|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Sebastian Rausch; Hidemichi Yonezawa (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Technology policy is the most widespread form of climate policy and is often preferred over seemingly efficient carbon pricing. We propose a new explanation for this observation: gains that predominantly accrue to households with large capital assets and that influence majority decisions in favor of technology policy. We study climate policy choices in an overlapping generations model with heterogeneous energy technologies and distortionary income taxation. Compared to carbon pricing, green technology policy leads to a pronounced capital subsidy effect that benefits most of the current generations but burdens future generations. Based on majority voting which disregards future generations, green technology policies are favored over a carbon tax. Smart "polluter-pays" financing of green technology policies enables obtaining the support of current generations while realizing efficiency gains for future generations. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy; Green Technology Policy; Carbon Pricing; Overlapping Generations; Intergenerational Distribution; Social Welfare; General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | Q54 Q48 Q58 D58 H23 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:965&r= |
| By: | AGUIR BARGAOUI, Saoussen |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges in MENA countries deserve more attention as they are pursuing economic growth and expanding urbanization, and the geographical position of these countries make them more exposed to the outcomes of climate change. In this context, this paper focuses on the proposed solutions for the climate change problem that are renewable energies and the use of fossil fuel effectively in the context of growing urbanization in the MENA region. Indeed, using the GMM estimator for 18 MENA countries during the period 2000-2018, we try to quantify the magnitude of the impact of population, economic prosperity, urbanization, fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and renewable energies, especially solar, wind, and hydropower energies on CO2 emissions. Results allow the environmental Kuznets curve validation and highlight the contribution of energy efficiency in improving the environment. However, the used proportion of renewables in the energy mix does not significantly affect environmental quality. Moreover, solar energy contributes to emissions reduction. While the adopted level of wind and hydropower energy does not allow these countries to improve their environment. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, energy efficiency, Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydropower energy |
| JEL: | Q2 Q3 Q42 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110473&r= |
| By: | Mathieu Cuilleret; Luc Doyen; Hélène Gomes; Fabian Blanchard |
| Abstract: | Operationalizing resilience in fisheries management is a challenging issue in the face of global changes. In this perspective, Grafton et al. (2019) propose a heuristic based on the ‘3Rs’ of resilience, namely resistance, recovery, and robustness. The work presented here applies this generic framework to the coastal fishery of French Guiana, which is under pressure because of climate and socio-economic uncertainties. To this end, a dynamic multi-species, resource-based and multi-fleet model is developed and calibrated using catch and effort time series. The search for a more resilient management leads us to compare different fishing management strategies and projections, including `Business as usual' (BAU), `Multispecies Maximum Sustainable Yield' (MMSY) and `Multispecies Maximum Economic Yield' (MMEY) strategies. The comparison between the strategies relies on ecological-economic viability goals and thresholds. The two normative strategies MMSY and MMEY turn out to provide major gains in terms of the 3Rs and ecological-economic resilience as compared to BAU. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Coastal fishery, Climate warming, Oil price uncertainty, Demographic pressure, Models of intermediate complexity (MICE) |
| JEL: | Q22 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-20&r= |
| By: | VONA Francesco |
| Abstract: | Studies on the relationship between “green policies” and the labour market have been often relegated to the grey literature due to the lack of clear definitions of green jobs and skills. Primarily, uncoordinated statistical efforts across countries did not help build a common set of standardised measures for the green economy that can be used for policy evaluation. With the growing interest in the low-carbon transition and the urgent need to monitor and assess the effect of large-scale post-pandemic green stimuli, it is of paramount importance to build a widely accepted framework that can be used to analyze the structural transformations in the labour market associated with the greening of our economies. This report makes the case that the task-based approach is the best solution to these problems. |
| Keywords: | task-based approach, green tasks and job, green skills, reallocation costs, distributional effects of environmental policies, green stimulus packages |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126681&r= |
| By: | Eichner, Thomas; Schopf, Mark |
| JEL: | C71 F55 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242450&r= |
| By: | Rutherford, Thomas F.; Böhringer, Christoph |
| JEL: | C61 D61 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242432&r= |
| By: | Boshe, Fredrick; Venus, Terese; Vrachioli, Maria; Sauer, Johannes; Khatri-Chhetri, Arun |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315039&r= |
| By: | Sirini Jeudy-Hugo (OECD); Luca Lo Re (International Energy Agency); Chiara Falduto (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses net-zero emissions targets adopted in law, proposed in legislation, or reflected in policy documents in 51 countries and the EU to better understand their characteristics, similarities and differences. It examines countries’ experiences with translating net-zero targets into near-term plans and analyses four case studies to show how countries develop and implement different pathways to net-zero. This paper also explores the potential role and associated risks, both for individual countries and globally, of using international carbon markets to help achieve countries’ net-zero targets. The paper concludes that countries are adopting diverse approaches to their net-zero targets and many details are currently unclear, including the balance between emission reductions, removals and the use of international carbon markets in reaching countries’ net-zero targets, and how this may change over the next few decades. The paper concludes that greater clarity on the scope, coverage and detail, in particular how countries plan to meet their net-zero commitments, is important to improve understanding of countries’ net-zero targets, how they interact with each other, and their overall implications for achieving the global temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | carbon markets, Climate change, LT-LEDS, NDCs, net-zero, Paris Agreement |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 F53 |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/03-en&r= |
| By: | Welling, Malte; Zawojska, Ewa; Sagebiel, Julian |
| JEL: | Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242384&r= |
| By: | Leroutier, Marion (Mistra Center for Sustainable Markets (Misum)) |
| Abstract: | Decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation is crucial to tackle climate change. Empirically, however, little is known about the effectiveness of existing economic instruments in the power sector. This paper examines the impact of the UK Carbon Price Support (CPS), a carbon tax implemented in the UK power sector in 2013. Relative to a synthetic control unit built from other European countries, I find that emissions from the UK power sector declined by 20 to 26 percent per year on average between 2013 and 2017. The tax operated via three mechanisms: a decrease in emissions at the intensive margin; the closure of some high-emission plants at the extensive margin; and a higher probability of closure for plants already at risk due to European air quality regulations. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax; electricity generation; synthetic control method |
| JEL: | D22 H23 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:hamisu:2021_003&r= |
| By: | Lehr, Jakob; Rehdanz, Katrin |
| JEL: | Q41 Q53 D22 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242373&r= |
| By: | Joëlle Noailly, Laura Nowzohour, Matthias van den Heuvel |
| Abstract: | We build a novel news-based index of US environmental policy and examine how it relates to clean investments. Extracting text from ten leading US newspapers over the last four decades, we use text-mining techniques to develop a granular index measuring the salience of US environmental policy (EnvP) over the 1981-2019 period. We develop further a set of additional measures, namely an index of sentiment on environmental policy, as well as various topic-specic indices. We validate our index by showing that it correctly captures trends and peaks in the evolution of US environmental policy and that it has a meaningful association with clean investments, in line with environmental regulations supporting growing opportunities for clean markets. In firm-level estimations, we find that the salience of environmental policy in newspapers is associated with a greater probability of cleantech startups receiving venture capital (VC) funding and reduced stock returns for high-emissions firms most exposed to environmental regulations. At the aggregate level, we find in VAR models that a shock in our news-based index of renewable energy policy is associated with an increase in the number of clean energy VC deals and in the assets under management of the main benchmark clean energy exchange-traded fund. Overall, our EnvP index provides a lot of substantial information on environmental policy and can help assist the policy and financial community in understanding how these regulations are perceived by investors — providing many avenues for future research. |
| Date: | 2021–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_70&r= |
| By: | Sai Bravo (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carole Haritchabalet (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a theoretical framework to study the deployment of free-of-emissions green hydrogen in the transport sector. We consider a vertically related market with hydrogen producers upstream and fuel stations downstream. Production technologies differ in cost efficiency and carbon emissions. We show that when consumers have limited information about the hydrogen origin, no new green producers are able to enter the market. A label for green hydrogen allows multiple production technologies to co-exist, but society is better off when producers use vertical restraints to increase consumers' information. |
| Keywords: | Label,Vertical Restraints,Innovation,Hydrogen |
| Date: | 2021–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03371277&r= |
