro in Spain and Evrotas in Greece, stressed the need for revised options targeting elimination of water pollution, measures to ensure water supply that covers the demand even under conditions of climate change and increased water stress and the need for improved valuation of environmental and resource use costs. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1910&r= |
| By: | R. Quentin Grafton (Australian National University); Hoang Long Chu (Australian National University); Harry Nelson (University of British Columbia); Gérard Bonnis (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a ranking of the countries where forest carbon sequestration is the most cost-efficient among 166 countries for which data are available. Taking into account the main cost factors leads to a more nuanced ranking of the countries to be favoured for cost-efficient forest carbon sequestration compared to the assumption that these would always be in tropical areas with high rainfall. The ranking reflects the differences in the opportunity cost of land use and labour cost (production costs), the quality of the business environment (transaction costs), natural conditions (forest productivity), wildfire risk and the avoided GHG emissions from alternative land use. Cost-efficiency also depends on the type of forest project (afforestation, reforestation or forest conservation) and how private (wood harvest) and non-private (environmental and social) co-benefits are counted. A sensitivity analysis is undertaken to examine the robustness of the results with respect to uncertainties in values of the cost and quantity factors of forest carbon sequestration. The results support the view that forests can be a cost-efficient way to offset GHG emissions and that significant cost reductions are possible by targeting the country and sub-national regions in which to locate forest carbon sequestration projects. The report also reviews the literature on the significance and cost of forest carbon sequestration and provides an overview of forest carbon offset schemes. |
| Keywords: | carbon offsets, climate change mitigation, forest carbon capture, forest co-benefits, forest cost-efficiency |
| JEL: | Q23 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:185-en&r= |
| By: | Tanti, Purna Chandra; Jena, Pradyot Ranjan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315253&r= |
| By: | Unay-Gailhard, Ilkay; Bojnec, Štefan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315374&r= |
| By: | Yener Altunbas; Leonardo Gambacorta; Alessio Reghezza; Giulio Velliscig |
| Abstract: | Does having more women in managerial positions improve firm environmental performance? We match firm-corporate governance characteristics with firm-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the period 2009-2019 to study the relationship between gender diversity in the workplace and firm carbon emissions. We find that a 1 percentage point increase in the percentage of female managers within the firm leads to a 0.5% decrease in CO2 emissions. We document that this effect is statically significant, also when controlling for institutional differences caused by more patriarchal and hierarchical cultures and religions. At the same time, we show that gender diversity at the managerial level has stronger mitigating effects on climate change if females are also well-represented outside the organization, e.g. in political institutions and civil society organizations. Finally, we find that, after the Paris Agreement, firms with greater gender diversity reduced their CO2 emissions by about 5% more than firms with more male managers. Overall, our results indicate that gender diversity within organizations can have a significant impact in combating climate change. |
| JEL: | G12 G23 G30 D62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:977&r= |
| By: | Dimnwobi, Stephen; Ekesiobi, Chukwunonso; Madichie, Chekwube; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | The nexus of population dynamics and environmental degradation has been discussed widely in the extant literature. Most related studies have utilized carbon emission as a proxy of environmental quality. However, carbon emission does not capture the multidimensional nature of environmental degradation. To fill this gap, this study utilized the ecological footprint to capture environmental degradation because it is a more dynamic environmental quality measure. The paper examines the population-environmental degradation hypothesis for five populous African countries (DR Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania) using panel information from 1990-2019. The Cross-sectionally Augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) was employed to assess the relationship among the data – ecological footprint per capita (ECFP), population growth rate (POPG), population density (POPD), urban population growth rate (URBN), age structure of the population (AGES), per capita GDP growth rate (PGDP), energy consumption (ENEC), and trade openness (TRAD). The findings of the study revealed that POPG, POPD, AGES, PGDP, ENEC and TRAD increase environmental degradation. Urbanization (URBN) has no significant influence on environmental degradation in the selected African countries. The study concludes with policy prescriptions geared towards addressing population expansion and improving environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Population dynamics, Environmental degradation, Africa |
| JEL: | C40 J11 O10 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110640&r= |
| By: | Edward Manderson; Timothy Considine |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of daily temperatures on monthly energy demand for all major fuels (electricity, natural gas and petroleum products) across the United States economy. We find there are substantial heterogeneities in the estimated relationships by fuel type and by sector. We also provide evidence to suggest that adaptation to local climate has modified the electricity consumption effects of temperature in the residential and commercial sectors. Using our estimates to predict the effects that climate change has already had during 2010-2019, we find positive net impacts on energy consumption and expenditure for each sector, and annual carbon dioxide emissions have increased by at least 16 million metric tons. The predictions also suggest that adaptation has increased the net impacts of climate change on electricity use for cold states, but decreased the net impacts for hot states. |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:2112&r= |
| By: | Heinz, Nicolai; Koessler, Ann-Kathrin; Engel, Stefanie |
| Abstract: | Adverse consequences of climate change often affect people and places far away from those that have the greatest capacity for mitigation. Several correlational and some experimental studies suggest that the willingness to take mitigation actions may diminish with increasing distance. However, the empirical findings are ambiguous. In order to investigate if and how socio-spatial distance to climate change effects plays a role for the willingness to engage in mitigation actions, we conducted an online experiment with a German population sample (n=383). We find that the willingness to sign a petition for climate protection was significantly reduced when a person in India with a name of Indian origin was affected by flooding as compared to a person in Germany with a name of German origin. Distance did not affect donating money to climate protection or approving of mitigation policies. Our results provide evidence for the existence of a negative effect of distance to climate change consequences on the willingness to engage in low-cost mitigation actions. Investigating explanations for such an effect, we find that it can be attributed to the spatial distance dimension, which reduced participants’ perception of being personally affected by climate change. Moreover, we found some cautious evidence that people with strong racist attitudes react differently to the distance manipulations, suggesting a form of environmental racism that could also reduce mitigation action in the case of climate change. |
| Keywords: | psychological distance,social distance,climate change,spatial distance,mitigation,economic experiment,environmental racism |
| JEL: | D91 C93 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:246815&r= |
| By: | Boneva, Lena; Ferrucci, Gianluigi; Mongelli, Francesco Paolo |
| Abstract: | Climate change has profound effects not only for societies and economies, but also for central banks’ ability to deliver price stability in the future. This paper starts by documenting why climate change matters for monetary policy: it impacts the economic variables relevant to setting the monetary policy stance, it interacts with fiscal and structural responses and it can generate dislocations in financial markets, which are impossible for monetary policy to ignore. Next, we survey several possible ways central banks can respond to climate change. These range from protective actions to more proactive measures aimed at mitigating climate change and supporting green finance and the transition to sustainable growth. We also discuss the constraints and trade-offs faced by central banks as they respond to climate risks. Finally, focusing on the specific challenges faced by inflation-targeting central banks, we consider how certain design features of this regime might interact with, and evolve in response to, the climate challenge. JEL Classification: E52, E58, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate change, environmental economics, green finance, monetary policy, sustainable growth economics |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2021285&r= |
| By: | Pinedo, Wilman Iglesias |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315927&r= |
| By: | Ary José A. Souza-Jr. |
| Abstract: | Do subjects’ reactions to climate change help us understand how behavior affects their well-being level? To answer, this article assesses the impact of a large set of Environmental Perceptions and Attitudes (EPA) on subjective well-being across 21 European countries, using an ordered probit model. Furthermore, it tests whether personality traits are capable to influence the relationship between EPA and well-being. The estimation uses data from the European Social Survey, along with air pollution (PM10), precipitation, waste production, and macro variables. This paper builds on Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Gowdy (2007), considering two additional groups of EPA: energy affairs and new expressions of environmental awareness. The results show that both groups have a statistically significant effect on well-being, indicating that a higher variety of EPA may influence welfare. The outcomes also indicate that personality traits partially influence the link between well-being and EPA across Europe. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp02072021&r= |
