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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Theodoros Arvanitopoulos; Grégoire Garsous; Paolo Agnolucci |
| Abstract: | The risks of carbon leakage associated with climate policies in the agricultural sector remains under-researched. Studies to date suggest that carbon pricing policies implemented by a single country, or small group of countries, reduce global emissions but also affect the international competitiveness of these countries’ agricultural sectors and induce carbon leakage. While carbon leakage can be prevented with trade-related measures that adjust emissions prices at the border, such measures applied in developed countries could potentially lead to significant welfare losses for developing countries that heavily rely on agricultural exports. That said, important caveats apply to the reviewed studies: i) from an environmental perspective, estimations of carbon leakage rates alone do not offer a comprehensive assessment of how optimally agricultural activities are allocated across countries; ii) most of the studies estimate the effects of additional environmental policies, such as carbon taxes, and ignore the effects of existing policies, including market distorting and potentially environmentally harmful support for agricultural production. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental policies, Trade |
| JEL: | F18 O13 Q15 Q17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:169-en&r= |
| By: | Ben Henderson; Monika Verma |
| Abstract: | Carbon leakage arises when emission reductions in countries applying a carbon tax are offset, partially or completely, by emission increases in countries that do not apply the tax or any other greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies. Analysis using the MAGNET computable general equilibrium model indicates that a carbon tax always lowers global GHG emissions from agriculture, even when it is applied in a small group of countries, provided that producers facing the tax can make use of GHG abatement technologies. This suggests that mitigation policies should be considered in conjunction with investments in research and development on abatement practices and technologies. When a small number of countries adopt a carbon tax, about half of the direct reduction in emissions in adopting counties is offset by higher emissions in non-adopting countries; the rate of carbon leakage declines as the group of countries implementing a carbon tax expands. Higher tax rates stimulate larger global emissions reductions, but also induce higher rates of emissions leakage, thus limiting the mitigation benefits from setting higher tax rates in contexts where few countries adopt the policy. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental policies, Mitigation, Trade |
| JEL: | C68 F18 O13 Q11 Q17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:170-en&r= |
| By: | Grégoire Garsous |
| Abstract: | Understanding consumption-based emissions from Agriculture, Forestry and Land-use (AFOLU) activities is important in developing climate policy for the sector. This paper proposes a new methodology to construct indicators – CBAFOLU indicators ‒ to provide estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising from AFOLU activities (including fisheries) in the global supply chain of finished products. The CBAFOLU indicators identify the countries where emissions are generated and the countries where the goods that “embody” these emissions are eventually consumed. CBAFOLU indicators are provided for bilateral flows of emissions for 65 countries over 2005-15. The indicators also break down emissions by types of GHG: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). Given their preliminary nature, the CBAFOLU indicators should be seen as a first building block in a series of steps to explore the allocation of AFOLU activities across countries through the lens of sustainability; priorities for further work to refine the indicators are also proposed. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental policies, Trade |
| JEL: | F18 O13 Q15 Q17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:171-en&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and governance explain the CKC proposition. Our empirical strategy is based on the Westerlund panel cointegration test, augmented mean group (AMG), and vector autoregressive (VAR) panel Granger-causality tests. Findings – The results suggest that the CKC hypothesis is incomplete without these mechanisms, as they play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in Africa. We recommend improving the environmental standards and proper regulatory and monitoring systems to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development in the continent. Originality/value –The study revisits the CKC hypothesis with particular emphasis on governance and more robust empirical estimation techniques. |
| Keywords: | carbon cuts; Energy consumption; Governance; Climate crisis; Panel analysis; Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/069&r= |
| By: | Alessandro Moro (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses severe challenges to economic growth and financial stability, especially in developing countries with a more carbon-intensive economy and a greater exposure to climate-related damages. This paper proposes a simple model in which an emerging open economy, characterised by the presence of a carbon-intensive and green industry, imposes a tax on the interest paid by brown corporate bonds to foreign investors with the aim of redirecting capital to the green industry and reducing the negative environmental externality of brown firms. In this framework, capital controls have two opposite effects. On one hand, a higher tax rate has a direct negative impact on production, since it discourages capital inflows to carbon-intensive firms, thereby reducing their output. On the other hand, capital controls have an indirect positive effect through the reduction of the negative environmental externality of the carbon-intensive sector. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the optimal inflow tax is an increasing function of climate-related damage and a decreasing function of foreign and domestic investors’ environmental preferences. |
| Keywords: | open economy, capital controls, green investments, climate change economics. |
| JEL: | F21 F32 F50 F64 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1348_21&r= |
| By: | Raúl Delgado (Banco Interamericano de Desarollo); Huáscar Eguino (Banco Interamericano de Desarollo); Aloisio Lopes (Banco Interamericano de Desarollo) |
| Abstract: | This publication presents recent experiences of finance ministries in the Latin American and Caribbean region in three crucial areas of intervention where climate change issues and the responsibilities of these ministries merge. In addition, it presents key elements for designing fiscal policies that contribute to sustainable growth. The three areas are: 1) Management of economic, fiscal, and financial risks associated with extreme weather events and climate change; 2) Challenges of the transition to low-carbon economies; and 3) Reorientation of public finances so they contribute to national objectives of resilience and decarbonization. Despite the risks and challenges involved in transitioning to green economies, the publication provides evidence indicating that both economic and employment opportunities can be achieved with efficient planning and implementation. |