| By: | Alt, Marius |
| JEL: | Q58 D04 C91 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242419&r= |
| By: | Meyer, Maximilian; Hulke, Carolin; Kamwi, Jonathan; Kolem, Hannah; Börner, Jan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315018&r= |
| By: | Kishore, Prabhat; Singh, Dharm Raj; Srivastava, Shivendra; Kumar, Pramod; Jha, Girish Kumar |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315198&r= |
| By: | Dowds, Jonathan; McRae, Glenn |
| Abstract: | Early investments in climate change research, policy, and planning focused heavily on climate mitigation—efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation initiatives are essential to the resilience of the transportation system in the face of increasingly severe climate threats; the failure to adapt will result in repair and recovery efforts absorbing an ever-increasing share of limited transportation resources. The growing emphasis on climate adaptation has created a demand for professionals with a new, interdisciplinary skillset. However, the pathways for developing the skills and competencies for adaptation careers in the transportation field are not well established. The knowledge base for climate adaptation is changing rapidly and the climate adaptation process itself is inherently complex. Training and educational opportunities in climate adaptation are increasing, but remain relatively limited. To understand current climate adaptation workforce development needs, researchers at the University of Vermont surveyed state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations about training needs and opportunities at their agencies and analyzed a survey issued by the American Society of Adaptation Professionals as part of their mentorship program. The researchers also catalogued climate adaptation graduate and certificate programs at universities around the country to assess whether these programs aligned with identified needs. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Climate change, Curricula, Education and training, Job opportunities, Professional employment, Recruiting, Training programs, Transportation, Transportation careers |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7k61k0n6&r= |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Dehler, Marcel; Jungmann, Susanne; Laggner, Birgit; Nitsch, Heike; Offermann, Frank; Reiter, Karin; Roggendorf, Wolfgang; Theilen, Greta; de Witte, Thomas; Wüstemann, Friedrich |
| Abstract: | With the current reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU aims to increase in particular the contribution of the agricultural sector to the protection of the climate, the environment and biodiversity in addition to income support. Therefore, the income support of the first pillar will be linked to compliance with 'extended conditionalities' and supplementary Eco-schemes will be introduced in the CAP’s first pillar from 01.01.2023 on. Farmers will receive additional payments if they participate voluntarily in the Eco-schemes. Furthermore, the EU wants to increase the flexibility of the agricultural policy and tailor it better to the needs of the different member states. For this purpose, the member states have to develop national CAP strategic plans and specify, among other, the Eco-schemes. The BMEL in consultation with the federal states and stakeholders has developed the national stra-tegic plan including proposals for the design of the Eco-schemes. During the preparation of the draft for the German CAP strategic plan, the Thünen Institute was commissioned to assess the economic implications of the Eco-schemes. Beside the question of implementation costs on farm level, this includes especially the analyses of the potential uptake and budgetary implications of the different measures given varying payment levels. For the evaluation of the ecological impacts of the proposed Eco-schemes, the Instituts für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IflS) lead consortium in charge of the ex-ante evaluation of the German CAP strategic plan was consulted. The ex-ante evaluation was understood as an accompanying and supporting process during the development of the national strategic plan. The subject of the evaluation is derived from the specific objectives set out in Art. 6 No. 1 (d), (e) and (f) of the CAP Strategic Plan Regulation. Furthermore, questions of effectiveness, efficiency and consistency are addressed in the context of the overall green architecture. In volume 1 of Thünen Working Papers 180 we conduct an initial assessment of their ecological and economic implications based on the drafts of five intervention descriptions for Eco-schemes from February 2021. For each of the Eco-schemes considered, this included a description of the baseline regarding the agricultural structure, the ecological classification in terms of effectiveness per hectare, and a regionalized calculation of the economic effects for individual farms. The ecological classification includes recommendations for improving the ecological effectiveness of the individual Eco-schemes, as well as an assessment of the potential impact on the protected resources. In addition, calculations of funding needs and an ad hoc estimate of adjustment needs of farms were carried out. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:315831&r= |
| By: | Frey, Verena; Bruckner, Martin |
| Abstract: | Agricultural production is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. High-income countries like Austria source large quantities of feed, food and nonfood crops abroad thereby outsourcing emissions. Understanding global supply chains and geographical patterns of the trade with agricultural products is crucial for taking on responsibility for consumption-based emissions arising in other world regions. This study investigates Austria’s carbon footprint capturing all emissions from global agriculture associated with the consumption of food and non-food products. The analysis gives detailed insights into the contribution of various products and product categories, countries and regions, and carbon emitting processes across global supply chains, while comprehensively capturing all products consumed in Austria including their upstream emissions. The results show that while emission sources vary considerably for different consumption products, animal-based products account for the major part of emissions across the source regions. About 64% of Austrian emissions related to Austria’s carbon footprint of food products occur outside Austrian borders. Most emissions origin in Austria itself (36%), the rest of Europe (22%) and Asia (19%) and Latin America (14%). More than two thirds of emissions are related to the consumption of meat and other animal-based products. The results show the importance of consumption patterns, especially of meat and other animal products, for the Austrian footprint, which implies a great reduction potential through alternative diets and indicates clear limitations for emission mitigation strategies that instead focus on production efficiency. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:8371&r= |
| By: | Laura Recuero Virto (Ecole Polytechnique); Hervé Dumez (Ecole Polytechnique); Denis Bailly (Université de Brest); Carlos Romero (Escuela politecnica de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | Through a survey and interviews with representative stakeholders, this paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. While acknowledging the wide variations in ports' specificities, port actions could support a reduction in underwater noise emissions from commercial shipping through changes in hull, propeller and engine design, and through operational measures associated with reduced speed, change of route and travel in convoy. Though the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly shown to be serious and wide-spread, there is uncertainty in the mechanisms, the contexts, and the levels which should lead to action, requiring precautionary management. Vessels owners are already dealing with significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors. Ports could propose actions such as discounted port fees and reduced ship waiting times at ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to scale up actions through environmental indexes and classification societies' notations, and integration with other ports' actions could help support this. However, few vessels know their underwater noise baseline as there are very few hydrophone stations, and measurement methodologies are not standardized. Costs increase and availability decreases dramatically if the vessel buyer wants to improve the noise profile. Local demands regarding airborne noise close to airports boosted global pressure on the aviation industry to adopt existing quieting technology. This experience of the aviation noise control could inform the underwater noise process. Since 2017, the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority has been implementing a voluntary vessel slowdown trial for commercial vessels in key known foraging areas for southern resident killer whales, which are locally considered an emblematic species. |
| Keywords: | Noise., ocean, pollution, shipping, |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q58 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.13&r= |
| By: | Frithjof Laubinger (OECD); Peter Börkey (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Circular Economy Labels and Information Schemes (CELIS) compose the group of labels, certifications, standards of information schemes that fully or partially address one or more resource efficiency or circular economy elements. CELIS can play an important role in fostering circular economy activities. They can empower market actors to distinguish and discriminate products based on environmental performance, which stimulates market development and innovation in resource efficient products and services. Information systems also enable better supply chain management and allow firms to identify environmental impacts and risks in their supply chains.This paper provides an overview of the current CELIS landscape, assesses the drivers and barriers to a greater uptake of business-to-business information systems, and identifies circular economy aspects that are underdeveloped in the existing consumer labels landscape. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, information policy approaches, natural resources, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption |
| JEL: | O14 Q53 Q56 Q58 D82 L15 |
| Date: | 2021–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:183-en&r= |
| By: | Henderson, Stuart; Davidova, Sophia; Bailey, Alastair; Latruffe, Laure; Vedrine, Lionel; Desjeux, Yann |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315217&r= |
| By: | Marten Ovaere; Stef Proost (-) |