| By: | Ulrik R. Beck (Danish Research institute for Economic Analysis and Modelling (DREAM)); Peter K. Kruse-Andersen (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); Louis B. Stewart (The Secretariat of the Danish Council on Climate Change) |
| Abstract: | A substantial literature investigates carbon leakage effects for large countries and climate coalitions. However, little is known about leakage effects for a small open economy within a climate coalition. To fill this gap in the literature, we incorporate international climate policies relevant for a small open EU economy into the general equilibrium model GTAP-E. We focus our analysis on Denmark, but we show that our framework can be applied to any EU economy. We find substantial leakage associated with an economy-wide CO2e tax. This result is strongly affected by EU climate policies. We also present sector-specific leakage rates and find large sectoral differences. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage, Trade and the environment, Climate policy, Computable general equilibrium |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuiedp:2108&r= |
| By: | Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Faizal Rahmanto Moeis (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Yusuf Sofiyandi (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Muhammad Adriansyah (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Anas Izzuddin (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Aqilah Farhani (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Sendy Jasmine (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is in the middle of its long-term development challenge to escape the ‘middle-income trap’. As often as developing countries face the same challenge, one common strategy to be implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI) is to develop a massive infrastructure plan across the country. Despite the ambitious development and planning of infrastructure in Indonesia, Indonesia’s current state of infrastructure is under threat due to natural disasters. Natural disasters cause damage to infrastructure, which affects the infrastructure’s ability to provide benefits for the society and economy. The geographical position of Indonesia and climate-related factors have raised the exposure of environmental risks and climate change to Indonesia’s infrastructure. In general, the current infrastructure conditions in Indonesia are simply not resilient enough to endure future disaster and climate change risks. Therefore, to mitigate and adapt to these risks, Indonesia should build resilient infrastructures, which are able to withstand damage or disruptions, but if affected, can be readily and cost-effectively restored (Scalingi, 2007). Indonesia has created several national-level development plans for resilient infrastructure development, such as the 2014 RAN-API, 2012 RAN-MAPI, and the 2020–2024 RPJMN that complement each other, emphasize resilient infrastructure to reduce losses due to disasters. Regionally, several districts have their own climate change adaption disaster risk reduction plan, such as Makassar City and Kupang City, that accommodate local disaster and climate risks. However, not all districts have designed their climate change adaptation disaster risk reduction plan as it is not mandatory. Moreover, the GoI has created several regulations regarding resilient infrastructure, such as Green Buildings, infrastructure in tsunami-prone areas, and building technical requirements. These plans and regulations have also been supported by several actors, both from the public and private sector. |
| Keywords: | climate change — development planning — Indonesia — natural disasters — resilient infrastructure |
| JEL: | H54 O21 Q54 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:wpaper:202164&r= |
| By: | Alexander Kell |
| Abstract: | A transition to a low-carbon electricity supply is crucial to limit the impacts of climate change. Reducing carbon emissions could help prevent the world from reaching a tipping point, where runaway emissions are likely. Runaway emissions could lead to extremes in weather conditions around the world -- especially in problematic regions unable to cope with these conditions. However, the movement to a low-carbon energy supply can not happen instantaneously due to the existing fossil-fuel infrastructure and the requirement to maintain a reliable energy supply. Therefore, a low-carbon transition is required, however, the decisions various stakeholders should make over the coming decades to reduce these carbon emissions are not obvious. This is due to many long-term uncertainties, such as electricity, fuel and generation costs, human behaviour and the size of electricity demand. A well choreographed low-carbon transition is, therefore, required between all of the heterogenous actors in the system, as opposed to changing the behaviour of a single, centralised actor. The objective of this thesis is to create a novel, open-source agent-based model to better understand the manner in which the whole electricity market reacts to different factors using state-of-the-art machine learning and artificial intelligence methods. In contrast to other works, this thesis looks at both the long-term and short-term impact that different behaviours have on the electricity market by using these state-of-the-art methods. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.00987&r= |
| By: | Mr. Adil Mohommad |
| Abstract: | The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms’ labor demand, in a novel identification approach using Worldscope data from 31 countries on firm-level CO2 emissions. Drawing on evidence from as many as 5300 firms over 15 years and the OECD environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it finds that high emission-intensity firms reduce labor demand upon impact as EPS is tightened, whereas low emission-intensity firms increase labor demand, indicating a reallocation of employment. Moreover, tightening EPS during economic contractions appears to have a positive effect on employment, other things equal. Quantifications exercises show modest positive net changes in employment for market-based policies, and modest negative net changes for non-market policies (mainly emission quantity regulations) and for the combined aggregate EPS. Within market-based policies, the percent decline in employment in high-emission firms (correspondingly the increase in low-emission firms) for a unit change in a policy index is smallest (largest) for trading schemes (“green” certificates, and “white” certificates)—although stringency is not comparable across indices. Finally, the employment effects of EPS are not persistent. |
| Keywords: | IMF working paper research Department; employment effect; emission-intensity firm; policy index; intensity firm; Employment; Environmental policy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Labor demand; Non-renewable resources; Global |
| Date: | 2021–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/140&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Stathis Devves; Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | The Agenda 2030 with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) along with the European Green Deal and its 9 Policy Areas, are the key strategic frameworks for the transformation of Europe into a climate-neutral continent in the future decades. Thus, the mandates derived from these contexts must be taken into consideration by the European countries. This report aims to suggest a methodology for the co-integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the European Green Deal (EGD), with the Country-specific recommendations (CSRs) made by the European Commission as part of the Semester process. At the same time, all these should be aligned with the EU Recovery Plan, to supply applicable strategies to the European policymakers and strengthen the national recovery Plans of the Member States, which are driven by the above-mentioned EU-driven packs, in line with the superior UN Agenda for the Sustainable Development. For the alignment of CSRs, the SDGs, and the EGD a 3D-mapping approach is proposed. After the Introduc tion in Section 1, the framework of the applicable Policies is presented in Section 2 and our Methodology is described in Section 3. In Section 4 our results are demonstrated for the EU and in Section 5 the main conclusions are listed along with a discussion for future directions. Our analysis shows that overall, the EU has sufficiently incorporated the SDGs in its strategic priorities, although there is still room for improvement. Several issues identified by SDSN's Sustainable Development Report 2020 either as major or significant challenges have not been captured by the CSRs. The role of these Country-specific results and their mapping, as provided in the Supplementary Material, is to support the EU Commission and the Member States to reinforce the alignment of their policy priorities with the ambitions of the major Sustainability Agenda. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), European Green Deal (EGD), European Semester Process, Country Specific Recommendations (CSR's), 3-D Mapping |
| Date: | 2021–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2113&r= |
| By: | Eder, Andreas |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315100&r= |
| By: | Deng, Xiangzheng; Gibson, John |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315187&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business); Nikitas Pittis (University of Piraeus, Greece); Eleftherios Levantis |
| Abstract: | The EU Water Framework Directive is considered a first systematic approach to ensure the quality of freshwater ecosystems holistically. At the core of the Directive is the concept of 'Total' costs and benefits of water use, i.e. the financial, environmental and resource costs of water use. Many studies stress the importance of conceptualizing and monetizing the total water costs. Nevertheless, implementing total water cost recovery may raise social and redistributive concerns. We discuss the approaches to implement total water cost recovery with illustrations from the Evtoras River Basin in Greece. We argue that the measures might not work towards achieving total water cost recovery. We thus complement the analysis with a brief discussion of the socio-economic tools and instruments that policy makers may additionaly consider. We conclude with some policy recommendations and insights in support of well-informed policy making. |
| Keywords: | Total water cost recovery, Programme of measures, Water framework directive, Sustainable management |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1912&r= |
