|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒11‒09
fifty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Finn Roar Aune (Statistics Norway); Rolf Golombek |
| Abstract: | In 2018, an agreement between the key EU institutions – the Commission, the European Parliament, and the European Council – was reached after a long-lasting discourse over the 2030 EU climate and energy policy package. This paper offers a comprehensive assessment of the EU package, with its three main targets: lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher renewable share in final energy consumption, and improved energy efficiency. We find that the renewable and energy efficiency targets have been set so high that the derived emissions reduction (50 percent) exceeds the EU climate target (40 percent). Hence, there is no need for an EU climate policy, for example, to use carbon prices to reach the EU climate goals. It is, however, not cost-efficient to achieve the climate target by imposing the three EU targets. We demonstrate that a cost-efficient policy that obtains a 50 percent GHG emissions reduction would increase annual welfare (relative to the Reference scenario) by an amount corresponding to 0.6 percent of GDP in Europe. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; renewables; energy efficiency; energy modeling; EU 2030 |
| JEL: | Q28 Q41 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:940&r=all |
| By: | Marie Hrabanski (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Jean-François Le Coq (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIAT - International Center for Tropical Agriculture [Colombie] - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]) |
| Abstract: | In the realm of global governance, fragmentation is a recognized and recurrent feature and the multiple causalities underlying global governance issues along with their often cross-sectoral and cross-scale dynamics constitute major driving forces for fragmented governance. The article aims to identify the interactions between the elements of two regime complexes: climate and biodiversity. We argue that despite the different structuration and history of climate and biodiversity regime complexes, the notion of Ecosystem services, in developing specific policy instruments such as payments for environmental services, contributes to the synergy of these two complexes regimes. Indeed, ES concept has been an "integrative" and "bridging" concept that facilitated the creation of linkages between climate and biodiversity regimes complexes. First, the diffusion of the ecosystem services concept has been possible though bringing organizations involved in both regimes complexes. Second, the market based instruments for ecosystem services and biodiversity, especially payment for environmental services has been the operational setting that enables to create at national and/or local scales the operational synergies between both issues and regimes. Payment for environmental services can achieve jointly biodiversity conservation and some mitigation and adaptation objective |
| Keywords: | Governance,Environmental,Climate regimes,Biodiversity regimes,Ecosystem services |
| Date: | 2018–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02958680&r=all |
| By: | Alessandro Tavoni; Ralph Winkler |
| Abstract: | In the wake of 25 UN Climate Change Conferences of the Parties (and counting), international cooperation on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to avoid substantial and potentially irreversible climate change remains an important challenge. The limited impact that the Kyoto Protocol and its successor, the Paris Agreement, have had on curbing emissions demonstrate both the difficulties in negotiating ambitious environmental agreements and the reluctance of countries to comply with their agreed emission targets once they have joined the treaty. Therefore, a better understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that the interactions between domestic and international policy pose for the design of successful international climate cooperation is of utmost importance. To shed light on the roots of the stalemate (and suggest possible ways out), this article reviews, and draws lessons from, a growing theoretical, experimental and empirical literature that accounts for the hierarchical interplay between domestic political pressure and international climate policy |
| JEL: | D31 D63 O15 R10 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1154&r=all |
| By: | ISHIKAWA Jota; KIYONO Kazuharu; YOMOGIDA Morihiro |
| Abstract: | We explore the effects of international trade in goods and emission permits on global warming and welfare in a two-country, two-good, general-equilibrium model with both Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin features. According to our findings, international commodity trading cannot successfully reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions if the comparative advantage stems from differences in per-capita emission allowances; however, it may reduce emissions if the comparative advantage is also based on differences in technologies. International emissions trading cannot mitigate global warming. Whether it improves welfare would depend on how it affects the terms of trade in goods and climate change. A country with high per-capita emission allowances may import permits and suffer from deterioration in the terms of trade in goods. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:20080&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Kabore (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa); Nicholas Rivers (Graduate School of Public and International Affairs and Institute of the Environment, University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effects of extreme temperature on manufacturing output using a dataset covering the universe of manufacturing establishments in Canada from 2004 to 2012. Extreme temperature can affect manufacturing activity by affecting separately or jointly labour productivity and labour inputs. Using a panel fixed effects method, our results suggest a non-linear relationship between outdoor extreme temperature and manufacturing output. Each day where outdoor mean temperatures are below -18°C or above 24°C reduces annual manufacturing output by 0.18% and 0.11%, respectively, relative to a day with a mean temperature between 12 to 18°C. In a typical year, extreme temperatures, as measured by the number of days below -18°C or above 24°C, reduce annual manufacturing output by 2.2%, with extremely hot temperatures contributing the most to this impact. Given the predicted change in climate for the mid and end of the century, we predict annual manufacturing output losses to range between 2.8 to 3.7% in mid-century and 3.7 to 7.2% in the end of the century. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Temperature, Manufacturing, Canada, Employment. |
| JEL: | L60 Q56 Q54 O14 O44 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2006e&r=all |
| By: | Amjadi, Golnaz (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | Paper [I] Energy efficiency improvement (EEI) benefits the climate and matters for energy security. The potential emission and energy savings due to EEI may however not fully materialize due to the rebound effect. In this study, we measure the size of the rebound effect for fuel and electricity within the four most energy intensive sectors in Sweden: Pulp and paper, Basic iron and steel, Chemical, and Mining. We use a detailed firm-level panel data set for 2000–2008 and apply a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) for measuring the rebound effect. We find that neither fuel nor electricity rebound effects fully offset the potential energy and emission savings. Among the determinants, we find the CO2 intensity and the fuel/electricity shares to be useful indicators for identifying firms with higher or lower rebound effects within each sector. Paper [II] Energy efficiency improvement (EEI) is generally known to be a cost-effective measure for meeting energy, climate and sustainable growth targets. Unfortunately, behavioral responses to such improvements (called energy rebound effects) may reduce the expected savings in emissions and energy from EEI. Hence, the size of this effect should be considered to help set realistic energy and climate targets. Currently there are significant differences in approaches for measuring rebound effect. Here, we used a two-step procedure to measure both short- and long-term energy rebound effects in the Swedish manufacturing industry. In the first step, we used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to obtain energy efficiency scores. In the second step, we estimated energy rebound effects using a dynamic panel regression model. This approach was applied to a firm-level panel dataset covering all 14 sectors in the Swedish manufacturing industry over the period 1997–2008. We showed that, in the short run, partial rebound effects exist within most of manufacturing sectors, meaning that the rebound effect decreased, but did not totally offset, the energy and emission savings expected from EEI. The long-term rebound effect was smaller than the short-term effect, implying that within each sector, energy and emission savings due to EEI are larger in the long run compared to the short run. Paper [III] Energy inefficiency in production implies that the same level of goods and services could be produced using less energy. The potential energy inefficiency of a firm may be linked to long-term structural rigidities in the production process and/or systematic shortcomings in management (persistent inefficiency), or associated with temporary issues like misallocation of resources (transient inefficiency). Eliminating or mitigating different inefficiencies may require different policy measures. Studies measuring industrial energy inefficiency have mostly focused on overall inefficiencies and have paid little attention to distinctions between the types. The aim of this study was to assess whether energy inefficiency is transient and/or persistent in the Swedish manufacturing industry. I used a firm-level panel dataset covering fourteen industrial sectors from 1997–2008 and estimated a stochastic energy demand frontier model. The model included a four-component error term separating persistent and transient inefficiency from unobserved heterogeneity and random noise. I found that both transient and persistent energy inefficiencies exist in most sectors of the Swedish manufacturing industry. Overall, persistent energy inefficiency was larger than transient, but varied considerably in different manufacturing sectors. The results suggest that, generally, energy inefficiencies in the Swedish manufacturing industry were related to structural rigidities connected to technology and/or management practices. Paper [IV] The aim of this paper was to investigate