| Abstract: | This paper surveys climate and energy policy in the EU transport sector covering the road, aviation, and shipping sectors. We summarise current policies, focusing on the Fit for 55 Package, and categorise them according to their targeted decision stage (consumption, investment, or research) and the type of instrument being used (e.g. cap-and-trade, tax, mandate, performance standard, or subsidy). Next, we analyse the cost-efficiency of the different policies and instruments. We find that they address a range of market inefficiencies, but that there are still a number of aspects that can further improve the cost-effectiveness of current EU climate policies in the transport sector. For example, higher taxes and an emission performance standards for aviation and shipping, the right combination of R&D investments and learning-by-doing policies, and balancing implicit carbon prices by revising the road tax system and adding congestion tolls and charges. Finally, European policy has important side effects on the rest of the world that need to be taken into account in the selection of policies. This improved set of policies can support a sustainable recovery and reach the European Union’s climate targets at the lowest cost. |
| Keywords: | European energy policy, European climate policy, European transport, policy, road transport, aviation, shipping, Fit for 55 Package |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:21/1031&r= |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Dehler, Marcel; Laggner, birgit; Offermann, Frank; Reiter, Karin; de Witte, Thomas; Wüstemann, Friedrich |
| Abstract: | With the current reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU aims to increase in particular the contribution of the agricultural sector to the protection of the climate, the environment and biodiversity in addition to income support. Therefore, the income support of the first pillar will be linked to compliance with 'extended conditionalities' and supplementary Eco-schemes will be introduced in the CAP’s first pillar from 01.01.2023 on. Farmers will receive additional payments if they participate voluntarily in the Eco-schemes. Furthermore, the EU wants to increase the flexibility of the agricultural policy and tailor it better to the needs of the different member states. For this purpose, the member states have to develop national CAP strategic plans and specify, among other, the Eco-schemes. The BMEL in consultation with the federal states and stakeholders has developed the national strategic plan including proposals for the design of the Eco-schemes. During the preparation of the draft for the German CAP strategic plan, the Thünen Institute was commissioned to assess the economic implications of the Eco-schemes. Beside the question of implementation costs on farm level, this includes especially the analyses of the potential uptake and budgetary implications of the different measures given varying payment levels. For the evaluation of the ecological impacts of the proposed Eco-schemes, the Instituts für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IflS) lead consortium in charge of the ex-ante evaluation of the German CAP strategic plan was consulted. The ex-ante evaluation was understood as an accompanying and supporting process during the development of the national strategic plan. The subject of the evaluation is derived from the specific objectives set out in Art. 6 No. 1 (d), (e) and (f) of the CAP Strategic Plan Regulation. Furthermore, questions of effectiveness, efficiency and consistency are addressed in the context of the overall green architecture. In volume 2 of Thünen Working Papers 180 we estimate the costs of farming without chemical-synthetic plant protection products for one year. Furthermore, we assess the implementation of the various Eco-schemes differentiated by farm size as well as farms type and determine the resulting budget requirements. In the last part of the report we examine the monetary effects of one option to promote low-input grassland management. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:315832&r= |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Offermann, Frank |
| Abstract: | With the current reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU aims to increase in particular the contribution of the agricultural sector to the protection of the climate, the environment and biodiversity in addition to income support. Therefore, the income support of the first pillar will be linked to compliance with 'extended conditionalities' and supplementary Eco-schemes will be introduced in the CAP’s first pillar from 01.01.2023 on. Farmers will receive additional payments if they participate voluntarily in the Eco-schemes. Furthermore, the EU wants to increase the flexibility of the agricultural policy and tailor it better to the needs of the different member states. For this purpose, the member states have to develop national CAP strategic plans and specify, among other, the Eco-schemes. The BMEL in consultation with the federal states and stakeholders has developed the national strategic plan including proposals for the design of the Eco-schemes. During the preparation of the draft for the German CAP strategic plan, the Thünen Institute was commissioned to assess the economic implications of the Eco-schemes. Beside the question of implementation costs on farm level, this includes especially the analyses of the potential uptake and budgetary implications of the different measures given varying payment levels. For the evaluation of the ecological impacts of the proposed Eco-schemes, the Instituts für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IflS) lead consortium in charge of the ex-ante evaluation of the German CAP strategic plan was consulted. The ex-ante evaluation was understood as an accompanying and supporting process during the development of the national strategic plan. The subject of the evaluation is derived from the specific objectives set out in Art. 6 No. 1 (d), (e) and (f) of the CAP Strategic Plan Regulation. Furthermore, questions of effectiveness, efficiency and consistency are addressed in the context of the overall green architecture. In volume 3 of Thünen Working Papers 180 we estimate the potential extent of the supported area and the budgetary implications based on the definition of Eco-schemes in the German ‘GAP-Direktzahlungen-Gesetz’ and an initial set of payment levels. We discuss levers in the design of individual eco-schemes which can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the use of funds and keep the budget within the legally defined limits. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:315834&r= |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy; Kilic, Talip; Fuente, Alejandro de la; Murray, Siobhan; Brubaker, Joshua |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315324&r= |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Offermann, Frank |
| Abstract: | With the current reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU aims to increase in particular the contribution of the agricultural sector to the protection of the climate, the environment and biodiversity in addition to income support. Therefore, the income support of the first pillar will be linked to compliance with 'extended conditionalities' and supplementary Eco-schemes will be introduced in the CAP’s first pillar from 01.01.2023 on. Farmers will receive additional payments if they participate voluntarily in the Eco-schemes. Furthermore, the EU wants to increase the flexibility of the agricultural policy and tailor it better to the needs of the different member states. For this purpose, the member states have to develop national CAP strategic plans and specify, among other, the Eco-schemes. The BMEL in consultation with the federal states and stakeholders has developed the national strategic plan including proposals for the design of the Eco-schemes. During the preparation of the draft for the German CAP strategic plan, the Thünen Institute was commissioned to assess the economic implications of the Eco-schemes. Beside the question of implementation costs on farm level, this includes especially the analyses of the potential uptake and budgetary implications of the different measures given varying payment levels. For the evaluation of the ecological impacts of the proposed Eco-schemes, the Instituts für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IflS) lead consortium in charge of the ex-ante evaluation of the German CAP strategic plan was consulted. The ex-ante evaluation was understood as an ac-companying and supporting process during the development of the national strategic plan. The subject of the evaluation is derived from the specific objectives set out in Art. 6 No. 1 (d), (e) and (f) of the CAP Strategic Plan Regulation. Furthermore, questions of effectiveness, efficiency and consistency are addressed in the context of the overall green architecture. In volume 4 of Thünen Working Papers 180 we analyse the effects of different options for the design and the premium levels of the planned eco-schemes on the expected uptake and the required budget. In particular, we consider scenarios with different premium levels for the eco-scheme “crop rotation with leguminous crops” in combination with alternative specifications regarding the eligibility of fallow land as a crop. In addition, we examine the influence of selected assumptions on the expected uptake of other eco-schemes, and discuss other important factors and uncertainties influencing the expected uptake of individual eco-schemes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:315835&r= |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Offermann, Frank |
| Abstract: | With the current reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU aims to increase in particular the contribution of the agricultural sector to the protection of the climate, the environment and biodiversity in addition to income support. Therefore, the income support of the first pillar will be linked to compliance with 'extended conditionalities' and supplementary Eco-schemes will be introduced in the CAP’s first pillar from 01.01.2023 on. Farmers will receive additional payments if they participate voluntarily in the Eco-schemes. Furthermore, the EU wants to increase the flexibility of the agricultural policy and tailor it better to the needs of the different member states. For this purpose, the member states have to develop national CAP strategic plans and specify, among other, the Eco-schemes. The BMEL in consultation with the federal states and stakeholders has developed the national strategic plan including proposals for the design of the Eco-schemes. During the preparation of the draft for the German CAP strategic plan, the Thünen Institute was commissioned to assess the economic implications of the Eco-schemes. Beside the question of implementation costs on farm level, this includes especially the analyses of the potential uptake and budget-ary implications of the different measures given varying payment levels. For the evaluation of the ecological impacts of the proposed Eco-schemes, the Instituts für Ländliche Strukturforschung (IflS) lead consortium in charge of the ex-ante evaluation of the German CAP strategic plan was consulted. The ex-ante evaluation was understood as an ac-companying and supporting process during the development of the national strategic plan. The subject of the evaluation is derived from the specific objectives set out in Art. 6 No. 1 (d), (e) and (f) of the CAP Strategic Plan Regulation. Furthermore, questions of effectiveness, efficiency and consistency are addressed in the context of the overall green architecture. In volume 4 of Thünen Working Papers 180 we analyse the effects of different options for the design and the premium levels of the planned eco-schemes on the expected uptake and the required budget. In particular, we consider scenarios with different premium levels for the eco-scheme “crop rotation with leguminous crops” in combination with alternative specifications regarding the eligibility of fallow land as a crop. In addition, we examine the influence of selected assumptions on the expected uptake of other eco-schemes, and discuss other important factors and uncertainties influencing the expected uptake of individual eco-schemes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:315833&r= |