| Keywords: | public sector economics,fiscal policy,public finance,pu blic expenditure,nati onal budget,green procurement,climate change,mitigation,adap tation,natural disaster s,economic development,sustainable development,resilient infrastructure |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03371797&r= |
| By: | Wendler, Tobias; Töbelmann, Daniel; Günther, Jutta |
| JEL: | Q01 Q55 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242416&r= |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Peterson, Sonja; Rutherford, Thomas F.; Schneider, Jan; Winkler, Malte |
| JEL: | D58 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242408&r= |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonello Lobianco (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvain Caurla (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Daniel Bontemps (LIF - Laboratoire d'Inventaire Forestier - ENSG - École nationale des sciences géographiques - IGN - Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] - Université Gustave Eiffel); Anna Lungarska (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Mérian (LERFoB - Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Miguel Riviere (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ahmed Barkaoui (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Objectives: Evaluate the capacity of temperate forest resources to both provide climate change mitigation and to sustain the downstream timber sector explicitly considering the cascade of biophysical and economic drivers (in particular, climate change impacts and subsequent adaptation actions) and their uncertainty. Methodology: A recursive bio-economic model of French forest resources, management, and timber markets has been coupled for this study with spatial statistical models of forest response to climate change long-term scenarios and land-use change. Main Results: (a) Climate change impacts on tree mortality are greater than those on tree growth variations; (b) Due to increasing competition with agriculture, climate change may reverse current trends in forest area expansion; (c) Due to rising average tree sizes, volume growth strongly declines over time and may eventually cease within the next century; (d) Future climate change impacts already have strong consequences on today's forest investment profitability; (e) The relative importance of forest substitution over forest sequestration increases as the timeframe increases; (f) While the forest sector has the potential to counterbalance a significant share of the national carbon emissions, this potential is threatened by climate change and the need to adapt to it. Profit-driven forest management does increase mitigation; (g) Uncertainty derived from using different climatic models over the same IPCC storyline has the same order of magnitude as the uncertainty derived from using the same climatic model under different storylines. |
| Abstract: | Objectifs : Évaluer la capacité des ressources forestières tempérées à atténuer le changement climatique et à soutenir le secteur du bois en aval, en tenant compte explicitement de la cascade de facteurs biophysiques et économiques (en particulier, les impacts du changement climatique et les mesures d'adaptation ultérieures) et de leur incertitude. Méthodologie : Un modèle bio-économique récursif des ressources forestières françaises, de la gestion et des marchés du bois a été couplé pour cette étude avec des modèles statistiques spatiaux de la réponse des forêts aux scénarios à long terme du changement climatique et au changement d'utilisation des terres. Principaux résultats : (a) Les impacts du changement climatique sur la mortalité des arbres sont plus importants que ceux sur les variations de croissance des arbres ; (b) En raison de la concurrence croissante avec l'agriculture, le changement climatique pourrait inverser les tendances actuelles d'expansion des zones forestières ; (c) En raison de l'augmentation de la taille moyenne des arbres, la croissance en volume diminue fortement au fil du temps et pourrait finalement cesser au cours du prochain siècle ; (d) Les impacts futurs du changement climatique ont déjà de fortes conséquences sur la rentabilité des investissements forestiers d'aujourd'hui ; (e) L'importance relative de la substitution des forêts par rapport à la séquestration des forêts augmente à mesure que le délai s'allonge ; (f) Alors que le secteur forestier a le potentiel de contrebalancer une part importante des émissions nationales de carbone, ce potentiel est menacé par le changement climatique et la nécessité de s'y adapter. La gestion forestière axée sur le profit augmente effectivement l'atténuation ; g) l'incertitude découlant de l'utilisation de différents modèles climatiques pour le même scénario du GIEC a le même ordre de grandeur que l'incertitude découlant de l'utilisation du même modèle climatique pour différents scénarios. |
| Keywords: | Forest sector,Climate change,Carbon balance,Climate warming,Mitigation,Bio-economic model |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03088086&r= |
| By: | Sheng, Di |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314071&r= |
| By: | Moon, Jin-Young (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Oh, Soo Hyun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Park, Youngseok (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Sunghee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Eunmi (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구는 국제사회의 온실가스 감축 목표 강화 추세 속에서, EU를 중심으로 탄소국경세가 도입될 경우의 영향을 분석하였다. 2020년 국제사회의 연이은 탄소중립 선언과 탄소국경세 도입 논의를 파리기후협정 이후 국제사회의 추세와 맞물려 검토하고, 탄소배출에 비용을 부과하는 이론적 모형을 분석하였다. EU가 관세 형태로 수입에 내재된 이산화탄소에 비용을 부과할 경우 주요 교역국에 파급할 영향을 분석하고, 온실가스 감축 목표 강화와 탄소국경세 도입에 따른 정부 및 민간 차원의 대응방안을 제시하였다. Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the international community has been heeding the urgency of responding to climate change and calling for wider and more decisive actions to mitigate GHG emissions. In particular, 2020 is the year set for review of the nationally determined contributions (NDC) previously submitted by each Party of the Paris Agreement, and for submitting long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LEDS). In addition, many countries are seeking a sustainable economic recovery plan that reflects climate change and environmental considerations to overcome COVID-19. Also, as major greenhouse gas emitters participate in the declaration of carbon neutrality vision and EU plans to introduce carbon border tax, the issue of greenhouse gas reduction is expected to affect not only domestic economic and industrial policies, but also diplomatic and international trade sectors. Accordingly, this research was carried out to present our policy recommendations by analyzing measures to strengthen greenhouse gas reduction targets and the economic impact of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | EU; Korea; global climate ambition; Paris Agreement 2015; carbon border adjustment mechanism; greenhouse gas emission development; declaration of carbon neutrality |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2020_021&r= |
| By: | Jean-François Ruault (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alice Dupré La Tour (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); André Evette (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandrine Allain (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marc Callois |