whether the environment and employment compete with each other in Swedish manufacturing industry. The effect of a marginal increase in environmental expenditure and environmental investment costs on sector-level demand for labor (employment) was studied using a detailed firm-level panel dataset for the period 2001–2008. The results showed that the sign and magnitude of the net employment effects ultimately depend on the aggregate sector-level output demand elasticity. If the output demand is inelastic, these costs induce small net improvements in employment, while a more elastic output demand suggests negative, but in most sectors relatively small, net effects on demand for labor. Hence, the results did not generally indicate a substantial trade-off between jobs and the environment. The general policy recommendation that can be drawn from this study is that, in the absence of empirically estimated output demand elasticities, a careful attitude regarding national environmental initiatives for sectors exposed to world market competition should be adopted. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency improvement; rebound effect; stochastic frontier analysis; data envelopment analysis; stochastic energy demand frontier model; persistent and transient energy inefficiency; energy inefficiency; environmental expenditure and environmental investment costs; output demand elasticity |
| JEL: | C02 C33 C50 D22 J23 K32 L60 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:0982&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En este documento, que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) presenta a los Estados miembros en su trigésimo octavo período de sesiones, se sostiene que América Latina y el Caribe puede avanzar hacia un “gran impulso para la sostenibilidad” basado en una combinación de políticas económicas, industriales, sociales y ambientales que estimulen una reactivación con igualdad y sostenibilidad y relancen un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo en la región. El documento se organiza en cinco capítulos. En el primero, se estudian las tres crisis (lento crecimiento, creciente desigualdad y emergencia ambiental) que afectan las economías y las sociedades a nivel mundial y las de América Latina y el Caribe. En el segundo, se presenta un marco para analizar estas crisis de manera integrada y dimensionar su magnitud en la región. En el tercero, se examinan los impactos cuantitativos sobre el crecimiento, las emisiones, la distribución del ingreso y el sector externo en distintos escenarios de política, destacándose el potencial de las combinaciones de políticas para forjar una senda de crecimiento más dinámica, con menores emisiones y mayor igualdad. En el cuarto, se identifican siete sectores que pueden impulsar el desarrollo sostenible y se proponen líneas de política para fomentarlos. En el quinto, se concluye con un análisis que articula las políticas macroeconómicas, industriales, sociales y ambientales, y el papel del Estado en la construcción de consensos para su implementación. |
| Keywords: | MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CRISIS ECONOMICA, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, IGUALDAD, MEDIO AMBIENTE, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, INNOVACIONES, POLITICA ENERGETICA, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO URBANO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, INTERNET, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, COMERCIO ELECTRONICO, SALUD, INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA, ECONOMIA VERDE, BIOTECNOLOGIA, AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE, PRODUCCION, CONSUMO, PRODUCCION MAS LIMPIA, TRATAMIENTO DE DESPERDICIOS, TURISMO, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, MULTILATERALISMO, INDICADORES ECONOMICOS, INDICADORES SOCIALES, INDICADORES AMIENTALES, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EQUALITY, ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INNOVATIONS, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN TRANSPORT, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, ELECTRIC POWER, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, INTERNET, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, HEALTH, PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, GREEN ECONOMY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, CLEANER PRODUCTION, WASTE TREATMENT, TOURISM, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL WELFARE, MULTILATERALISM, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, SOCIAL INDICATORS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2020–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:46227&r=all |
| By: | Carlos Aller (Department of Economic Theory and Economic History, University of Granada.); Lorenzo Ductor (Department of Economic Theory and Economic History, University of Granada.); Daryna Grechyna (Department of Economic Theory and Economic History, University of Granada.) |