| By: | Susana Campos-Martins; David F. Hendry |
| Abstract: | The systemic implications on carbon-intensive equity prices of the disruptive technological progress from decarbonising the global energy system are com pounded by the geopolitical nature of both the global oil market and transition risk. We show empirically that climate change news affects oil and gas stock return volatilities at the global scale. But not all geoclimatic shocks are alike. Climate change news increases global uncertainty around carbon-intensive equities and it amplifies the effects of oil volatility shocks when the news is bad. Moreover, the impact of climate change news on the global oil and gas carbon intensive equity market differs across topics and themes. |
| Keywords: | Volatility factor models, Financial volatility shocks, Geoclimatic volatility shocks, Transition risk, Carbon-intensive equities. |
| Date: | 2021–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:948&r= |
| By: | Roger Cremades; Hermine Mitter; Nicu Constantin Tudose; Anabel Sanchez-Plaza; Anil Graves; Annelies Broekman; Steffen Bender; Carlo Giupponi; Phoebe Koundouri; Muhamad Bahri; Sorin Cheval; Jorg Cortekar; Yamir Moreno; Oscar Melo; Katrin Karner; Cezar Ungurean; Serban Octavian Davidescu; Bernadette Kropf; Floor Brouwer; Mirabela Marin |
| Abstract: | The water-energy-land nexus requires long-sighted approaches that help avoid maladaptive pathways to ensure its promise to deliver insights and tools that improve policy-making. Climate services can form the foundation to avoid myopia in nexus studies by providing information about how climate change will alter the balance of nexus resources and the nature of their interactions. Nexus studies can help climate services by providing information about the implications of climate-informed decisions for other economic sectors across nexus resources. First-of-its-kind guidance is provided to combine nexus studies and climate services. The guidance consists of ten principles and a visual guide, which are discussed together with questions to compare diverse case studies and with examples to support the application of the principles. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1915&r= |
| By: | Chen, Xiaoguang; Khanna, Madhu; Yang, Lu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315038&r= |
| By: | Matteo Mazzarano (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Gianni Guastella (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Stefano Pareglio (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Anastasios Xepapadeas (thens University of Economics and Business, University of Bologna) |
| Abstract: | The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) has considered climate change as a risk issue since 2010. Several emission disclosure initiatives exist aimed at informing investors about the financial risks associated with a zero or low carbon transition. Stricter regulations, particularly in a few sectors, could affect operations costs, ultimately impacting companies financial performances, especially of listed companies. There are two ways these companies can disclose their transition risk exposure and are not alternatives. One is the explicit declaration of exposure to transition risk in the legally binding documents that listed companies must provide authorities. The other is the disclosure of GHG equivalent emissions, which is implicitly associated with transition risk exposure. This paper empirically analyses to what extent US companies stock returns incorporate information about transition risk by using explicit and implicit risk measures and comparing them. In addition, multiple total stock return measures distinguishing dividend payouts from simple stock returns. Results suggest that both explicit and implicit risks are positively related to dividend payouts and not to stock returns, while the overall effect on total stock returns is negative. Evidence supports the view that market operators price negatively the transition risk exposure and, probably as a consequence, boards in carbon intensive companies use dividend policies to attract investment in risky companies. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, Transition Risk, SEC-10K, Mandatory Disclosure, Text analysis, CAPM |
| JEL: | G35 G32 G38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.29&r= |
| By: | Aude Pommeret (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Francesco Ricci (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy generation and storage requires specialized capital goods, embedding critical raw materials (CRM). The scarcity of CRM therefore affects the transition from a fossil based energy system to one based on renewables, necessary to cope with climate change. We consider the issue in a theoretical model, where we allow for a very costly potential substitute, reflecting a backstop technology, and for partial and costly recycling of materials in capital goods. We characterize the main features of the efficient energy transition, and their dependence on the relative abundance of CRM and on the recycling technology. Recycling reduces the cost of the transition. It also calls for having a large stock of recyclable CRM embedded in specialized capital at the time of adoption of the backstop technology. Moreover, we consider constraints on policy tools and myopic regulation, and show how abstracting from the scarcity of CRM, or tightly linking subsidies for renewables to the carbon tax revenue, is misleading in designing climate policy. |
| Keywords: | material scarcity,recycling,energy transition,policy acceptability,myopia |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03429055&r= |
| By: | Hiroyuki TOSA (Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This short essay aims to summarize issues related to the politics of human-induces climate change denial under the condition of high degree of uncertainty, which we notice in the United States, some European countries and even in Japan, from the viewpoint of cognitive psychology addressing cognitive bias problems. In addition, we scrutinize how the politics of climate change denial relates to the rightwing populism by focusing on the relation between cognitive bias and identity politics including belief-systems as well as campaigns operated by vested interest groups such as petroleum industry. In other words, the explanation that ideological aspects of right-wing populism are connected to climate change denial has significant overlap with the idea of cognitive bias, whereby inconvenient truths or facts that do not align with individual belief systems are rejected. This extreme form of cognitive bias also plays a role in the formation of conspiracy theories, which right-wing populism is often keen to embrace. Conspiracy theories cast environmentalists who advocate action on climate change as closet socialists plotting to turn the country Communist under the pretense of environmental protection. The natural environment of the homeland is of aesthetic, symbolic, and material value and thus worthy of being protected to the chauvinists, whereas the climate problem is a transnational phenomenon different in kind from the national landscape, and actors who attempt to solve the problem of climate change are, based on their cosmopolitan orientation, adversaries seeking to undermine their foundation of national sovereignty. |
| Keywords: | climate change denial, right-wing populism, cognitive bias, vested interests, belief systems, uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kcs:wpaper:39&r= |
| By: | Witcover, Julie |
| Abstract: | This paper examines past and future trends for non-conventional biofuels in transportation in the next decade and beyond in California and the U.S., drawing on existing literature. It finds policy was geared toward expanding use of technology-ready biofuels in the 2010s; hydroprocessed renewable diesel from lipid feedstocks and biogas were beneficiaries alongside conventional ethanol and biodiesel. Cellulosic ventures largely failed due to lack of technological readiness, high cost, and an uncertain and insufficient policy environment. Policy goals for competitive cellulosic fuels remain, yet fuels from technologies already in the market may suffice to meet low carbon fuel policy targets, at least in California until 2030, considerably more oilcrop-based biofuels. How much biofuel will be needed there and elsewhere to meet climate targets hinges critically on the pace and scope of zero emission vehicle, and particularly electric vehicle, rollout. Analysis of unintended market consequences like indirect land use change has evolved over the decade but remains uncertain; current policy structures do not comprehensively safeguard against increased emissions. Market activity for non-conventional fuels has targeted biojet. Pioneer plants using new conversion technologies, if successful, will take some time to scale. Technoeconomic analyses (TEAs) for such non-conventional fuels point to no clear biofuel conversion technology winner as yet, given uncertainties. TEAs are evolving to reduce uncertainty by concentrating more on robust returns in the face of uncertain policies, potential additional cost-cutting for new technologies given what is known about processes involved, and potential revenue-raising through new coproducts or shifting product slates. Policies are needed to make initial financing more secure. Additional policy and societal attention to appropriate use of biomass, and land more generally, in a low carbon future is needed to clarify likely feedstock supply for biofuels that will enhance climate goals with low risk of unintended consequences. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Biofuels, low carbon fuels, renewable energy sources, alternative fuel policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7624q040&r= |
| By: | Leonardo Becchetti (CEIS & DEF, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"); Sara Mancini (University of Rome "Tor Vergata"); Nazaria Solferino (Università della Calabria) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of the introduction of non-financial reporting (NFR) on investment related to corporate social responsibility (CSR). We focus on environmental sustainability by using as exogenous treatment the Italian implementation of the EU Directive 2014/95 that has made NFR mandatory for companies of 500 employees and above passing threshold levels of either net sales or total assets. We estimate the causal effect on data from the ISTAT Multiscopo Survey (including the universe of middle and large sized Italian companies and a large sample of small companies) with a fuzzy discontinuity design approach and find evidence of a sharp discontinuity around the cutoff. Our empirical findings show that mandatory NFR is associated to significant positive effects on CSR investments in some crucial domains (waste management, recycle/reused material in inputs, pollution control, emission reduction). Their magnitude implies that between 20 to 30 percent of additional firms are involved in CSR investments in general and specifically in all the considered types of environmentally sustainable investment. Policy implications of our findings are that the reduction of the mandatory NFR threshold including also medium sized firms could significantly contribute to extend corporate investment in CSR and, more specifically, in environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility, non-financial reporting, environmental sustainability. |