| Abstract: | Protecting biodiversity matters for the sustainability transition, but nothing yet seems to be able to halt the rate of biodiversity loss. The promotion of green jobs fuels questionable ideas, among which that there are green vs non-green jobs, and that the latter can be progressively replaced by green jobs. The option of developing jobs that could act to offset environmental damage is also attractive. Based on a social-ecological approach and the "strong sustainability" paradigm, the paper develops and tests a three-dimensional framework to highlight the complex and multifaceted relationship between employment growth and biodiversity enhancement. Three case studies are investigated using field expertise: slope revegetation, soil bioengineering and guided nature tours. The framework includes direct impacts of jobs on biodiversity, indirect impacts on biodiversity and ecological feedback on employment growth with two types of insights. First, it serves a reflexive analysis on the way these jobs, supposedly green, support and respond to biodiversity enhancement. Second, it helps tailor policy instruments adapted to each ideal-type of biodiversityemployment relationship towards a low biodiversity impacting economy. It highlights the various possible actionsfrom regulations to communication instrumentsalong with the types of biodiversity-employment relationships they address the best. |
| Keywords: | employment policies,avoid-reduceoffset sequence,strong sustainability,ecological transition,social-ecological system,green growth |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03365820&r= |
| By: | Bernard, René; Tzamourani, Panagiota; Weber, Michael |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the causal effect of providing information about climate change on individuals' willingness to pay to offset CO2 emissions in a randomized control trial. Individuals that receive truthful information aboutways to reduce CO2 emissions increase their willingness to pay for CO2 offsetting relative to the control group in a within individual research design. Individuals receiving information about the behavior of peers react similarly to those receiving information about scientific research. Individuals' responses vary depending on their sociodemographic characteristics and also along a rich set of attitudes and concerns regarding climate change. In a follow up survey, we study the endogenous information acquisition of survey participants and show that individuals choose information that aligns with their prior beliefs. Individuals who choose to receive information about climate change have a higher willingness to to pay. |
| Keywords: | climate change,information treatment,willingness to pay,C02 compensation,information acquisition |
| JEL: | D10 D83 D91 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242592&r= |
| By: | Park, Dojin |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314032&r= |
| By: | Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Luciano Lavecchia (Bank of Italy); Alessandro Mistretta (Bank of Italy); Valentina Michelangeli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This study presents a novel methodological framework for assessing the exposure of the Italian financial system to climate policy risks, using a micro-founded approach. By combining survey and administrative data with energy accounts and energy prices, we estimate the energy demand elasticity of Italian households and firms at the micro-level and we use this information to simulate the effects of four one-off carbon taxes (corresponding to €50, €100, €200 and €800 per ton of CO2) on their income and profits. To compute if (and how) carbon taxes might affect the share of financially vulnerable agents and the debt at risk, these estimates are used as an input for the microsimulation models used to monitor financial stability at the Bank of Italy. According to our results, a level of carbon taxation within the range of €50-200 per ton does not have a sizeable effect on the share of financially vulnerable agents. The micro approach allows us to take into account the heterogeneous transmission channels of climate risks and indicates that the financial risks stemming from climate shocks are limited overall and specific to individual households and industries. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon tax, climate stress test, financial vulnerability |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_639_21&r= |
| By: | Reichert, Arndt; Martinez Flores, Fernanda; Milusheva, Sveta |
| JEL: | F22 O13 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242470&r= |
| By: | Njuki, Eric |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, International Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313959&r= |
| By: | Kesternich, Martin; Bartels, Lara |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 C93 H41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242456&r= |
| By: | Kim, Haein |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314011&r= |
| By: | Bernardino Adão; Borghan Narajabad; Ted Temzelides |
| Abstract: | We develop a dynamic general equilibrium integrated assessment model that incorporates scrapping costs due to new technology adoption in renewable energy as well as externalities associated with carbon emissions and renewable technology spillovers. We use world economy data to calibrate our model and investigate the effects of the scrapping channel on renewable energy adoption and on the optimal energy transition. Our calibrated model implies several interesting connections between scrapping costs, the two externalities, policy, and welfare. We investigate the relative effectiveness of two policy instruments-Pigouvian carbon taxes and policies that internalize spillover effects-in isolation as well as in tandem. Our findings suggest that scrapping costs are of quantitative importance for technology adoption and the energy transition. The two policy instruments are better thought of as complements rather than substitutes. |
| JEL: | H21 O14 O33 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:w202111&r= |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | Achieving diverse goals of sustainable development greatly depends on the specific socio-economic, institutional and natural environment in a particular country, industry, region, community, etc. Despite its importance, in Bulgaria, like in other East European countries, there are very few empirical studies on impact(s) of institutional environment and climate change on agrarian sustainability. This paper incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics, and assesses the impact of major elements of institutional environment and climate change on agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria. First, the methodological framework is outlined. After that the impacts of various components of institutional environment and climate change on agrarian sustainability evaluated. Finally, conclusions with implications for further research are presented. The study is based on in-depth interviews with managers of “representative” market-oriented farms of different juridical type, size, specialization, and ecological and geographical location. Institutional components most contributing to improvement of agrarian sustainability at current state of development are: personal connections, available information for prices, markets, innovations, etc., established reputation, existing trust, and existing possibilities for free contracting. Factors mostly deterring sustainable agrarian development are: existing conflicts over agrarian resources, investment possibilities and obstacles, existing monopoly and power positions, and climate change. Studies of this type are to be further expended as precision and representation increased though improving methods, data sources, and cooperation with interested parties. |