| By: | Greve, Hannes; Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Renner, Sebastian |
| JEL: | O14 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242382&r= |
| By: | Müller, Gernot; Dietrich, Alexander; Schoenle, Raphael |
| JEL: | E43 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242446&r= |
| By: | Juan Camilo Cárdenas; Fernando Jaramillo; Diana León; María del Pilar López Uribe; Mauricio Rodriguez; Hernando Zuleta |
| Abstract: | The economic crisis from the Covid-19 pandemic has generated a fall in tax revenues and an increase in the need for public spending in most economies throughout the world. This situation has led to a substantial increase in the sovereign debt levels and has dramatically reduced the fiscal space of governments. For upper- middle-income countries (UMICs), current access to financing is limited and this can potentially limit the space for climate action in the short and medium run. However, delaying climate action can generate a negative signal on fiscal sustainability due to the physical and transition risks of climate change. Unsustainable production practices will result in a deterioration of the productive capacity of natural assets reducing potential tax income. Simultaneously there will be a stronger need for public spending to face the future damages associated to greenhouse gases emissions. Therefore, in order to address the current crisis, we need an integral approach that considers the climate crisis as a challenge with a high degree of urgency. For this approach to be feasible, sufficient international climate finance needs to be available, and it should help to steer relief and recovery efforts into a direction in which these are also compatible with climate targets. In this document, we propose a sovereign debt negotiation scheme in which the conditions of the debt depend on the climate policies undertaken by the debtor countries. Likewise, we point out that the feasibility of beneficial agreements for debtors and the implementation of good climate policies depend positively on the size of the debt and each country's potential to affect the current trend of climate change. For these reasons, the formation of coalitions of debtor countries can be a key factor for debt relief and the implementation of climate policies |
| Keywords: | Covid 19, Climate Change, Sovereign Debt, Coalitions, Climate Policy |
| JEL: | D62 D71 F34 G23 H63 Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:019715&r= |
| By: | Lindgren, Samuel (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the health effects of a nationwide program that provided noise mitigation to dwellings. The analysis uses hospitalization records and a difference-in- differences model that compares residents in treated homes to those with similar at- tributes in untreated homes. Results show that noise mitigation measures lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 10% after seven years, with effects driven by reduced risk of hypertension. Health effects are larger among the population exposed to higher baseline noise levels. These findings suggest that implementing similar noise mitigation measures will produce meaningful health benefits. |
| Keywords: | Health; Environmental policy; Noise pollution |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2021_010&r= |
| By: | Yann Raineau; Éric Giraud-Héraud; Sébastien Lecocq; Stéphanie Pérès; Alexandre Pons; Sophie Tempère |
| Abstract: | According to the latest studies, the demand for organic food is more often driven by health than by environmental considerations. It may therefore seem surprising to observe certain industries allowing organic products to be challenged by products that claim health benefits more directly. The question thus arises as to the real threat to the organic market posed by "healthy" products, and hence the impact on the ecological transition of agricultural practices brought about by organic specifications. In this paper, we examine the reality of this threat, taking it to the extreme situation of a product today classified as harmful, yet for which sanitary considerations have been recently conveyed on markets, namely wines without sulfites, considering the competition they can exert on organic wines. Through an experimental market based on a tasting of Bordeaux wines specifically produced for the purpose of the experiment, conducted at two-year intervals and involving a large sample of over four hundred consumers, we observe the significance of the health demand among wine consumers, which increases as the niche of organic wine buyers is considered. We also note that this niche asymmetrically sanctions the presence of sulfites in organic wines, without applying the same principles to conventional wines, a threat that could lead to a certain decline in interest once these products are required to reveal their composition, as is the case for the majority of processed products. |
| Keywords: | experimental auctions, food labels, willingness to pay, sustainable wines, eco-friendly food, consumer demand |
| JEL: | C91 L15 Q11 D44 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-21&r= |
| By: | Johanna Ayrault (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Aggeri (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The district heating (DH) market is undergoing a change with the emergence of Sustainable District Heating (SDH), based on renewable locale resources, as a building block for a local ecological transition. However, research on DH tends to focus on technological solutions to support this transition. Business models, especially innovative and sustainable business models (SBM) are overlooked although management scholars have stressed they played a key role in ecological transitions. SDH have a strong local anchorage with the integration of multiple stakeholders to the BM since resources at stake may be varied and require strong coordination and the setting of governance mechanisms to build durable networks. The complexity of such networks is well described on the industrial ecology literature. To what extent the industrial ecology framework may help to design another perspective on SBM for DH at a local scale? To answer this question we analyze two French DH case studies that were pioneers in the integration of renewable heat to their energy mix. We stress how the introduction of a new value proposition, based on sustainable concerns, can change the set of resources and competences and organization (both internal and external), which according to Demil and Lecocq (2010) represent the three pillars in dynamic interaction of a BM. We also study this change through the industrial ecology framework (Brullot, 2009), especially focusing on the design of a shared imaginary and governance as two aspects ensuring the durability of the SBM. |
| Keywords: | Industrial ecology,Sustainable business models,District heating |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03388564&r= |
| By: | Éloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This article proposes, in the light of the French case, to consider building a social-ecological protection aimed at reducing the health and economic impact of the heatwaves caused by climate change by answering five successive questions: why protect? Protect from what? What to protect? Whom to protect? How to protect? |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose, à la lumière du cas français, des éléments d'analyse en vue de l'édification d'une protection sociale-écologique visant à atténuer l'impact sanitaire et économique des fortes chaleurs engendrées par le dérèglement climatique, en répondant à cinq questions successives : Pourquoi protéger ? De quoi protéger ? Que protéger ? Qui protéger ? Comment protéger ? |
| Keywords: | France,heatwaves,elderly,social-ecological risk,insurance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03373456&r= |
| By: | Alice Siragusa (European Commission - JRC); Paola Proietti (European Commission - JRC); Cecilia Bertozzi (European Commission - JRC); Eloína Coll Aliaga; Serena Foracchia; Andrej Irving; Suvi Monni (Benviroc Oy); Maria Pacheco Oliveira; Raffaele Sisto (Smart&City Solutions, ITD - Universidad Politecnica de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | Local governments stand at the frontline of social, economic and environmental challenges, and even more so in times of emergencies and disruptive changes. European local governments, and cities in particular, are increasingly using the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a support to design, monitor and evaluate their strategies and activities. Indeed, the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs have proven to be an added value for the elaboration of strategies at different geographical and institutional levels. The evidence-based approach is one of the main features characterising the 2030 Agenda, which has fostered the development of a common language when discussing sustainable development, in particular with regard to monitoring.In this framework, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission has developed an integrated approach that combines methodological contributions on the local monitoring of the SDGs as a valuable tool to transpose the 2030 Agenda in the local context and enhancing the creation of SDG ecosystems. This involves hands-on cooperation with cities to test and continuously improve the proposed framework so that it can properly assist municipalities willing to engage in a Local Voluntary Review.This report is one of the building blocks of this work. It illustrates the results of the analyses performed in partnership with six European pilot cities between 2020 and 2021. The report details, for each city – Bratislava (SK), Reggio Emilia (IT), Oulu (FI), Porto (PT), Seville (ES), and Valencia (ES) – the availability of data for calculating the indicators proposed in the first edition of the European Handbook for SDG Voluntary Local Reviews; but also the local alternatives used when data were not available or when cities preferred to measure, in accordance with their local priorities, different indicators. In conclusion, for each city, the report illustrates the overall process of building a local SDG monitoring system and assesses the SDG monitoring capacities of the cities, identifying challenges encountered during the process, gaps to address and points of strength on which to build. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development goals, indicators |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126179&r= |