| JEL: | D25 D22 |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:528&r= |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Stella Apostolaki; Nikos Chatzistamoulou (AUEB); Phoebe Koundouri; Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationship between the environment and human wellbeing whilst considering water resource pressures in the context of ecosystem services, before assessing the management actions to facilitate human wellbeing under the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD). By focusing on four river basins in four European countries currently working to implement the WFD, we explore the effects of multiple pressures faced within each one on human wellbeing. Under an Ecosystem Services framework, we identify those effects and consolidate them into Human Wellbeing Factors to assess the management actions. Then, by conducting a qualitative content analysis, we assess the effectiveness of each Program of Measures at river basin level and relate them to Human Wellbeing Factors. Findings indicate that factors such as population growth trends intensify the effects of these pressures on human wellbeing. Finally, the paper pinpoints that human wellbeing must remain an ever-present consideration to be weighed against any other competing policy objectives. |
| Keywords: | integrated river basin management, human wellbein, ecosystem services, policy |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1911&r= |
| By: | Jennifer L. Castle; David F. Hendry |
| Abstract: | Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are an excellent target, but difficult to achieve by having to bridge a dramatic energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables, as well as eliminate other sources of GHG emissions from agriculture, construction and waste. A comprehensive strategy for doing so is essential, and although components like renewable electricity generation and electric vehicles are well developed, many issues remain, especially timing the stages in tandem. The key sensitive intervention points (SIPs) are (a) installing sufficient non-GHG electricity, (b) having elec tric vehicles connected to the grid for large-scale short-run backup storage, (c) utilising intermittent ‘surplus’ energy for nearly free hydrogen production, (d) some liquified for medium-term storage and a high-heat for industry, and (e) other electricity-based uses such as in agriculture. Public support for a purely green economy will wane if the economic costs are too high, so it is essential to maintain employment and real per-capita incomes. Decarbonizing the economy while also dealing with the economic costs of the COVID-19 pandemic can occur by using an integrated stepped approach. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse-Gas Emissions, Net-Zero Target, Decarbonizing, Economic Growth, Carbon Nanotubes, Renewable Electricity Generation |
| Date: | 2021–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:953&r= |
| By: | Ojo, Mercy; Hubbard, Carmen |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315176&r= |
| By: | Phu Nguyen Van; Anne Stenger; Tuyen Tiet |
| Abstract: | Based on a meta-analysis, this paper highlights the strength and relevance of several social incentive factors concerning pro-environmental behaviors, including social influence, network factors (like network size, network connection and leadership), trust in others, and trust in institutions. Firstly, our results suggest that social influence is necessary for the emergence of pro-environmental behaviors. More specifically, an internal social influence (i.e., motivating people to change their perceptions and attitudes) is essential to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Secondly, network connection encourages pro-environmental behaviors, meaning that the effectiveness of a conservation policy can be improved if connections among individuals are increased. Finally, trust in institutions can dictate individual behaviors to shape policy design and generate desired policy outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Meta-analysis; Network; Pro-environmental behavior; Social influence; Social incentive; Trust |
| JEL: | D91 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2021-32&r= |
| By: | Mónica Santillán Vera (Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Anáhuac México); Lilia García Manrique (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom); Isabel Rodríguez Peña (Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Anáhuac México); Angel de la Vega Navarro (Facultad de Economía, UNAM) |
| Abstract: | In the last three decades, the high growth of natural gas as an energy source of Mexican electricity production was the most significant change in the sector. Natural gas went from being the source for 7% of electricity in 1990 to 62.3% in 2020. A co-dependence of electricity and natural gas systems has been established. Is this fact consistent with the objective of decarbonizing the electricity sector? We study this question through a decomposition analysis of electricity GHG emissions in Mexico between 1990 and 2015. We use a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to quantify the changes of electricity GHG emissions related to activity, carbon coefficient, structure, and energy intensity effects. Activity effect was the most significant driver of GHG emissions growth, while structure and energy intensity effects contributed to limiting that growth. Although natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel and its share in the electricity mix increased significantly, the effect of the carbon coefficient effect has shown a limited contribution to mitigating GHG emissions. From these results, we raise concerns about the role of natural gas, which could lead to carbon lock-in and stranded assets in the long term. To avoid this, an energy policy aiming towards a low-carbon energy system should consider the composition “natural gas + renewable energies + energy efficiency†. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1021&r= |
| By: | Pedro Naso; Ozgun Haznedar; Bruno Lanz; Timothy Swanson |
| Abstract: | It is important to dedicate substantial parts of the global land supply to public good uses in the 21st century, for purposes of climate change management and biodiversity provision. But will it also be possible to meet the food requirements of 12 billion people while doing so? Using a macroeconomic model (MAVA), we demonstrate that it may be possible to provide both for food security and environmental services in the long run. We first show that it may be possible to provide for food security with very substantial constraints on the amount of land used in agriculture with relatively minor welfare losses. We then show that global policies that reallocate labour across sectors of the economy may have the capacity for directing the economy toward reduced reliance on land in agriculture. Focusing on education, research and development, and fertility costs may be the best way to meet these combined goals. |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_71&r= |
| By: | Vogel, Everton; Beber, Caetano Luiz |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315219&r= |
| By: | Wang, Jingjing; Yue, Chengyan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315172&r= |
| By: | Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Agnes Tomini (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | This study examines a specific class of common-pool resources whereby rivalry is not characterized by competition for the resource stock. Artesian aquifers are a typical example of such resources since the stock never depletes, even when part of the resource is extracted. We first propose a dynamic model to account for the relevant features of such aquifers such as the water pressure and well yield and characterize the corresponding dynamics. We then compare the social optimum with the private exploitation of an open-access aquifer. The comparison of these two equilibria highlights the existence of a new source of inefficiency. In the long run, this so-called pressure externality results in an additional number of wells for the same water consumption, thereby raising costs. Finally, we characterize a specific stock-dependent tax to neutralize the pressure externality. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resource,Externality,Optimal management,Public regulation,Dynamic optimization |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03408305&r= |
| By: | Florian Misch; Youssouf Camara; Bjart Holtsmark |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically estimates the effects of electric vehicles (EVs) on passenger car emissions to inform the design of policies that encourage EV purchases in Norway. We use exceptionally rich data on the universe of cars and households from Norway, which has a very high share of EVs, thanks to generous tax incentives and other policies. Our estimates suggest that household-level emission savings from the purchase of additional EVs are limited, resulting in high implicit abatement costs of Norway’s tax incentives relative to emission savings. However, the estimated emission savings are much larger if EVs replace the dirtiest cars. Norway’s experience may also help inform similar policies in other countries as they ramp up their own national climate mitigation strategies. |
| Keywords: | emission savings; passenger car emission; savings from the purchase; car usage preference; purchased EVs; Tax incentives; Income; VAT exemptions; Greenhouse gas emissions |
| Date: | 2021–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/162&r= |
| By: | Sadana, Divya |