| Keywords: | Governance, Institutional environment, Climate change, Agrarian Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q1 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110262&r= |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Sam Heft-Neal; Jessica Li; Anne Driscoll; Patrick W. Baylis; Matthieu Stigler; Joakim Weill; Jennifer Burney; Jeff Wen; Marissa Childs; Carlos Gould |
| Abstract: | The impacts of environmental change on human outcomes often depend on local exposures and behavioral responses that are challenging to observe with traditional administrative or sensor data. We show how data from private pollution sensors, cell phones, social media posts, and internet search activity yield new insights on exposures and behavioral responses during large wildfire smoke events across the US, a rapidly-growing environmental stressor. Health-protective behavior, mobility, and sentiment all respond to increasing ambient wildfire smoke concentrations, but responses differ by income. Indoor pollution monitors provide starkly different estimates of likely personal exposure during smoke events than would be inferred from traditional ambient outdoor sensors, with similar outdoor pollution levels generating >20x differences in average indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Our results suggest that the current policy reliance on self protection to mitigate health risks in the face of rising smoke exposure will result in modest and unequal benefits. |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29380&r= |
| By: | Lee, Hyun Jean (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Cheolwon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Yoon, Hyung Jun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구는 EU를 중심으로 한 유럽 주요국(독일, 프랑스, 스웨덴, 비세그라드 4국)의 친환경자동차산업의 정책적인 측면을 살펴보고 한국에 대한 함의를 찾고자 했다. EU가 강조하고 있는 자동차용 배터리팩이나 수소연료 등은 아직까지 한국을 비롯한 동북아국가들의 경쟁력이 더 높게 나타나고 있다. 이에 EU 및 회원국들은 친환경자동차 주요 부품의 역내 자체생산이 가능하도록 기술을 확보하여 핵심부품의 해외의존도를 낮추기 위해 자동차산업을 다각도로 지원하고 있으며 친환경자동차의 보급 확대를 위해 배터리·수소·e-모빌리티 전략 등의 부단한 정책노력을 기울이고 있는바, 본 연구를 통해 이를 구체적으로 살펴보고 있다. This study analyzes e-mobility policies of the European Union (EU) and its major member states. Through the analysis the study provides policy implications for the Korean government in promoting eco-friendly automobiles, and strategic insights for Korean companies aiming to access the EU market. The automobile industry of the EU faces multiple challenges today. Aiming to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the EU will have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of cars by expanding the use of renewable energy, while maintaining the industry’s competitiveness. Currently, the EU remains comparatively weak in the market for eco-friendly automobiles. The share of European brands in the world’s eco-friendly car market is only 12%. Moreover, Europe is lagging behind Northeast Asian countries, including South Korea, in battery packs and hydrogen fuel cells technology and production. Upon this background, the EU is endeavoring to support the eco-friendly automobile industry to reduce overseas dependence on core components, and to expand the distribution of eco-friendly cars. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | EU; e-Mobility; automobile; eco-friendly; greenhouse gas; European Green Deal |
| Date: | 2021–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepre:2021_001&r= |
| By: | Hobbs, Andrew |
| Keywords: | International Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314023&r= |
| By: | Xiao, Wuzheqian |
| Keywords: | International Development, Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314039&r= |
| By: | Ludolph, Lars; Sedova, Barbora |
| JEL: | O15 O55 Q56 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242334&r= |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin; Ivanov, Bojidar; Toteva, Dessislava; Sokolova, Emilia |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development has become a major topic not only for economic science but in economic policy development. There is substantial literature dedicated to analyzing the different aspects of sustainability - economic, social and/or ecological. Agriculture has been recognized as one of the economic fields that has a multidimensional impact not only on the incomes and well-being of the employed but also on the rural population as a whole and the environment. This article presents a holistic approach for assessing agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria based on its economic, social and ecological aspects on sectoral macro-level. It is based on official statistical and other information as well as on expert evaluation. Our study has found that Bulgarian agriculture on the macro-level has good sustainability. Some of the sustainability aspects have higher levels (e.g. the economic aspect) while others (social and environmental) are inferior. Study results could help in focusing the political efforts, so that agrarian sustainability, in its social and ecological aspect, could be increased. However, a further research is needed to evaluate the level of sustainability at the micro-level, so that the major issues and problem areas are addressed accordingly. |
| Keywords: | agrarian sustainability, sustainability indicators, economic, social, ecological aspects, Bulgarian agriculture |
| JEL: | Q1 Q15 Q18 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110263&r= |
| By: | Shumilov, Andrei |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a survey of studies analyzing various uncertainties in integrated assessment models of the economics of climate change. Applications of techniques for both deterministic models (Monte Carlo simulations, sensitivity analysis) and stochastic IAMs (stochastic dynamic programming) are reviewed. |
| Keywords: | greenhouse gases emissions; global warming; integrated assessment models; uncertainty |
| JEL: | C6 D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110171&r= |
| By: | Heinz Welsch (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Cognitions about climate change are of critical importance for climate change mitigation as they influence climate-relevant behaviors and the support of climate policy. Using about 30,000 observations from a large-scale representative survey from 23 European countries, this study provides two major findings. First, important policy-relevant climate change cognitions do not only differ by individuals’ ideological identity (left versus right) but – independently – by their moral identity, that is, the pattern of endorsement of the moral foundations: Care, Fairness, Liberty, Loyalty, Authority and Purity/Sanctity. In particular, controlling for ideological position the cognitions that the world climate is changing, that climate change is human-made, and that climate change impacts are bad are significantly negatively related to stronger endorsement of the Authority and Sanctity foundations while being positively related to stronger endorsement of the Loyalty and Fairness foundations. Second, not only the ideology-related cognitive divide but the morality-related divide is larger in individuals with tertiary education, consistent with the idea that individuals with greater science literacy and numeracy use these skills to adjust their cognitions to their group identity. The finding that better education may amplify rather than attenuate the ideology and morality dependence of decision-relevant climate change cognitions sheds doubt on the proposition that better education unambiguously furthers the prospects for climate change mitigation. |