| By: | Wanjira, John; Mburu, John; Nzuve, Felister; Makokha, Stella; Emongor, Rosemary A.; Taracha, Catherine |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315298&r= |
| By: | Pascale Bazoche; Nicolas Guinet; Sylvaine Poret; Sabrina Teyssier |
| Abstract: | A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. |
| Keywords: | Experiment, information, food consumption, alternative proteins, environment,health. |
| JEL: | C93 D12 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202107&r= |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel; Helmers, Viola; Mattauch, Linus; Pahle, Michael; Sommer, Stephan; Schmidt, Christoph M.; Edenhofer, Ottmar |
| Abstract: | Im Jahr 2021 wurde in Deutschland die sogenannte CO2-Bepreisung fossiler Kraft- und Brennstoffe eingeführt, um deren Verbrauch zum Zwecke des Klimaschutzes zu reduzieren. Dieser Preisaufschlag auf fossile Energieträger wird in den kommenden Jahren sukzessive erhöht. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Akzeptanz der CO2-Bepreisung für die Zeit kurz vor Einführung des CO2-Preises im Jahr 2019. Eine Erhebung unter mehr als 6.000 Haushalten zeigt, dass eine leichte absolute Mehrheit von 53,7% der Befragten grundsätzlich bereit ist, zu Klimaschutzzwecken höhere Kosten in Kauf zu nehmen. Die Zustimmung zu einer CO2-Bepreisung nimmt jedoch mit sinkendem Einkommen deutlich ab: Bei Befragten der untersten Einkommensgruppe liegt die Zustimmungsrate bei knapp unter 40%. Erwartungsgemäß verringert sich die Zustimmung auch mit der Höhe des CO2-Preises. So wurde ein CO2-Preis von 50 Euro von einer Mehrheit der Befragten von 50,6% abgelehnt. Um bei bis zum Jahr 2025 auf 55 Euro steigenden CO2-Preisen die mehrheitliche Akzeptanz der Bürger zu gewinnen, wird hier für einen breit angelegten Ausgleichsmechanismus durch Reduzierung verzerrender und sozial ungerechter Steuern und Abgaben auf den Strompreis plädiert, der insbesondere Gering- und Durchschnittsverdienern zugutekommt. Andernfalls könnten die über die Zeit steigenden CO2-Preise eine hohe soziale Sprengkraft entfalten. |
| Keywords: | Diskretes Entscheidungsexperiment,Panelerhebung,Klimawandel |
| JEL: | D12 C25 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:147&r= |
| By: | Lore Van Praag; Samuel Lietaer; Caroline Michellier |
| Abstract: | Abstract Environmental migration is a growing concern of academics and policymakers, who foresee a rise in the number of such migrants. However, most prevailing academic and policy discourses ignore the variety of perceptions of environmental changes among people living in highly affected areas across the world. We examine the perceptions of environmental changes and how these are seen to be relevant to migration in Senegal, DR Congo, and Morocco. In total, we conducted 410 interviews with people living in two regions in each of these countries. Results indicate differences in the perception of environmental changes across regions, gender, education, and livelihoods. The economic activities of individuals determine exposure and sensitivity to environmental changes, while educational levels increase familiarity with prevailing environmental discourses and policies. Despite country-specific and regional differences across research sites, few people perceived environmental factors as directly related to their own or family members’ migration projects. |
| Keywords: | Environmental change · Migration · Perceptions · Democratic Republic of Congo · Senegal · Morocco |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/333295&r= |
| By: | Samans, Richard. |
| Abstract: | International cooperation and financing for development in particular face a moment of truth. A lack of national capacity to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change anywhere is a threat to the security and well-being of people everywhere. The most feasible way to mobilize the large additional sums required to advance a fully inclusive, human-centred recovery from the pandemic and a rapid acceleration of climate action on a worldwide basis – including in resource-constrained low-and lower-middle-income countries – is for the international community to apply the public capital it has already invested in the International Monetary Fund and multilateral development banks more efficiently and expansively. This could be achieved by applying the balance sheets and tools of these institutions just as imaginatively for such common purposes as those of central banks and treasuries in advanced countries have been applied for domestic purposes during the pandemic. The paper proposes a set of initiatives to this end in order to fully fund the WHO ACT-A/COVAX Initiative, adequately resource debt relief and restructuring, social protection floors and job-rich sustainable infrastructure and industry in these countries, and finance a global effort to avoid a lock-in of greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power generation, which represents the single largest and most time sensitive aspect of the climate action required to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. This fuller utilization of the existing international financial architecture to implement multilaterally agreed objectives would generate an average increase in annual external flows of about 4% of GDP to 82 poorer developing countries during the next seven years, exceeding the Marshall Plan’s support of Europe’s efforts to “build back better” from World War II, while using such additional international assistance in a similar manner to generate complementary increases in domestic resource mobilization. |
| Keywords: | international cooperation, aid financing, economic recovery, COVID-19, climate change |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995149693302676&r= |
| By: | Kabir, Md. Jahangir; Salam, Md. Abdus; Omar, Md. Imran; Sarkar, Md. Abdur Rouf; Rahman, Mohammad Chhiddikur; Chowdhury, Afroza; Rahaman, Md. Shajedur; Deb, Limon; Noman, S. M. M. H.; Siddique, Md. Abu Bakr |
| Abstract: | A super tropical cyclone named "Amphan" struck the Bangladesh coast on 22 May 2020, which caused widespread damage to rice and non-rice crops across 26 Districts. This study aims to (i) delineate the impact of Amphan on farming and livelihoods of coastal households; (ii) identify the farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to the cyclone; and (iii) delineate farmers’ suggestions for increasing crops production and adaptive capacity. Fourteen villages of seven Upazilas of four most Amphan affected districts such as Satkhira, Khulna, Bagherhat and Patuakhali were selected for the study. Both the qualitative and quantitative data were collected through online interviews from 84 knowledgeable farmers and 25 expert personnel of the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The results show that most boro rice in the coastal area escaped from the adverse consequences of Amphan as over 95% of total the crop of the region was harvested before struck the cyclone. Besides, The Aus area decreased in the range between 38-60% of the target area due mainly to (i) damage seedling in the nursery and (ii) stagnant water in the fields. Besides, the yield of the rice crop might lower in the range between 7-15% compared to last year Aus yield because of (i) delay transplanting due to cyclone and (ii) inadequate fertilizer application and weeding due to lack of money. Besides, T. Aman yield may decrease in the range between 10 – 18% as compared to the normal season because of (i) delay transplanting due to delay managing cash for hired in power tractor and labour, (ii) apply less fertilizers due to decrease income, and (iii) increase area of local cultivars as it needs less fertilizers. The major coping strategies of the households to smoothen consumption included (i) used food stocked at home, (ii) received reliefs in kinds, (iii) sold livestock and trees, (iv) caught wild fish from water-bodies, (v) temporary migrated for off/nonfarm works. Most households had access to foods because of the government’s relief programs. The farming adaptation strategies included (i) raised Aus seedling of local and modern cultivars (ii) planted vegetables in the home-yard and dike of gher, and (iii) stocked shrimp and prawn post-larvae in the gher. Famers ability to invest in the farm decreased substantially due to (i) loss of farm income (BDT 50,000-130,000 per household) because of damage of crops and gone out shrimp and fish from ghers, and (ii) decreased off/non-farm incomes (BDT 18,000-26,000 per household) due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The government helped farmers by reducing T. Aman rice seed prices (BDT 10/kg). Due to lack of resources, DAE provided limited material supports to Amphan affected farmers in the Aman rice. Farmers and experts suggested following interventions to minimize the impact of Amphan cyclone to farmers: (i) ensuring easy access to bank credit at a low-interest rate, (ii) providing inputs and cash supports to small and marginal farmers (iii) reduced fertilizer price by 50% for Amphan affected areas to ensure a better harvest of T. Aman. Furthermore, farmers suggested for (i) re-excavation of the canals for better access to fresh-water for irrigation, (ii) raising 2-3 feet elevation of the Embankments, (iii) placing the RCC block on the Embankment for protecting the breakage by the tidal surge, (iv) repairing the old sluice gates and set some new sluice gates for protecting salinity intrusion and drainage out stagnant water, and (v) ensuring access to market and fair price of rice and non-rice crops, shrimp and fish for sustainable farm production. |
| Keywords: | Amphan,COVID-19,Yield loss,Climate change,Adaptation,Coastal |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:243315&r= |
| By: | Manda, Julius; Tufa, Adane; Alene, Arega; Muthoni, Francis; Hoeschle-Zeledon, Irmgard; Bekunda, Mateete |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314992&r= |
| By: | Alexandra-Anca Purcel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | We perform an updated literature survey on pollution-growth nexus via the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, both from theoretical and empirical standpoints. First, we conduct a literature review on the most well-known rationale behind the EKC prevalence and discuss the key components of the research design when estimating the EKC. Second, we bring together the most influential empirical papers published in the last decade, which focus on EKC estimation in developing and transition economies. Overall, succeeding to curtail some of the deficiencies suggested by theoretical contributions, the recent empirical studies might indicate a certain consensus regarding pollution-growth nexus, and EKC validity. On one hand, reinforcing the EKC nature, several studies reveal a long-run relationship between indicators. On the other hand, according to income coefficients' signs, the traditional bell-shaped pattern seems to be at work for some developing and transition economies. However, in some cases, the estimated turning point lies outside the income sample range, calling into question not only the true pattern between pollution and growth but also the identification of EKC. Taken collectively, both the theoretical foundations and empirical evidence, could contribute to a better understanding of the pollution-growth nexus in the EKC context, and suggest some useful insights into the future works on the subject as well as the crucial policy implications in this group of countries. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03182332&r= |