| Abstract: | Past literature has shown that 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act (CAA) led to significant reduction in air pollution early 1970s, and that it had positive infant health consequences for the cohorts treated by CAA. Because effects of in-utero and early childhood conditions are persistent, and the health effects can remain latent for years, CAA may impact the future adult outcomes. In this paper, I investigate the impact of the CAA on the future crime. In a difference-in-differences framework, I find that the cohorts that were born in the year of the CAA’s first implementation commit fewer crimes 15 to 24 years later. The magnitude of this impact is about 4 percent. Property crimes rather than violent crimes are impacted. I also estimate that CAA reduced the ambient air pollution by 14 percent. These reduced form estimates suggest that a one percent reduction in air pollution reduces future crime rate by 0.3 percent. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Crime, Birthweight, Education, Employment Status, Earnings |
| JEL: | I15 I25 J24 K14 K42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110564&r= |
| By: | Casamassima, Alessia; Perdiguero Garcia, Jordi; Morone, Andrea |
| Abstract: | The use of renewable energy sources is the main tool to solve several issues like energy request, the excessive use of no-renewable energy sources and, in general, the global environmental pollution. In the light of this, it is important to raise awareness among individuals towards this type of energies to facilitate the circular economy transition. The investigation of misperception is crucial in the modern context of bio-economy because it could lead to an over-exploitation and depletion of several natural resources. Policymakers work for a cleaner energy system, and they need to investigate on social acceptability; “Next Generation” represents those who must contribute to this dutiful energy transition because they are the future actors of society. The aim of this work is to investigate the energy misperception on different sources among the “Next Generation” group. The analysis is carried out in Italy and the data were obtained through an internet-based survey, administered via Instagram for capturing Next Generation’s perception about the national energy mix. We found the younger have more misperception and one of the possible explanations could be that are more negatively affected by media and social media, or public opinion in general. Another motivation could be that the younger generation considers sustainability important and therefore tend to over-perceive renewable energy sources. |
| Keywords: | Energy; misperception; renewable; Online Experiment |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110637&r= |
| By: | Nchofoung, Tii; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between the 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates CO2 emission in Africa. This result is robust across different types of infrastructural development indexes. When the indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting governance and trade openness with the different infrastructural development variables, the following results are obtained. Firstly, infrastructural development interacts with governance producing a positive net effect, up to a governance threshold estimate of 0.532 when the positive net effect is nullified. Secondly, infrastructures interact with trade openness producing a negative net effect up to a trade openness threshold of 78.066914 (% of GDP) when the negative net effect is nullified. Positive and negative synergy effects are also apparent. Practical policy implications are discussed based on the results obtained. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructures, CO2, trade openness, governance, Africa, System GMM |
| JEL: | C23 N67 N77 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110755&r= |
| By: | Boyd, Chris |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315906&r= |
| By: | Charlotte Demonsant (MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | Facing the increasing temperature of the earth, the rise of hazardous events with disastrous consequences on social and economic circumstances in a world where wealth is not equally distributed among countries or individuals, questions of solidarity are more than crucial today. Climate change mitigation proposals lack a macro perspective of actions that could be led. International negotiations are indeed in a dead end because the approach towards agreements is more about a priori rights and responsibility and does not take in account the potential of interdependencies underlying a mitigation action. By the exploration of a management principle issued from an ancient maritime rule called general average, the point of the PhD will be to change perspective and no longer focus on rights and responsibilities a priori but on the common potential of the action carried out in terms of solidarity. |
| Keywords: | climate change,solidarity,Commons |
| Date: | 2020–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03063693&r= |
| By: | Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rodolphe Gozlan (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UM - Université de Montpellier - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Roiz (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Ivan Jarić (IGB - Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei - Leibniz Association); Jean Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Corey Bradshaw (Global Ecology - College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are responsible for substantial biodiversity declines as well as high economic losses to society and monetary expenditures associated with the management of these invasions1,2. The InvaCost database has enabled the generation of a reliable, comprehensive, standardized and easily updatable synthesis of the monetary costs of biological invasions worldwide3. Here we found that the total reported costs of invasions reached a minimum of US$1.288 trillion (2017 US dollars) over the past few decades (1970–2017), with an annual mean cost of US$26.8 billion. Moreover, we estimate that the annual mean cost could reach US$162.7 billion in 2017. These costs remain strongly underestimated and do not show any sign of slowing down, exhibiting a consistent threefold increase per decade. We show that the documented costs are widely distributed and have strong gaps at regional and taxonomic scales, with damage costs being an order of magnitude higher than management expenditures. Research approaches that document the costs of biological invasions need to be further improved. Nonetheless, our findings call for the implementation of consistent management actions and international policy agreements that aim to reduce the burden of invasive alien species. |
| Date: | 2021–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03407547&r= |
| By: | Musibau, Hammed; Yanotti, Maria Belen; Nepal, Rabindra; Vespignani, Joaquin |
| Abstract: | The 2019 World Bank report on West Africa's coast indicates that over $3.8 billion is lost annually due to environmental issues, like erosion, flooding, and pollution. In this paper, the newly introduced environmental performance index (EPI) is incorporated into the neoclassical growth model to empirically address the impact of environmental performance on economic growth for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Using the novel Method of Moments-Quantile Regression methodology and 2SLS models, the empirical investigation finds a positive relationship between environmental performance and economic growth across quantiles for ECOWAS. Empirical results provide evidence supporting bidirectional relationships running from environmental performance to economic growth; from government size to economic growth; and from trade openness to economic growth across all quantiles. Results show that environmental performance, government size, labour, and capital stock have a positive impact on West African Economic Growth, while trade openness decreases economic growth. We find a 48% optimal threshold of environmental performance index (EPI) on economic Growth for ECOWAS countries. Based on the findings, policies to encourage improved environmental performance above the threshold estimated will go a long way to enhance West African economies. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, environmental performance, ECOWAS, Moment of Method-QR estimator |
| JEL: | E00 F40 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110627&r= |
| By: | Théophile Bongarts Lebbe (Plateforme Océan et Climat); Hélène Rey-Valette; Éric Chaumillon; Guigone Camus; Rafael Almar; Anny Cazenave; Joachim Claudet; Nicolas Rocle; Catherine Meur-Férec; Frédérique Viard; Denis Mercier; Christine Dupuy; Frédéric Ménard; Bernardo Aliaga Rossel; Lauren Mullineaux; Marie-Alexandrine Sicre (LOCEAN - Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques - SU - Sorbonne Université - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IPSL (FR_636) - Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris); Anna Zivian; Françoise Gaill; Agathe Euzen |
| Abstract: | Faced with sea level rise and the intensification of extreme events, human populations living on the coasts are developing responses to address local situations. A synthesis of the literature on responses to coastal adaptation allows us to highlight different adaptation strategies. Here, we analyze these strategies according to the complexity of their implementation, both institutionally and technically. First, we distinguish two opposing paradigms – fighting against rising sea levels or adapting to new climatic conditions; and second, we observe the level of integrated management of the strategies. This typology allows a distinction between four archetypes with the most commonly associated governance modalities for each. We then underline the need for hybrid approaches and adaptation trajectories over time to take into account local socio-cultural, geographical, and climatic conditions as well as to integrate stakeholders in the design and implementation of responses. We show that dynamic and participatory policies can foster collective learning processes and enable the evolution of social values and behaviors. Finally, adaptation policies rely on knowledge and participatory engagement, multi-scalar governance, policy monitoring, and territorial solidarity. These conditions are especially relevant for densely populated areas that will be confronted with sea level rise, thus for coastal cities in particular. |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03412421&r= |
| By: | Oranuch Wongpiyabovorn; Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); John M. Crespi (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | This article examines voluntary agricultural carbon programs in the United States, the policy of international agreements to prevent further global warming, and reviews literature related to that policy and its impact on U.S. carbon programs. We discuss international, national, and regional carbon pricing mechanisms that provide the market signals to consumers and suppliers of carbon credits in detail in order to compare and contrast different programs that impact agricultural carbon markets. Economic descriptions of the programs are derived. This article is useful for those who wish to know how U.S. policy currently influences agricultural carbon markets as well as how proposals may need to be structured in order to avoid potential market obstacles. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-wp627&r= |