| Keywords: | climate change cognition; identity-protective cognition; ideological identity; moral identity; moral foundations; educational attainment |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:438&r= |
| By: | Kilic, Gizem |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314091&r= |
| By: | Yoo, James |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314015&r= |
| By: | Krähnert, Kati; Fluhrer, Svenja |
| JEL: | I30 D63 O13 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242379&r= |
| By: | Roolfs, Christina; Gaitan Soto, Beatriz; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Lessmann, Kai |
| JEL: | H77 H23 Q58 H87 H62 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242381&r= |
| By: | Destandau François (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Zaiter Youssef |
| Abstract: | The reduction of damage due to water pollution requires good knowledge of the quality of surface waters. The Water Quality Monitoring Networks (WQMNs) have evolved over time according to the objectives of each one of them: knowledge of long-term quality evolution, search for the origin of pollution, detection of accidental pollution, etc. Information provided by WQMNs could be improved by a spatial approach, optimizing the location or the number of monitoring stations, or by a temporal approach, optimizing the sampling frequency. However, there is a cost for monitoring water quality. In this article, we show, for the first time, how the estimation of the Economic Value of Information (EVOI) can be used to determine the spatio-temporal design of the network. With the example of a network that aims to detect accidental pollution, we show how to calculate the EVOI according to the spatial and temporal network design (number and location of stations, temporal accuracy of measurement) and how to define this design by maximizing the EVOI. This will allow us to answer questions such as: Are the expenses invested in the networks justified? With an additional budget, is it better to add a station or to increase the temporal accuracy of the measurement of existing stations? What is the optimal spatial and temporal design of the network when working with a fixed budget? |
| Keywords: | Water Resource Management,Water Quality Monitoring Network,Economic Value of Information |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03373487&r= |
| By: | Mathias S. Kruttli; Brigitte Roth Tran; Sumudu W. Watugala |
| Abstract: | We present a framework to identify market responses to uncertainty faced by firms regarding both the potential incidence of extreme weather events and subsequent economic impact. Stock options of firms with establishments in forecast and realized hurricane landfall regions exhibit large increases in implied volatility, reflecting significant incidence uncertainty and long-lasting impact uncertainty. Comparing ex ante expected volatility to ex post realized volatility by analyzing volatility risk premia changes shows that investors significantly underestimate extreme weather uncertainty. After Hurricane Sandy, this underreaction diminishes and, consistent with Merton (1987), these increases in idiosyncratic volatility are associated with positive expected stock returns. |
| Keywords: | extreme weather; uncertainty; implied volatility; expected returns; climate risks |
| JEL: | G12 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:93259&r= |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Rivers, Nic; Fischer, Carolyn |
| JEL: | H23 D21 D58 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242431&r= |
| By: | Johanna Choumert-Nkolo (EDI Global); Anais LAMOUR (CERDI); Pascale PHELINAS (IRD CERDI) |
| Abstract: | Volcanic hazards pose a potential threat to 8% of the world's population, yet the economic literature on their short- and long-term consequences on household behavior and economic development is still in its infancy. In this article, we present the state of the literature and highlight knowledge gaps and methodological challenges inherent to the economic analysis of volcanic hazards and disasters. We first present the physical aspects of volcanic activity and describe available physical data. We then examine the concepts related to cost assessment of volcanic disasters. Finally, we discuss key micro and macroeconomic research questions economists should investigate and identify relevant methodological and data challenges. By highlighting research gaps in the "economics of volcanoes", we provide future avenues of research that will address policy-relevant debates in the context of greater focus on risk mitigation, adaptation, and resilience policies aimed at mitigating natural hazards and disasters. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disaster, Resilience, Adaptation, Risk, Hazard |
| JEL: | O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.23&r= |
| By: | Hodur, Nancy M.; Bangsund, Dean A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:314930&r= |
| By: | Figurek, Aleksandra; Nurković, Rahman |
| Abstract: | From the studies conducted, it may be seen in 2018 that the driving force behind the sharing economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina are not small entities that come together to use their spare capacity and gain some economic benefit from others. In the past several years, a set of legal reforms has been established for aspects of labour, taxes, and consumer protection in a collaborative economy. Recognising the potential, the Council of Ministers (Government) in Bosnia and Herzegovina also wants to introduce sustainable production processes for converting biomass of harvested plants into useful wood and paper products. One of the biggest challenges is to develop a successful and reliable circular economy model. M4 - Citavi |
| Keywords: | Bosnia and Herzegovina; Economic Development; Environment Protection; Raw Materials; Recycling; Renewable Energy Sources; Sustainable Development; Waste Materials |
| JEL: | L86 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110228&r= |
| By: | Kulkarni, Kedar |
| Keywords: | International Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313879&r= |
| By: | Bohorquez-Penuela, Camilo |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313994&r= |
| By: | Daminger, Alexander; Dascher, Kristof |
| Abstract: | Subsidizing homeownership makes cities decentralize, so Muth (1967) suggested over half a century ago, and so Voith (1999) and Glaeser (2011) have argued more recently. This paper provides a first quasi-experimental test of "Muth's hypothesis". We analyze a homeownership subsidy's effects on urban form, by turning to Germany's 2005 subsidy repeal. Because housing in the city center was predominantly rental, prospective owner-occupiers needed to move to the city periphery. We are able to identify the subsidy's effect on decentralization because we capitalize on the subsidy's variation both in timing and design. We find that repealing the subsidy did contribute to recentralizing Germany's cities. This highlights the decentralizing role of the original homeownership subsidy. Inasmuch decentralization begets greater carbon dioxide emissions, encouraging homeownership is at cross-purposes with mitigating global warming. |