| By: | Joëlle Noailly, Roger Smeets |
| Abstract: | Achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and of climate neutrality by 2050 in the European Union will require mobilizing financial investments towards clean energy innovation. This study examines the role of internal finance (cash flows and cash holdings) and financing constraints for innovation in energy technologies. We construct a dataset for 1,300 European firms combining balance-sheet information and patenting activities in renewable (REN) and fossil-fuel (FF) technologies and estimate the sensitivity of patenting activities to firm’s internal finance. We use count estimation techniques and control for a large set of firm-specific characteristics and market developments in REN and FF technologies. We find that patenting activities of firms specialized in REN innovation are significantly more sensitive to a shock in cash flows than firms specializing in FF innovation. Hence, our results emphasize that innovative firms in clean energy may be particularly vulnerable to financing constraints. We discuss the implications of these results for energy transition policies aiming to redirect finance towards clean energy R&D. |
| Date: | 2021–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_69&r= |
| By: | Evdokia Moïsé; Stela Rubínová |
| Abstract: | Trade negotiations are frequently accompanied by sustainability impact assessment (SIA) to evaluate the potential economic, environmental, social and human rights effects of a possible agreement. SIAs can help promote environmental protection, and support the better integration of women, vulnerable populations, and small businesses into the global economy, as well as address growing concerns from civil society. They provide a critical opportunity for dialogue among stakeholders and trade policy makers, and thereby help to rebuild confidence in the trading system. However, SIA approaches ‒ including economic modelling, qualitative causal chain analysis and stakeholder consultations ‒ each have their strengths, challenges and limitations. Those need to be understood by policy makers if reliable and policy relevant conclusions are to be provided. This paper offers a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of various approaches and discusses best practices for assessing the sustainability impact of trade and trade agreements. |
| Keywords: | CGE models, Qualitative methods, Stakeholder dialogue, Sustainable growth, Trade liberalisation |
| JEL: | A13 B41 F6 F13 F18 |
| Date: | 2021–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:255-en&r= |
| By: | Adjognon, Guigonan; Liverpool-Tasieillon, Saweda; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315157&r= |
| By: | Sule Alan (European University Institute); Gozde Corekcioglu (Kadir Has University, Istanbul); Matthias Sutter (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, University of Cologne, University of Innsbruck, IZA, and CESifo) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of a program aiming at improving the workplace climate in corporations. The program is implemented via a clustered randomized design and evaluated with respect to the prevalence of support networks, antisocial behavior, perceived relational atmosphere, and turnover rate. We find that professionals in treated corporations are less inclined to engage in toxic competition, exhibit higher reciprocity toward each other, report higher workplace satisfaction and a more collegial atmosphere. Treated firms have fewer socially isolated individuals and a lower employee turnover. The program's success in improving leader-subordinate relationships emerges as a likely mechanism to explain these results. |
| Keywords: | Workplace climate, relational dynamics, leadership quality, RCT |
| JEL: | C93 M14 M53 |
| Date: | 2021–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2021_17&r= |
| By: | Kotu, Bekele Hundie; Oyinbo, Oyakhilomen; Hoeschle-Zeledon, Irmgard; Kizito, Fred; Nurudeen, Abdul Rahman; Boyubie, Benedict |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315032&r= |
| By: | Jean-Francis Ory (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Jean-Luc Petitjean; Thierry Côme |
| Abstract: | The article is based on a survey on the structuring of the sustainable development and social responsibility (SD-SR) approach in French universities. It draws on the structuration theory and Neo-Institutional Theory to construct a conceptual framework. This framework is confronted with institutional practice and leads to a typology based on the role of political involvement, the culture of management and isomorphisms. The discussion around this typology, based on an MCA showing the existence of homogenous groups of universities in terms of their structuring of a SD-SR approach, makes it possible to refine the role of each of the factors in the conceptual model. |
| Abstract: | El artículo está basado en una investigación sobre la estructuración del desarrollo sostenible y la responsabilidad social (DS-RS) en las universidades francesas. Se apoya en la teoría de la estructuración y la Teoría Neo-Institucional para construir el marco conceptual. Este último, esta confrontado con la práctica de las instituciones y desemboca en una tipología fundada sobre el rol de la implicación política, de la cultura de orientación y de isomorfismos. La discusión alrededor de esta tipología, a partir de una ACM mostrando la existencia de grupos homogéneos de universidades en cuanto a su estructuración en el cuadro de DS-RS, permite de afinar el rol de cada uno de los factores del modelo conceptual. |
| Abstract: | L'article est basé sur une enquête portant sur la structuration de la démarche de développement durable et responsabilité sociale (DD-RS) dans les universités françaises. Il s'appuie sur la théorie de la structuration et la Théorie Néo-Institutionnelle pour construire un cadre conceptuel à la structuration de cette mission. Ce dernier est confronté à la pratique des établissements et débouche sur une typologie fondée sur le rôle de l'implication politique, de la culture du pilotage et des isomorphismes. La discussion autour de cette typologie, à partir d'une ACM montrant l'existence de groupes homogènes d'universités quant à leur structuration d'une démarche DD-RS, permet d'affiner le rôle de chacun des facteurs du modèle conceptuel. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,innovation,structuration,university,USR,desarrollo sostenible,innovación,estructuración,universidad,RSU,développement durable,université |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03381671&r= |
| By: | Fischer, Andreas; Küper, Malte |
| Abstract: | Mit einem jährlichen Investitionsvolumen von knapp 500 Milliarden Euro geht von der öffentlichen Beschaffungin Deutschland ein enormes Potenzial für den Erwerb klimafreundlicher Produkte und Dienstleistungen aus. Auf diese Weise können durch öffentliche Investitionen nicht nur Treibhausgasemissionen vermieden, sondern auch erste Leitmärkte für klimafreundliche Produkte geschaffen werden. Neben positiven Effekten auf die Kostenentwicklung durch Skalen- und Lerneffekte, kann durch die Vorbildfunktion auch dieAkzeptanz neuartiger Güter bei Privatkunden gestärkt werden.Die hierzu nötigen Rahmenbedingungen auf nationaler wie auch auf europäischer Ebene existieren bereits. Es bestehen allerdings Hemmnisse bei der Umsetzung, hauptsätzlich aufgrund des hohen Informationsbedarfs und Verwaltungsaufwands sowohl für die zuständigen Behörden als auch für die betroffenen Unternehmen. [...] |
| JEL: | H57 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkpps:232021&r= |
| By: | Ogunmodede, Adewale M.; Tambo, Justice A.; Gulak, Dominic M; Adeleke, Adetunji T.; Ogunsanwo, Mary O. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315074&r= |
| By: | Willi Semmler; Giovanni Di Bartolomeo; Behnaz Minooei Fard; Joao Paulo Braga |
| Abstract: | Governments attempt to provide the energy sector with incentives to replace old technologies with new ones based on renewable energy as the most effective way to combat climate change. Yet in the energy sector prevail fossil fuel incumbents that inhibit renewable energy entrants. Our paper provides a game-theoretic stylization of competition between those two types of firms. Incumbents set prices and entrants respond with quantity adjustments. In the context of a dynamic limit pricing model, we study the entry dynamics in a market in which the dominant firms (fossil fuel energy suppliers) face the entry of a group of competitive fringe firms (renewable energy suppliers) when the dominant firms have easier access to financial markets, but the fringe firms finance their expansion with internal finance. We also investigate the effect of the public support of renewable energy firms through subsidies. Our model is built on Judd and Peterson (1986, JET), but our solutions are obtained through a non-linear model predictive control algorithm. By this technique, we can predict the outcome of the competition between incumbents and entrants and the impact of financial and fiscal policies considering moving-horizon strategies. |
| Keywords: | Global warming; Renewable energy; Limit pricing; Strategic entry game; Non-linear model predictive control |
| JEL: | D40 D21 D43 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sap:wpaper:wp200&r= |
| By: | Bos, Björn; Drupp, Moritz; Meya, Jasper; Quaas, Martin |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242471&r= |
| By: | Lucas Bretschger (Center of Economic Research, ETH Zurich, Zurichbergstrasse 18, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland); Ara Jo (Center of Economic Research, ETH Zurich, Zurichbergstrasse 18, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This paper adds a fresh angle to the on-going debate on the potential negative employment effect of environmental policy by bringing to the fore a key factor that directly regulates its magnitude: the elasticity of substitution between labor and energy. Using firm-level data from the French manufacturing sector, we provide rigorous micro estimates of this parameter that point to strong complementarity between labor and energy. We then provide clear evidence for the empirical, as well as theoretical, relevance of the elasticity of substitution in understanding the effect of environmental policies on employment. |
| Keywords: | market-based regulation, employment, elasticity of substitution |
| JEL: | Q40 Q54 Q55 O33 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:21-364&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Thanh Tung; Nguyen, Trung Thanh; Nguyen, Duy Linh; Do, Manh Hung; Grote, Ulrike |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314955&r= |
| By: | Frithjof Laubinger (OECD); Andrew Brown (OECD); Maarten Dubois (OECD); Peter Börkey (OECD) |