| By: | Kafle, Kashi; Balasubramanya, Soumya |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315121&r= |
| By: | Nchofoung, Tii; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of ICT on sustainable development and the mechanisms through which the effect is modulated. The methodology involves the: (i) Fixed Effects estimator to control for individual heterogeneity, (ii) Driscoll and Kraay estimator to control for cross-section dependence between panels, (iii) the Mean Group estimator to take into account the averages between panel groups, (iv) the system GMM to correct for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity bias and (v) the instrumental variable Fixed Effects Tobit to take in to account the limited range in our dependent variable. The results show that ICT has a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. Whereas overall net effects are positive, the findings are contingent on the choice of the ICT measurement, the geographical location of the economy and the income group category. The study recommends policy makers to take into account ICT and the advantages it offers in the elaboration of measures for the sustainable development agenda. |
| Keywords: | ICT; Sustainable development; panel data; trade openness; foreign direct investments |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110754&r= |
| By: | Bellani, Luna (University of Konstanz); Ceolotto, Stefano (Trinity College Dublin); Elsner, Benjamin (University College Dublin); Pestel, Nico (ROA, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | Does poor air quality affect decision-making? We study this question based on elections, in which millions of people decide on the same issue on the same day in different locations. We use county-level data from 64 federal and state elections in Germany over a nineteen-year period and exploit plausibly exogenous variation in ambient air pollution within counties across election dates. Our results show that a high concentration of particulate matter (PM10) on an election day significantly affects voting behavior. An increase in the concentration of PM10 by 10μg/m3 – around two within-county standard deviations – reduces the vote share of the incumbent by 2 percentage points and increases the vote share of the established opposition by 2.8 percentage points. These are strong effects, equivalent to 4% and 7% of the respective mean vote shares. We generalize these findings by documenting similar effects with data from a weekly opinion poll and a large-scale panel survey. We provide further evidence that emotions are a likely mechanism: the survey data show that poor air quality leads to greater anxiety and unhappiness, which may reduce the support for the political status quo. |
| Keywords: | pollution, decisions, voting |
| JEL: | D70 D72 D91 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14718&r= |
| By: | Adetoro, Adetoso A. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314981&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Laura Airoldi; Arjen Boon; Amerissa Giannouli; Eleftherios Levantis; Aris Moussoulides; Marian Stuiver; Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | This chapter provides an introduction to the MERMAID project. MERMAID focused on developing concepts for offshore platforms which can be used for multiple purposes, such as energy and aquaculture production. These concepts were developed with input from experts as well as societal stakeholders. MERMAID consortium comprised of 28 partner institutes, including Universities, Research institutes, Industries and Small and Medium Enterprises from several EU countries. Consortium members brought a range of expertise in hydraulics, wind engineering, aquaculture, renewable energy, marine environment, project management, as well as socioeconomics and governance. Within the scope of MERMAID it has been developed and applied an Integrated Socio-Economic Assessment of the sustainability of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms, using the results from the natural and engineering sciences as inputs, boundaries and constraints to the analysis |
| Keywords: | Mermaid, Marine spatial planning, Multi use offshore platforms, Socio-economic assessment, Marine infrastructure, EU, Energy, Aquaculture |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1914&r= |
| By: | Xibo Wan; Yongjie Ji (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | Outdoor recreation in natural resource venues, such as state parks, lakes, and trails that accommodate a variety of recreational and wildlife-related pursuits, is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the United States. As such, it makes large contributions to the nation's economy. As a result, residents' recreational usage and how they value water quality improvements are of interest to policymakers and researchers. Using a sample of 2,060 Iowa residents and 414 residents from neighboring states, this study provides a critical update to the Iowa Lakes Valuation Project on the use of Iowa's lakes and respondent attitudes toward water quality measures and economic development. The 2019 survey also includes a sample of bordering state residents to better understand their usage of Iowa lakes and the value they place on water quality. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-sr115&r= |
| By: | He Pan (The West Center for Economics Research, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China); Stefania Lovo (Department of Economics, University of Reading); Marcella Veronesi (Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, and Department of Economics, University of Verona, Italy) |
| Abstract: | We provide novel empirical evidence on the association between social networks and the adoption of renewable energy technology. We distinguish between two main transmission mechanisms through which social networks can affect renewable energy technology adoption: information diffusion and social influence. Using data primarily collected from rural China on biogas adoption, we find that both mechanisms are at work. In addition, we find that information spreads through trusted network members, such as friends and family, while social influence is mainly exercised by government officials. Government officials are more likely to promote the adoption of technology by leading by example rather than by spreading information. |
| Keywords: | Social networks, social influence, information diffusion, renewable energy, biogas, China |
| JEL: | O13 O33 Q16 Q42 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdg:emxxdp:em-dp2021-19&r= |
| By: | Leandro Medina; Mr. Andrea Gamba; Gareth Anderson; Paolo Galang; Tianxiao Zheng |
| Abstract: | This paper assess how priorities of the IMF’s membership have evolved over the past two decades, by using text mining techniques on a unique dataset combining IMFC communiqués and constituency statements. Our results reveal significant variation in priorities across time and constituencies. Statements can be characterized by the weight which they place on three key priorities: (i) growth; (ii) debt and development; and (iii) crisis management and quota reform. Sentiment analysis techniques also show that addressing climate change is a topic which is viewed positively by an increasing number of constituencies. |
| Keywords: | IMFC communiqué; constituency statement; IMF priority; constituency cluster; sentiment analysis technique; Climate change; Mining sector; Global financial crisis of 2008-2009; Crisis management; Global |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/159&r= |
| By: | Asya Bellia |
| Abstract: | There exists a significant differential in life satisfaction between disabled and nondisabled people, to the disadvantage of the former. The present work considers both satisfaction and meaning of life (as different facets of happiness),investigating whether environmental accessibility mediates the relationship between disability and happiness. Furthermore, the effect of accessibility on the happiness of different categories of disabled is analysed. The environmental accessibility index is built using data from the 2012 Eurobameter survey on accessibility, while the rest of the variables come from the EU-SILC 2013, which includes an ad hoc module on well-being. Findings show that higher environmental accessibility narrows the happiness gap between disabled people and the rest, even after interaction terms between disability and economic status are introduced. Moreover, environmental accessibility has a greater impact on the happiness of older disabled people, while the opposite is true of disabled people in the highest income quartile. |
| Keywords: | Disability, Happiness, Accessibility |
| JEL: | H41 I14 I31 |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2021/284&r= |
| By: | Emanuele Gabriel Margherita (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]); Alessio Maria Braccini (Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo]) |
| Abstract: | Our study examines how the topic of sustainable value creation of Industry 4.0 employs the social-technical perspective. Sustainable value creation of Industry 4.0 is an emerging topic in the IS literature. The topic extends the IT value, a core topic of IS, focusing on the sustainable outcome of these leading-edge technologies adopted into the assembly line of manufacturing organisations called Industry 4.0. We conducted a meta-review of three systematic literature reviews of this topic from which we extracted 23 empirical case studies. We address this gap employing the socio-technical framework. The study revealed that the technical perspective in prominent in literature, but socio-technical perspective studies exist. We further propose research directions to make more socio-technical the discourse. |
| Keywords: | industry 4.0,sustainable value creation,sustainability,sociotechnical perspective,meta-review |
| Date: | 2021–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03410741&r= |