| Keywords: | Homeownership Subsidy,Subsidy Repeal,Housing Recentralization,Global Warming,Suburban Land Use |
| JEL: | R12 D72 R52 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242367&r= |
| By: | Huybrechts, Liesbeth; van der Graaf, Shenja; D'Hauwers, Ruben; Pierson, Jo |
| Abstract: | The debate on the sharing economy in Belgium has been mainly focused on its economic, quantitative, and digital aspects. Given the fact that the adoption of the sharing economy has accelerated lately, this report wanted to contribute to further open up the debate on the adoption of this economy in relation to an aspect that is too little discussed, namely (social and environmental) sustainability. Based on some smaller studies, this report identifies different drivers for concrete sustainable sharing economy initiatives to develop that situate themselves on the level of people’s daily life practices, social and cultural developments, and policy developments. Next to these drivers, there were issues detected that interact closely with the further development of this economy. The report ends with a suggestion for more systematic research of the drivers behind the initiation, adoption, and sustaining of sharing economy initiatives and their contributions to a more sustainable Belgian society. |
| Keywords: | Sharing Economy; Belgium; Sustainability; Drivers; Adoption; Daily Life; Policy |
| JEL: | L86 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110227&r= |
| By: | Trajanov, Dimitar; Angelovska, Julijana; Mihajlovska, Tamara; Poprizova, Marija |
| Abstract: | The growth of the sharing economy is important for developing countries because it creates value, economic growth, technological innovation, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion. Macedonian citizens have a long tradition of sharing things between friends, relatives, and neighbours. However, the new concept of sharing economy that enables strangers globally to share goods and services is still not developed and used by the Macedonian citizens. The goal of this study is by empirical analysis to give the state and potential of the usage of sharing economy by Macedonian citizens from the perspectives of providers and consumers. The results of the observational study and survey address future actions to boost the development of the sharing economy. |
| Keywords: | Collaborative Consumption; Developing Country; North Macedonia; Sharing Economy; Sustainable Growth |
| JEL: | L86 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110240&r= |
| By: | Hrozencik, Aaron; Wallander, Steven; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | In 2018, 40 percent of all water applied to irrigated cropland came from an off-farm water source. Irrigation districts, ditch companies, acequias, and other water delivery organizations use infrastructure such as canals, reservoirs, and turnouts to transport, store, and deliver off-farm water to farms and ranches. This infrastructure is a critical part of an organization’s ability to meet the water needs of irrigated agriculture. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations is a nationally representative review of the water management organizations that deliver water to farms or influence on-farm groundwater use. This report leverages these survey data to provide an overview of the vital irrigation infrastructure owned and managed by water delivery organizations. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:314931&r= |
| By: | Destandau François (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Zaiter Youssef |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03373506&r= |
| By: | Stehr, Frauke; Werner, Peter |
| JEL: | D91 D62 H41 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242396&r= |
| By: | Michele Fioretti (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jorge Tamayo (Harvard Business School - Harvard University [Cambridge]) |
| Abstract: | Renewable generation creates a tradeoff between current and future energy production as generators produce energy by releasing previously stored resources. Studying the Colombian market, we find that diversified firms strategically substitute fossil fuels for hydropower before droughts. This substitution mitigates the surge in market prices due to the lower hydropower capacity available during dry periods. Diversification can increase prices, instead, if it results from mergers steepening a firm's residual demand. Thus, integrating production technologies within firms can smooth the clean-energy transition by offsetting higher prices during scarcity periods if the unaffected technologies help store renewables more than exercise market power. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition,Renewables,Hydropower generation,Diversified production technologies,Energy storage,Wholesale electricity markets |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03389152&r= |
| By: | Tommaso Proietti (CEIS & DEF, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"); Federico Maddanu (Università di Roma "Tor Vergata") |
| Abstract: | The paper proposes a novel model for time series displaying persistent stationary cycles, the fractional sinusoidal waveform process. The underlying idea is to allow the parameters that regulate the amplitude and phase to evolve according to fractional noise processes. Its advantages with respect to popular alternative specifications, such as the Gegenbauer process, are twofold: the autocovariance function is available in closed form, which opens the way to exact maximum likelihood estimation; secondly the model encompasses deterministic cycles, so that discrete spectra arise as a limiting case. A generalization of the process, featuring multiple components, an additive `red noise' component and exogenous variables, provides a model for climate time series with mixed spectra. Our illustrations deal with the change in amplitude and phase of the intra-annual component of carbon dioxide concentrations in Mauna Loa, and with the estimation and the quantification of the contribution of orbital cycles to the variability of paleoclimate time series. |
| Keywords: | Mixed Spectrum. Cyclical long memory. Paleoclimatic data |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:518&r= |
| By: | François Destandau (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Serge Garcia (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine); Alban Thomas (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | La gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau oblige les politiques publiques à se réinventer en proposant des outils de régulation tenant davantage compte du fonctionnement des milieux naturels et des services qu'ils rendent, en privilégiant des solutions plus concertées, construites à l'échelle des bassins versants, et en cherchant à concilier les intérêts parfois divergents de l'ensemble des acteurs du territoire. L'économie fournit ainsi des méthodes pour aider les décideurs publics à arbitrer entre des options ou à concevoir des outils innovants tenant compte de cette nouvelle approche ainsi que de la spécificité de l'agriculture, notamment le caractère diffus des émissions polluantes. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03373594&r= |