| Abstract: | One of the key objectives of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is to instigate design for the environment. In collective EPR schemes, the fee schedule set by Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs) is typically quite simple and provides weak incentives for design change by producers. Fee modulation, changing fees paid by producers in a collective EPR scheme based on product design, can provide producers with stronger design incentives, but adds complexity to the system. The paper defines a classification for fee modulation (by criteria and methodology) and discusses potential challenges and opportunities. It concludes with key policy insights that can further stimulate this emerging policy approach. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, extended producer responsibility, product stewardship, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste management |
| JEL: | L15 O14 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:184-en&r= |
| By: | David Grover (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management); Swaroop Rao (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management, IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | Article 6 of the Paris Agreement provides for the creation of a successor to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the parameters of which are currently being operationalised. This paper uses the broad literature on the relationship between general foreign direct investment (FDI) and inequality in FDI host countries to develop expectations about the likely impact of past and future international mitigation investment on inequality, unemployment and poverty outcomes. Using 2000 and 2010 census data for small geographic areas in Brazil, we compare the change in those outcomes in areas that experienced CDM project activity to the same in areas that did not, using a difference-indifference approach. We find that areas with CDM project activity experienced improvements in those outcomes, which appear to be driven by project types that are associated with 'primary' sector activity. Including measurement and reporting procedures for these broader sustainable development outcomes in the rulebook of a post-2020 agreement could be favourable to the interests of both developed and developing countries. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-03404189&r= |
| By: | Tran, Thi Xuyen |
| JEL: | D69 R29 Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242411&r= |
| By: | Tsakiridis, Andreas; O’Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary; Cullen, Paula; hUallacháin, Daire Ó.; Sheridan, Helen; Stout, Jane |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315280&r= |
| By: | Wittmer, Heidi; Berghöfer, Augustin; Büttner, Leonie; Chakrabarty, Ruchira; Förster, Johannes; Khan, Sabina; König, Claudia; Krause, Gesche; Kreuer, David; Locher-Krause, Karla E.; Moreno Soares, Thais; Munoz, Marcela; Neumann, Malte; Renner, Isabel; Rode, Julian; Schniewind, Imma; Schwarzer, Dorothea; Tröger, Ulrike; Zinngrebe, Yves; Spiering, Salina |
| Abstract: | Die vorliegende Publikation ist die Kurzfassung der englischsprachigen Studie 'Transformative change for a sustainable management of global commons. Recommendations for international cooperation based on a review of global assessment reports and project experience' (veröffentlicht als UFZ-Bericht 3/2021) und wurde im Rahmen des Projekts 'Transformativer Wandel zum Schutz von globalen Gemeingütern' erstellt. Im ersten Teil werden die Folgen unserer Lebensweise für die globalen Gemeingüter Biodiversität, Wald und Meere beleuchtet und die Dringlichkeit des Handels betont. Warum eine Trendwende hin zu einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit unseren Lebensgrundlagen im Sinne der Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen bisher nicht erreicht wurde und welche zentralen Herausforderungen in den Bereichen Biodiversität, Wald und Meere gelöst werden müssten, fasst der zweite Teil zusammen. Der letzte Teil wirbt für einen 'radikalen Inkrementalismus' der von einer übergeordneten, transformativen Vision für einen nachhaltigen Wandel geleitet ist und in dem zahlreiche unterschiedliche Maßnahmen gesamtgesellschaftlich verhandelt und neu ausgerichtet werden. Damit einher geht eine kluge Auswahl vieler Schritte, um schnell radikale Veränderungen in einzelnen Sektoren wie Energie, Wohnen, Landwirtschaft oder Finanzen, und in verschiedenen sozialen, ökonomischen und politischen Systemen einzuleiten. Der Kurzbericht schließt mit Handlungsoptionen für die drei zentralen Transformationshebel 1) strukturelle Verankerung des sozial-ökologischen Wandels und Gemeinwohlorientierung, 2) Ökologisierung der Landwirtschaft und 3) Globale Governance zum Schutz der globalen Gemeingüter Biodiversität, Wälder und Meere. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversität,Wälder,Meere,Ökosysteme,Transformativer Wandel,Nachhaltigkeitsziele,Internationale Zustandsberichte,globale Gemeingüter,Agenda 2030,Nachhaltigkeitstransformation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzrep:22021&r= |
| By: | John C. Whitehead; Andrew Ropicki; John Loomis; Sherry Larkin; Tim Haab; Sergio Alvarez |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the importance of contingent valuation method data quality by examining differences in results between probability-based and opt-in internet samples. Our data is from a survey estimating passive use losses associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon oil spill to Florida residents. Several internal tests of validity are conducted. We find that the willingness to pay estimates from the opt-in sample may be biased upwards and only the probability-based sample data pass the scope test. In general, we conclude that the probability-based sample data is of higher quality. Key Words: contingent valuation, scope test, probability-based sample data; opt-in sample data |
| JEL: | Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:21-13&r= |
| By: | Chiara Falduto (OECD); Jane Ellis (OECD); Katia Simeonova |
| Abstract: | Reporting and review requirements under the Paris Agreement include provisions under Article 13 relating to the implementation and achievement of Parties’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Draft texts relating to Article 6.2 relating to Parties’ use of cooperative approaches also include provisions on reporting and review. This document identifies and analyses issues related to the interplay of relevant reporting and review requirements under both Article 13 and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, as it is important to improve complementarity and ensure consistency between the two sets of reporting and review provisions, as well as to meet the already-agreed principles governing transparency. Regarding reporting, the document highlights options for improving the clarity of the provisions concerning the timing, content, and frequency of the three required types of information under Article 6.2 guidance (i.e., the initial report, annual information, and regular information). Regarding Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs), this document highlights several issues relating to timing and vintages that would need to be addressed to facilitate ITMO reporting and review implementation. Regarding review provisions, this document finds that draft A6.2 guidance could usefully provide further detail on some substantive aspects of the Article 6 review process, such as, e.g., clarifying roles of the Party, the TER team, and the secretariat in the review process. |
| Keywords: | Article 6, carbon markets, Enhanced Transparency Framework, Paris Agreement, reporting, review |
| JEL: | F53 Q29 Q49 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/04-en&r= |
| By: | Maxence Postaire (TBS - Toulouse Business School, UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées); Simon Alcouffe (TBS - Toulouse Business School); Marie Boitier (TBS - Toulouse Business School) |
| Keywords: | global performance,management control,sustainability,CSR,performance globale,contrôle de gestion,développement durable,RSE |
| Date: | 2021–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03395428&r= |
| By: | Philippe van der Beck (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | I show that the performance of ESG investments is strongly driven by price-pressure arising from flows towards sustainable funds, causing high realized returns that do not reflect high expected returns. The coefficient linking ESG flows and realized returns is the product of two factors: The deviation of green funds' portfolios from the market portfolio and a flow multiplier matrix that is the inverse of the market's demand elasticity of substitution between stocks. Empirically, withdrawing 1 dollar from the market portfolio and investing it in the representative ESG fund increases the aggregate value of high ESG-taste stocks by 2-2.5 dollars. Under the absence of flow-driven price pressure, the aggregate ESG industry would have strongly underperformed the market from 2016 to 2021. Furthermore, the positive alpha of a long-short ESG taste portfolio becomes significantly negative. |
| Keywords: | sustainable investing, ESG, price pressure, flows, demand elasticity |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G23 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2171&r= |
| By: | Herrington, Caitlin L.; Maredia, Mywish; Ortega, David L.; Taleon, Victor; Birol, Ekin; Sarkar, Abdur Rouf |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315079&r= |
| By: | Kumar, Suresh; Singh, Dharm Raj; Mondal, Biswajit; Palanisamy, Venkatesh; Kumar, Anil |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315343&r= |
| By: | Chams, Nour; Guesmi, Bouali; Gil, Jose M.; Molins, Mireia; Cubel, Rosa |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315264&r= |
| By: | Eirik S. Amundsen (Department of Economics, University of Bergen; Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether a “Golden Rule” of regulation of an infectious disease may be elicited that balances the economic control and disease costs when the arrival of a future vaccine or a cure is uncertain. Formulating an optimal control problem applied to standard compartment models of infection, an optimality rule is derived. This rule is more complex than other similar Golden Rules related to optimal economic growth or extraction of natural resources. The paper contains interpretation of the derived rule and numeric examples of how the rule functions under the compartment models (i.e., the SI, the SIS, and the SIR models.) |
| Keywords: | Infectious disease, economic regulation, Golden Rule, compartment models |
| JEL: | C54 D62 I18 L51 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2021_08&r= |
| By: | Meg Adachi-Sato (Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND and Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how a socially and environmentally aware firm principal can motivate a profit-oriented manager to pursue environmental, social and governance (ESG) outcomes. In the model, the manager produces a verifiable output that is detrimental to ESG, but also engages in an unverifiable output that promotes ESG. I show that an ex-post bargaining contract is preferred to an ex-ante commitment contract if the unverifiable output substantially improves ESG or if there is a large negative externality. The paper also demonstrates how social impact bonds can be more effective than short-term debt to finance social programs. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investment; ESG; Multitask; Hold-up; Incomplete contracts; Social impact bonds; Sustainability-linked bonds |