| By: | Charlotte Demonsant (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Kevin Levillain (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Blanche Segrestin (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | La réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) apparaît comme un enjeu majeur de la limitation du réchauffement climatique et nécessite une action collective inédite. Les solutions actuelles (prix carbone, auto-organisation de l'action) peinent à coordonner de manière juste et efficace l'action à conduire. La crise des gilets jaunes en 2018 suite à l'augmentation de l'écotaxe en France en est une illustration. Nous partons du constat d'un dilemme équité/ efficacité (Manne and Stephan, 2005) dans la conception des politiques climatiques et proposons d'étudier un modèle alternatif, dit des avaries communes, inspiré du droit maritime. Contrairement aux mécanismes classiques découlant du concept de prix carbone et basé sur un principe de responsabilité du pollueur-payeur, ce modèle repose sur un principe très différent. L'idée est en effet, qu'en cas de péril commun, comme le changement climatique, l'effort de réduction consenti par l'un permet de préserver les richesses des autres et doit donc être partagé. Sur cette base, il est possible de réfléchir à une action efficace en s'assurant par ailleurs que son coût soit mutualisé de manière équitable. Dans cette contribution, nous comparons les effets en termes d'efficacité et d'équité d'une taxe carbone et de notre modèle d'avaries communes. Nous démontrons le couplage « négatif » entre équité et efficacité du mécanisme de taxe carbone et la propriété du modèle des avaries communes à dissocier équité et efficacité. Nous explicitons pour chacun des modèles les latitudes d'action, les connaissances minimales nécessaires à l'action et la prise en compte de trois critères essentiels à une politique climatique : l'atteinte de l'objectif environnemental, l'efficacité économique et l'équité. Nous rendons ainsi compte des dépendances/indépendances entre ces dimensions des deux mécanismes étudiés et ouvrons une nouvelle voie pour penser une coordination de l'action de réduction juste et efficace. |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03406020&r= |
| By: | Mohtashami, Toktam |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315889&r= |
| By: | Susana Mourato (London School of Economics); Ganga Shreedhar (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | There is no guidance on how to deal with the effects of catastrophic events, like the COVID-19 pandemic, on stated preference survey responses, despite the possible impact such events can have on stated values and survey responses. This paper provides a concise analysis of the likely effects of extreme events on stated preference surveys, focusing on the validity and temporal stability of estimated values, and offers a set of recommendations. These recommendations can also be of use for designing other types of household and individual surveys, beyond economic valuation surveys. |
| Keywords: | Catastrophic events, Choice experiment, Choice modelling, Contingent valuation, COVID-19, Extreme events, Guidelines, Nonmarket valuation, Questionnaire, Stated preference, Survey |
| JEL: | C83 H41 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:187-en&r= |
| By: | Samal, Parshuram; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Mondal, Biswajit |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315085&r= |
| By: | Yun Liu; Elvis Cheng Xu |
| Abstract: | Previous research has addressed the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives on consumer purchase intention (CPI). However, most of the empirical evidence is based on the analysis of mature large-scale firms; much less examines the effects of CSR initiatives on CPI in entrepreneurial contexts. In this study, we address this gap by investigating whether entrepreneurial start-ups' declaration of CSR engagement affects consumers' purchasing intent. We assert that consumers may consider firms' CSR engagement as a signal for unobserved product quality. We exploit a vignette experimental approach to test our theoretical predictions. In our experiment, participants received online invitations to subscribe to an electronic catalog that advertised various products supplied by entrepreneurial start-ups. The invitations are of five types, some of which presenting different CSR-related information on the suppliers to the participants. Overall, we find that the displayed information on CSR engagement promotes participants' willingness to subscribe to the electronic catalog, indicating that consumers will increase their purchase intentions for ethically oriented suppliers. Moreover, we find that among all the initiatives, external CSR initiatives (social contribution and environmental responsibility) promote consumers' intentions to purchase most effectively. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to explore the effects of different CSR initiatives on entrepreneurial start-ups in entrepreneurship literature. We highlight the heterogeneous effects of CSR initiatives on CPI, contributing new insights to research on CSR and consumer behavior. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00742&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures have put severe strains on the economy. The economic policy response has been strong and generally appropriate, helping counter the negative effects of the pandemic. Nevertheless, as the international borders remain shut, the economic contraction is likely to deepen in FY2021. A slow recovery is expected for FY2022 driven by a gradual border reopening. The FSM is facing significant medium-term uncertainty, owing to the possible expiration of grants and other assistance provided under the Compact Agreement with the United States. The FSM is also highly vulnerable to climate change-induced natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | FSM authority; FSM authorities; policy support; FSM economy; island state; FSM remain; COVID-19; Pacific Islands; Global |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/237&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Mota, Catherine Rebouças |
| Abstract: | O Brasil enfrentará o crivo da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) em várias matérias em desenvolvimento sustentável ou sustentabilidade. Entre essas matérias, o presente artigo destaca a biodiversidade, incluindo uma análise sobre os recursos florestais e terrestres. Apresenta-se um panorama da situação legislativa, de âmbito federal, e institucional frente aos documentos internacionais de proteção à biodiversidade, especialmente, os da OCDE. Por conseguinte, apresenta-se a avaliação da OCDE baseada em indicadores sobre o Brasil em matéria de biodiversidade. |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:54733&r= |
| By: | Ogutu, Francis |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315896&r= |
| By: | Houessou, M. Albertine; Aoudji, Augustin K. N. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315383&r= |
| By: | Maria Mercanti-Guérin (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche porte sur l'effet des bulles de filtre sur le changement climatique. Une étude utilisant un outil de Social Listening (écoute des réseaux sociaux) montre que la viralité des contenus climato-sceptiques est plus forte que la viralité des contenus alertant sur le changement climatique. Une expérimentation visant à créer une bulle de filtres sur ce sujet permet de mieux comprendre les mécaniques virales et sociales d'une bulle de filtres climatosceptique. Mots clé : bulles de filtre, changements climatiques, algorithmes de recommandation, social media listening, RSE, médias digitaux |
| Keywords: | filter bubbles,climatic changes,recommendation algorithms,social media listening,CSR |
| Date: | 2021–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03409225&r= |
| By: | Nicolás de Roux |
| Abstract: | Credit reporting systems have become a widespread tool to assess the creditworthiness of prospective borrowers. This paper studies the implications for credit access of using them in contexts where exogenous and transitory shocks affect income and repayment. Using a novel administrative data set with the near universe of formal loans to coffee producers in Colombia together with data from close to 1,200 rainfall stations, I show that transitory weather shocks lead to lower rates of loan repayment, lower credit scores, and more frequent denials of future loan applications. I present evidence that affected producers' incomes and ability to repay recover more quickly from shocks than credit access. This implies that these producers become credit constrained despite their ability to repay a loan. Insurance, contingency-dependent repayment schemes, or the inclusion of information on exogenous shocks in credit scoring models have the potential to alleviate the problem. |
| Keywords: | Shocks, Credit Reports, Access to Credit |
| JEL: | G21 O12 O13 Q12 Q14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:019769&r= |
| By: | Heimann, Tobias; Delzeit, Ruth |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315270&r= |
| By: | Dowds, Jonathan; Sullivan, James; Rowangould, Gregory; Aultman-Hall, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) hold the potential to significantly improve traffic safety, mobility and accessibility, and energy efficiency—longstanding challenges for rural transportation planning. Some of these benefits are inherent to automation and therefore achievable through private AV ownership, while other benefits can only be achieved if AVs are operated in a shared fleet through a carsharing model. AV benefits such as increased vehicle occupancy are only achieved if the AV is used for ridesharing. AVs may also significantly increase vehicle travel and associated environmental impacts. The magnitude of the changes in vehicle travel and environmental impact will depend to a significant degree on the extent to which AVs are available for individual ownership vs. carsharing or ridesharing. As a result, shared mobility is commonly cited as an important strategy for mitigating growth in vehicle travel. Most AV research to date has been done in an urban context. Changes in travel behavior brought about by automation will likely differ in rural areas, which are characterized by long travel distances and dispersed populations. Different policies may be needed to realize the mobility and safety benefits of vehicle automation in rural areas. To consider these issues, researchers at the University of Vermont and University of Waterloo reviewed the existing literature on AVs in shared and private ownership scenarios and assessed the benefits inherent to AVs (regardless of ownership model) as well as of the benefits and challenges of AV-sharing in rural areas relative to urban areas. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Autonomous vehicles, Implementation, Rural areas, Surveys, Travel demand, Vehicle miles of travel |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0q96v6nq&r= |