| By: | Singhal, Puja; Hobbs, Andrew |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the long-term distribution of energy-efficiency outcomes in the German residential sector. To uncover the underlying energy efficiency of buildings, we estimate the causal response of building-level heat energy demand to variability in heating degree days. We examine heterogeneity in temperature response using both panel fixed-effects and causal forests. Our results suggest that the distribution of energy-efficiency is not equitable in the West of Germany, with buildings located in the South attaining the best energy performance standards. Although the housing stock in the East is significantly older and thus less subject to building standards, they perform better than the West counterpart, likely as a result of large investments in retrofitting post-reunification. Finally, we show that the regional distribution of energy-efficiency reflects differences in heating needs - thus, the poorer energy performance of buildings in the North-West should be weighed against the warmer climatic zone. |
| Keywords: | Heat Demand,Energy Efficiency,Targeting,Regional Distribution,Climate Change |
| JEL: | H23 Q52 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242343&r= |
| By: | Alam, Mohammad Faiz (International Water Management Institute); Pavelic, Paul (International Water Management Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report presents a spatial analysis conducted at global scale to identify areas of high suitability for implementing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach. The study used multiple global spatial datasets, and the related data were arranged under three categories – water supply, water demand and water storage – to assess global UTFI suitability. Among the river basins with high suitability, the Awash in Ethiopia, Ramganga in India (one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River Basin) and Chao Phraya in Thailand were selected for the economic analysis in this study. The results from this study are intended to provide a first step towards identifying the broad areas (at the river basin or country scale) where more detailed investigation would be worthwhile to ascertain the technical and economic feasibility of UTFI, with greater confidence. |
| Keywords: | flood irrigation/river basins/groundwater recharge/aquifers/water storage/water supply/water demand/drought/economic analysis/cost benefit analysis/benefit-cost ratio/flood control/disaster risk reduction/mitigation/ecosystem services/watershed management/water resources/water management/surface water/water availability/climate change/water security/food security/policies/stakeholders/groundwater irrigation/infrastructure/wells/pumps/crop production/land use/rain/monsoon climate/socioeconomic environment/urban areas/rural areas/models |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerpts:h050008&r= |
| By: | Gebrezgabher, Solomie (International Water Management Institute); Leh, Mansoor (International Water Management Institute); Merrey, D. J.; Kodua, T. T.; Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) irrigation for smallholder agriculture in Ghana, using elements of business planning and business models with a suitability mapping approach. These approaches take into account the economic as well as environmental sustainability of expanding such technology. Using data from existing solar PV irrigation systems and interviews with key industry actors, the report discusses the regulatory and institutional context for investment in solar PV technology and outlines the technology supply chain, mapping the key actors and their roles. The financial viability of two empirical business cases – directly funding an agribusiness and subsidizing a cooperative model – is analyzed to assess the feasibility of expanding access to the technology. Furthermore, three solar PV irrigation business model scenarios are presented based on insights gained from the two empirical cases as well as from analyzing the existing policy and regulatory framework, the technology supply chain and environmental suitability. The potential for solar PV irrigation pumps is substantial, especially in northern Ghana, although care must be taken to avoid overpumping some aquifers. Achieving this potential will require strengthening the policy framework and making finance available at a reasonable cost. The report identifies alternative financing mechanisms and business models that have been tried elsewhere and can be adapted to Ghana, and makes recommendations to enhance the sustainable uptake of solar PV irrigation. |
| Keywords: | solar energy/photovoltaic systems/technology/farmer-led irrigation/small scale systems/irrigation systems/business models/feasibility studies/environmental sustainability/irrigated farming/smallholders/groundwater irrigation/aquifers/water resources/multiple use water services/water lifting/pumps/renewable energy/policies/regulations/supply chains/value chains/financial viability/costs/input output analysis/institutions/case studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerpts:h050503&r= |
| By: | Yingdan Mei; Li Gao; Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Feng-An Yang |
| Abstract: | Coal-fired power plants are among the biggest air polluters both in China and globally. In 2013, China launched a pilot project to switch its power plants from coal to natural gas to curb coal-fired plants' detrimental effects on air quality. Debates about this policy mainly invoke the costs, but no study examines whether the change led to cleaner air and associated economic benefits. This article provides the first causal estimate of the capitalization effect of coal-to-gas conversion on housing prices. We estimate a triple difference model using housing transaction data from 2011 to 2015 and administrative data on all power plants in Beijing. Our results, although marginally significant, show that coal-to-gas conversion leads to a positive price premium of 11% for nearby properties. We provide suggestive evidence that our findings of positive price premiums are likely attributable to the reduction in air pollutants following the coal-to-gas switch, including a 4.9% reduction in particulate matter and 5.2% decrease in SO2. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-wp625&r= |
| By: | Lyu, Chenyan (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Spanholtz, Jan Peter Georg (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | The 2021 energy crisis comes at an inconvenient time for the green transition agenda and can affect disposable income, unemployment and inflation. This paper discusses the likely effects and implications for energy networks and policy. The economic principals behind the crisis may seem intractable, but they are familiar. A combination of known factors has caused the crisis. Europe is dependent on gas imports and a shortage of supplies has contributed to rising gas and electricity prices. The low-price elasticity of energy demand and supply makes them susceptible to price volatility even with modest quantity shocks. Higher CO2 abatement costs, has forced some firms to increase their reliance on natural gas, which in turn drives up the gas prices. The crisis has brought forward the need for some overdue measures and policies including a more robust transition management, new transmission capacity, more storage, balance of contract types, and network regulation models. |
| Keywords: | Natural gas; Carbon price; Economic recovery; Integrated energy markets |
| JEL: | Q30 Q41 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2021_016&r= |
| By: | Michael Macgregor Perry |