| JEL: | D86 G11 G23 M12 M14 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2021-20&r= |
| By: | Samans, Richard. |
| Abstract: | La cooperación internacional y, en particular, la financiación para el desarrollo, afrontan un momento decisivo. La falta de capacidad nacional para combatir la pandemia de COVID-19 y el cambio climático en algunos lugares es una amenaza para la seguridad y el bienestar de las personas en todo el mundo. La forma más factible de movilizar las grandes sumas adicionales necesarias para avanzar en una recuperación de la pandemia totalmente inclusiva y centrada en las personas y en una rápida aceleración de la acción climática a nivel mundial —también en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos bajos con recursos limitados — es que la comunidad internacional invierta el capital público que ya tiene comprometido en el Fondo Monetario Internacional y en los bancos multilaterales de desarrollo de forma más eficiente y expansiva. Esto podría lograrse mediante la utilización para dichos fines comunes de los métodos y balances contables de estas instituciones con la misma imaginación que se ha empleado en utilizar los de los bancos centrales y los Tesoros públicos de los países avanzados para objetivos nacionales durante la pandemia. El presente documento propone un conjunto de iniciativas a estos efectos con objeto de financiar plenamente la Iniciativa Acelerador ACT/COVAX de la OMS, el alivio y la reestructuración de la deuda, los pisos de protección social y las infraestructuras e industrias sostenibles y con un alto coeficiente de empleo en estos países, así como para financiar un esfuerzo a escala mundial con el fin de evitar que se perpetúen las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la producción de energía a partir de carbón, que representa el aspecto más importante y urgente de la acción climática necesaria para alcanzar los objetivos del Acuerdo de París contra el cambio climático. Este mejor aprovechamiento de la arquitectura financiera internacional existente generaría un aumento medio anual de los flujos externos hacia 82 países en desarrollo de alrededor del 4 por ciento de su PIB durante los próximos siete años, lo que superaría el nivel de asistencia prestada por el Plan Marshall a los esfuerzos de Europa después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial para «reconstruir mejor», y de igual modo dicha financiación adicional externa podría potenciarse con una mayor movilización de recursos internos. |
| Keywords: | economic recovery, financing, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995149692902676&r= |
| By: | Kumar, Shalander; Pramanik, Soumitra; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Gupta, Lakshita; Whitbread, Anthony |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315206&r= |
| By: | Samans, Richard. |
| Abstract: | La coopération internationale et le financement du développement en particulier sont face à un moment de vérité. Un manque de capacité nationale à lutter contre la pandémie de COVID-19 et le changement climatique, où que ce soit, constitue une menace pour la sécurité et le bien-être des populations du monde entier. Le meilleur moyen de mobiliser les importantes sommes additionnelles nécessaires à une reprise qui soit pleinement inclusive et centrée sur l’être humain et à une accélération rapide de l’action pour le climat à l’échelle mondiale – notamment dans les pays à faible revenu et à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieure, dont les ressources sont limitées – est que la communauté internationale utilise plus efficacement et plus largement le capital public qu’elle a déjà investi dans le Fonds monétaire international et les banques multilatérales de développement. Pour ce faire, ces institutions devraient se servir de leur bilan et de leurs moyens de manière aussi imaginative à des fins communes que l’ont fait les banques centrales et les trésors publics des pays avancés à des fins nationales pendant la pandémie. Le présent document de travail propose une série d’initiatives en ce sens pour financer complètement le dispositif Accélérateur ACT/ COVAX de l’OMS, dégager des ressources suffisantes pour l’allègement et la restructuration de la dette, les socles de protection sociale et les infrastructures et industries durables riches en emplois dans ces pays, ainsi que pour financer un effort mondial visant à éviter les concentrations des gaz à effet de serre prove- nant de la production d’électricité au charbon, qui constitue l’aspect le plus important et le plus urgent de l’action pour le climat nécessaire pour atteindre les objectifs de l’Accord de Paris sur les changements climatiques. Ce recours sans réserve à l’architecture financière internationale pour mettre en œuvre les objectifs convenus au niveau multilatéral générerait une augmentation moyenne des flux externes annuels d’environ 4 pour cent du PIB pour les 82 pays en développement les plus pauvres au cours des sept prochaines années. Cette aide internationale supplémentaire dépasserait ainsi le soutien apporté par le plan Marshall aux efforts de l’Europe pour «reconstruire en mieux» après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais serait utilisée de manière similaire pour générer une hausse complémentaire des ressources nationales. |
| Keywords: | economic recovery, financing, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995149693002676&r= |
| By: | Céline Bonnet (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hugo Molina (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We develop a framework of bilateral oligopoly with a sequential two-stage game in which manufacturers engage in bilateral bargains with retailers competing on a downstream market. We show that bargaining outcomes depend on three different bargaining forces and can be interpreted in terms of "equilibrium of fear". We estimate our framework using data on soft drink purchases in France and find that retailers have a higher bargaining power than manufacturers. Using counterfactual simulations, we highlight that retail mergers always increase retailers' fear of disagreement which weakens their bargaining power vis-à-vis manufacturers and leads to higher wholesale and retail prices. |
| Keywords: | Retail mergers,Bargaining,Bilateral oligopoly,Soft drink industry |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03375907&r= |
| By: | Ojo, Olanike; Ojo, Michael A.; Ajani, Yusuf; Oseghale, Agatha; Busari, A.O. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315189&r= |
| By: | Meg Adachi-Sato (School of Economics, Finance, and Marketing RMIT University, AUSTRALIA and Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how a socially and environmentally aware firm principal can motivate a profit-oriented manager to pursue environmental, social and governance (ESG) outcomes by adjusting the length and timing of wage contracts. In the model, the manager produces a verifiable output that is detrimental to ESG, but also engages in an unverifiable output that reduces ESG costs. The optimal arrangements are a short-term contract if the unverifiable output reduces ESG costs, and a long-term contract if it does not. The paper also demon-strates how social impact bonds can be more effective than short-term debt to finance social programs. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investment; ESG; Multitask; Hold-up; Incomplete contracts; Social impact bonds; Sustainability-linked bonds |
| JEL: | D86 G11 G23 M12 M14 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2021-14&r= |
| By: | Donatella Gatti (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Date: | 2021–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03374129&r= |
| By: | Ahmet Faruk Aysan (HBKU - Hamad Bin Khalifa University); Fouad Bergigui |
| Abstract: | Since the adoption of the SDGs in 2015, it has been a 5-year journey of trial and error experimentations all over the world to come up with innovative solutions beyond business-as-usual and get the job done. In this paper, we assess blockchain-backed solutions beyond the hype. While the technology has a promising potential to trigger disruptive innovations to fulfill the SGDs, it is not mature yet with many gaps in terms of approaches and tools to develop blockchain use cases, monitor and evaluate blockchain experiments, mitigate associated risks and ethical considerations while managing changes within organizations leading blockchain-powered platforms. It is only by filing these gaps that blockchain can deliver its promises and may be effectively used as an SDG accelerator. Islamic finance can play a key role in shaping the transition towards a more circular economy. One promising way of doing so, is by scaling-up the use of blockchainenabled solutions in the practices of circular economy and Islamic finance. As the technology is still getting mature, more innovative and applied research is needed to capitalize on the lessons learned within various geographies and across a wide range of economic, social, and environmental spectrums. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain,SDGs,innovation,Islamic finance,circular economy |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03364964&r= |
| By: | de Silva, Sanjiv (International Water Management Institute); Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute); Thiha, Nyan (International Water Management Institute); Suhardiman, Diana (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Water user associations; Irrigation schemes; Pumps; Handbooks; Guidelines; Models; Participatory management; Irrigation management; Farmer participation; Gender; Farmers organizations; Water allocation; Equity; Organizational development; Strategies; Governing bodies; Human resources; Multi-stakeholder processes; Nongovernmental organizations; Government agencies; Development policies; Irrigation programs; Infrastructure; Costs; Legal frameworks; Regulations; Awareness raising; Empowerment; Capacity building; Training; Villages; Living standards; Socioeconomic environment; Conflicts |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050545&r= |
| By: | François-Xavier Bellocq,; François-Xavier Duporge,; Mathilde Gauthier,; Annabelle Laferrère,; Bertrand Reysset |
| Abstract: | L’Afrique possède de nombreux atouts pour maintenir une empreinte carbone faible tout en assurant son décollage économique. Une trajectoire de transition juste, conciliant les impératifs socio-économiques et climatiques, est possible. Elle nécessitera cependant un engagement fort des parties prenantes, africaines et internationales, en faveur des questions climatiques. Une mobilisation technique et financière accrue des États africains, des bailleurs de fonds et des banques publiques de développement africains et internationaux, et de tous les acteurs financiers du continent, permettra de financer et d’accompagner l’innovation climatique en plein essor sur le continent. |
| Keywords: | Afrique |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr13236&r= |