| By: | Davide Furceri; Johannes Emmerling; Francisco Líbano Monteiro; Pietro Pizzuto; Massimo Tavoni; Mr. Prakash Loungani; Mr. Jonathan David Ostry |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 has had a disruptive economic impact in 2020, but how long its impact will persist remains unclear. We offer a prognosis based on an analysis of the effects of five previous major epidemics in this century. We find that these pandemics led to significant and persistent reductions in disposable income, along with increases in unemployment, income inequality and public debt-to-GDP ratios. Energy use and CO2 emissions dropped, but mostly because of the persistent decline in the level of economic activity rather than structural changes in the energy sector. Applying our empirical estimates to project the impact of COVID-19, we foresee significant scarring in economic performance and income distribution through 2025, which be associated with an increase in poverty of about 75 million people. Policy responses more effective than those in the past would be required to forestall these outcomes. |
| Keywords: | impulse response; effects of pandemic; list of pandemic; pandemic event; baseline estimate; impact of COVID-19; COVID-19; Greenhouse gas emissions; Income inequality; Income distribution; Global |
| Date: | 2021–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/119&r= |
| By: | Dirksmeyer, Walter (Ed.); Menrad, Klaus (Ed.) |
| Keywords: | Horticultural economics,digitization,automation,horticulture 4.0,sustainability |
| JEL: | Q11 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q16 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:89&r= |
| By: | Nsakilwa, Musowe; Kalaba, Mmatlou |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315283&r= |
| By: | Omar Ahmed (Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal]) |
| Date: | 2021–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03374282&r= |
| By: | Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315893&r= |
| By: | Ma, Wanglin; Zheng, Hongyun |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314991&r= |
| By: | Damm, Yannic Rudá; Börner, Jan; Gerber, Nicolas |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315401&r= |
| By: | Goyal, Rohit; Reiche, Colleen; Fernando, Chris; Cohen, Adam |
| Abstract: | Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a broad concept enabling consumers access to on-demand air mobility, cargo and package delivery, healthcare applications, and emergency services through an integrated and connected multimodal transportation network. However, a number of challenges could impact AAM’s growth potential, such as autonomous flight, the availability of take-off and landing infrastructure (i.e., vertiports), integration into airspace and other modes of transportation, and competition with shared automated vehicles. This article discusses the results of a demand analysis examining the market potential of two potential AAM passenger markets—airport shuttles and air taxis. The airport shuttle market envisions AAM passenger service to, from, or between airports along fixed routes. The air taxi market envisions a more mature and scaled service that provides on-demand point-to-point passenger services throughout urban areas. Using a multi-method approach comprised of AAM travel demand modeling, Monte Carlo simulations, and constraint analysis, this study estimates that the air taxi and airport shuttle markets could capture a 0.5% mode share. The analysis concludes that AAM could replace non-discretionary trips greater than 45 min; however, demand for discretionary trips would be limited by consumer willingness to pay. This study concludes that AAM passenger services could have a daily demand of 82,000 passengers served by approximately 4000 four- to five-seat aircraft in the U.S., under the most conservative scenario, representing an annual market valuation of 2.5 billion USD. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt4b3998tw&r= |
| By: | Fabio Alessandrini (University of Lausanne; Banque Cantonale Vaudoise); David Baptista Balula (University of Lausanne); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); affiliation not provided to SSRN; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact of a screening process based on Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores for an otherwise passive portfolio of investment-grade corporate bonds. The main result is that this filtering leads to a substantial improvement of the targeted ESG score without reducing the risk-adjusted performance but with significant biases in regional, sectoral, and risk factor exposures. We find that screening is very often associated with a substantial improvement in the risk profile. In particular, ESG-tilted portfolios lead to large negative exposure (i.e., protection) to credit risk. Screening based on the Environment score is where most of the reduction in risk takes place, making this criterion particularly relevant in moving the portfolio toward a more defensive composition. We demonstrate that screening at the regional and sectoral levels allows investors to eliminate undesirable regional and sectoral exposures while delivering similar ESG scores and risk-adjusted performances. |
| Keywords: | Corporate bonds, ESG investing, Portfolio construction, Bond risk factors |
| JEL: | G11 G24 M14 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2177&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Faria, Antonio Pedro |
| Abstract: | O presente trabalho analisa o conceito de Economia Circular nos termos da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico, a sua produção acadêmica sobre o assunto, suas normas relevantes e qual o grau de adesão do Brasil às diretrizes da organização e para a transição para um modelo de Economia Circular. A conclusão é que o tema ainda foi pouco explorado, mas conta com uma produção acadêmica pujante que se acelerou ao longo dos últimos anos. O Brasil, por sua vez, realiza avanços paulatinos, porém não aderiu aos instrumentos normativos da OCDE e parece desenvolver seus trabalhos de forma paralela à organização e não em conjunto |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:54935&r= |
| By: | Das, Prantika; Gundimeda, Haripriya |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315355&r= |
| By: | Diop, Samba; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa |
| Abstract: | This paper measures the macroeconomic impact of recent political crisis, protest and uprisings in Africa with the generalized synthetic control method and evaluates the role played by natural resource dependence in the modulation of the impact. We find that political crisis, protests and uprisings have a significant and negative impact on economic growth while the impact is positive on investment and price level. For economic growth, the deviation of the actual series from the counterfactual is negative, instantaneous, persistent and highly significant; indicating non-negligible costs of the shock. Indeed, dependence on natural resources amplifies the negative effect of political crisis, protests and uprisings on GDP. Finally, the more the treated country depends on natural resources, the more it becomes resilient from the investment losses caused by political crisis. |
| Keywords: | political conflicts; economic growth; Africa |
| JEL: | K42 O17 O55 P17 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110696&r= |
| By: | Ms. Natasha X Che |
| Abstract: | With the debt obligation of Itaipú Binational being completed paid off by 2023, the Annex C of the Treaty of Itaipú, which governs the operation and revenue distribution of the Itaipú Dam, is due for review and possible revisions. The implications for Paraguay’s export revenues and fiscal position are potentially significant. The paper reviews the current energy distribution and sales arrangements of Itaipú and the potential implication of the Annex C revision for the future. |
| Keywords: | revenue distribution; distribution of the Itaipú Dam; sales arrangement; Annex C revision; compensation payment; Electricity; Exports; Fiscal stance; Renewable energy; Natural resources |
| Date: | 2021–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/129&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Thomazella, Fábio |
| Abstract: | O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o tema da inovação verde no âmbito da OCDE e no Brasil. Primeiramente, o artigo faz um panorama dos principais documentos internacionais que tratam da necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias verdes para lidar com os problemas ambientais. Posteriormente, o artigo expõe como a temática é desenvolvida dentro da OCDE, com os principais indicadores disponíveis e as principais conclusões presentes nos relatórios da organização. São apresentadas as principais estruturas institucionais brasileiras que lidam com o tema, dando enfoque ao programa “Patentes Verdes”, desenvolvido junto à Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual, que visa acelerar a aprovação de patentes ambientais brasileiras. Por fim, apresentam-se os dados brasileiros frente aos indicadores da OCDE sobre o tema. |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:55137&r= |
| By: | Nielsen, Hana (Department of Economic History, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | This article studies the fast fossil fuel transition in the context of steam adoption in the Czech lands. I show how geographical proximity to coal brought forward the early industrialization of the Czech lands. The region’s fast transition to modern fuels fundamentally transformed the industrial landscape and laid foundations for the development of new industries. Coal, steam and sugar became the central elements, moving the Czech lands closer to the European core. Overall, this article challenges the traditional view of the economic backwardness and shows on what grounds the Czech lands became the economic powerhouse of the Habsburg Empire. |
| Keywords: | industrialization; distance to coal; steam engines; Poisson regression; spatial regression |
| JEL: | C21 N73 O14 R12 |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luekhi:0229&r= |
| By: | Anna Scherbina (Brandeis University, American Enterprise Institute) |
| Abstract: | Without any intervention, the novel coronavirus would cost the U.S. economy over $9 trillion. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic Curve, Attack Rate, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions, Public Health Policy, Suppression, Mitigation, Lockdown |
| JEL: | A |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aei:rpaper:1008561701&r= |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Arima Jr, Mauro Kiithi |
| Abstract: | O objetivo do artigo é apresentar a situação do Brasil em matéria de política de eficiência energética, tomando-se como referência os padrões estabelecidos pela Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). |
| Date: | 2021–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:55036&r= |
| By: | A, Jamaludheen; Chand, Prem; Praveen, K.V. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315231&r= |