| Abstract: | The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the most economically valuable natural resources on the planet, and as such has become a source of territorial disputes between its bordering nations. Among other things, states compete to harvest the multitude of fish species in the SCS. In an effort to gain a competitive advantage states have turned to increased maritime patrols, as well as the use of "maritime militias," which are fishermen armed with martial assets to resist the influence of patrols. This conflict suggests a game of strategic resource allocation where states allocate patrols intelligently to earn the greatest possible rent. The game, however, is quite computationally challenging when considering its size (there are several distinct fisheries in the SCS), the nonlinear nature of biomass growth, and the influence of patrols allocations on costs imposed on fishermen. Further, uncertainty in player behavior attributed to modeling error requires a robust analysis to fully capture the dispute's dynamics. To model such a complex scenario, this paper employs a response surface methodology (RSM) to assess optimal patrolling strategies and their impact on realized rents. The RSM is benchmarked against two simpler sampling strategies and is found to vastly outperform across a variety of instantiations of the model parameters. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.12568&r= |
| By: | Chauhan, Tarana |
| Keywords: | International Development, International Development, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313852&r= |
| By: | Valentin GUYE (INRAE et Mercator Research Institute for Global Commons and Climate Change Berlin (MCC)); Sebastian KRAUS (MCC) |
| Abstract: | We create a novel, spatially explicit microeconomic panel of Indonesian palm oil mills, to provide the first estimates of deforestation price elasticities based on observations of the actual prices paid at mill gates. To identify the price elasticity, we spatially model how deforestation in upstream plantations is exposed to downstream, conditionally exogenous, shocks on mill-gate prices. We provide the first evidence that deforestation for smallholder plantations, and illegal deforestation, are price elastic. This implies that a price instrument can disincentivize deforestation where it is most difficult to monitor, and contain leakages from conservation regulations. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, price elasticity, oil palm, Indonesia, |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.11&r= |
| By: | Aasheesh Dixit; Patanjal Kumar; Suresh Jakhar |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the effect of various contracts between a socially concerned airport and an environmentally conscious airline regarding their profitability and channel coordination under two distinct settings. First, we consider no government interventions, while in the second, we explore government-imposed taxations to curb emissions. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of passenger greening sensitivity, greening cost, and consumer surplus coefficient on conveyance fees, ticket fare, greening level and the channel welfare. Our analysis shows that the revenue sharing and linear two part tariff contracts coordinate the decentralised airport-airline channel. Our findings also reveal that players greening and social efforts can improve both the welfare and efficiency of the channel simultaneously. Importantly, under government interventions, taxation does help improve the greening level of the channel in both coordinating and non coordinating contracts. However, the greening level in the non-coordinating contracts with taxation is still less than the coordinating contracts even without tax. Finally, we also extended the model to include a duopoly airline market with pricing and greening competition. We analyze the effect of competetiton between airlines on airport utility, airline profit, ticket fare and greening level. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.11694&r= |
| By: | Raphaëlle Barbier (MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Pascal Le Masson (MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Sylvain Lenfle; Benoit Weil (MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03356310&r= |
| By: | Michel Buhot (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Abstract: | Les territoires ultramarins français touristiques de l'hémisphère sud connaissaient, avant la pandémie de coronavirus, un développement touristique inférieur aux destinations concurrentes. Les représentations des acteurs du tourisme ont été analysées afin de proposer des pistes de développement d'un nouveau tourisme ou, au moins, d'une réorientation de l'activité. Ces représentations ont été étudiées grâce à des enquêtes de terrain mais surtout à partir de nombreux vecteurs qu'ils soient à finalité touristique (guides de voyage, cartes postales, campagnes promotionnelles) ou non (films, romans, séries télévisées, bandes dessinées, timbres, documentaires, etc.). |
| Keywords: | représentations,tourisme,développement durable |
| Date: | 2021–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03372854&r= |
| By: | Lee, Cheon-Kee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Jukwan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Park, Hyeri (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kang, Yoo-Duk (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구에서는 미국, 유럽연합, 우리나라의 FTA 환경·노동 규범을 살펴보고, FTA에서 환경·노동 이슈가 부상하게 된 배경과 그 영향을 경제학적으로 분석하였다. 한국의 ILO 핵심협약 미비준 관련 한·EU FTA 노동분쟁, 유럽연합에서 도입을 검토하고 있는 탄소국경조정메커니즘(CBAM) 등 우리나라에 중요한 의미가 있는 무역과 환경·노동 규범 연계 사례의 경우 사안별로 통상법적 시각에서 추가 분석하였다. 나아가 우리가 기수용한 FTA 환경·노동 의무의 ‘이행’ 측면에 특히 주목하여 우리 정부가 향후 FTA 체결·개정·이행 과정에서 참고할 만한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. Trade-related issues such as market access, and tariff elimination or reduction have been the main concerns of free trade agreements or “FTAs” since the 2000s. But more of the recent FTAs appear to focus on non-trade concerns such as protection of the environment and workers. A typical example is the FTA between Korea and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as “Korea-EU FTA”), which was signed in 2009 and provisionally taken into force in 2011. Ever since Korea-EU FTA the European Union has included a chapter on “Trade and Sustainable Development” or “TSD” in its FTAs to extensively provide for environment and labour obligations. Further, it is noteworthy that the United States and the European Union have resorted to dispute settlement and enforcement mechanisms within their FTAs to ensure their trade partners effectively implement environment and labour obligations at the domestic level. For instance, on December 17, 2018, the European Commission formally requested a consultation to Korea under Korea-EU FTA on the grounds that the Korean government had not shown sufficient efforts in ratifying the remaining four of the eight ILO core conventions and thus acted inconsistently with the TSD Chapter of the same FTA. This is the first case that the European Union has ever initiated a dispute settlement procedure under a TSD Chapter. The Panel of Experts was composed on December 30, 2019, and it recently published the final report on January 25th, 2021. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | FTAs; Korea-EU FTA; TSD; Trade and Sustainable Development; environment; labour; ILO |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2020_030&r= |