| Abstract: | We synthesize the findings of a large number of recent papers on the determinants of CO2 emissions and identify the most robust determinants accounting for model uncertainty using two different approaches; Bayesian Model Averaging and Cluster-LASSO. Our results show that GDP per capita, the share of fossil fuels in energy consumption, urbanization, industrialization, democratization, the indirect effects of trade (networks effects) and political polarization are the robust determinants of CO2 emissions per capita. All of these determinants negatively affect the environment, with the exception of greater political polarization, which reduces the level of CO2 emissions. We also find that the determinants of CO2 emissions depend on the level of income per capita of a country. In low-income economies, foreign direct investment increases environmental degradation, while tourist arrivals have a negative impact on the environment in high-income economies. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: carbon dioxide emissions; model uncertainty; Bayesian Model Averaging; LASSO estimator |
| JEL: | D14 K42 O17 |
| Date: | 2020–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gra:wpaper:20/13&r=all |
| By: | Saavedra, S |
| Abstract: | Eradicating poverty and halting deforestation are two of the Sustainable Development Goals. Eco-tourism is considered a win-win strategy that can increase income and preserve forests. However, there are no well-identified impact evaluations of both variables at the same time. Seventy-six municipalities in Colombia were randomly assigned to either a control group or a treatment group that received ecotourism promotion. I estimate the socio-economic and environmental effects of nine months of treatment using an ANCOVA specification that controls for baseline individual outcomes. In treated municipalities, I find an increase of 30% in the number of tourists and 16% in the number of workers. However, there are no statistically significant effects on business profits, poverty, or household income. At the same time, I do find a reduction of 100% of deforestation alerts around treated eco-tourism sites. These results illustrate the importance of economic opportunities for local communities in order to preserve forests. |
| Keywords: | Eco-tourism; Poverty; Deforestation; Colombia |
| JEL: | Q56 Z32 |
| Date: | 2020–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:018487&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | This document, presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to its member States at its thirty-eighth session, argues that Latin America and the Caribbean is in a position to move towards a “big push for sustainability” through a combination of economic, industrial, social and environmental policies capable of driving a recovery with equality and sustainability and relaunching development in the region. The document has five chapters. The first studies the three crises (slow growth, growing inequality and the environmental emergency) affecting economies and societies around the world and those of Latin America and the Caribbean. The second presents a framework for analysing these crises in an integrated manner and measuring their magnitude in the region. The third chapter examines the quantitative impacts on growth, emissions, income distribution and the external sector under different policy scenarios, highlighting the potential of various policy combinations to forge a more dynamic growth path, with lower emissions and greater equality. The fourth identifies seven sectors that can drive sustainable development and proposes policies to foster these sectors. The fifth chapter concludes with an analysis that links up macroeconomic, industrial, social and environmental policies and the role of the State in building consensus for their implementation. |
| Keywords: | MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CRISIS ECONOMICA, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, IGUALDAD, MEDIO AMBIENTE, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, INNOVACIONES, POLITICA ENERGETICA, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO URBANO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, INTERNET, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, COMERCIO ELECTRONICO, SALUD, INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA, ECONOMIA VERDE, BIOTECNOLOGIA, AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE, PRODUCCION, PRODUCCION, CONSUMO, PRODUCCION MAS LIMPIA, TRATAMIENTO DE DESPERDICIOS, TURISMO, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, MULTILATERALISMO, INDICADORES ECONOMICOS, INDICADORES SOCIALES, INDICADORES AMBIENTALES, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EQUALITY, ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INNOVATIONS, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN TRANSPORT, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, ELECTRIC POWER, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, INTERNET, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, HEALTH, PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, GREEN ECONOMY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, CLEANER PRODUCTION, WASTE TREATMENT, TOURISM, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL WELFARE, MULTILATERALISM, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, SOCIAL INDICATORS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2020–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:46228&r=all |
| By: | Asaf Bernstein; Stephen B. Billings; Matthew Gustafson; Ryan Lewis |
| Abstract: | Climate change partisanship is reflected in residential choice. Comparing individual occupants at properties in the same zip code with similar elevation and proximity to the coast, registered republicans (democrats) are more (less) likely than independents to own houses exposed to sea level rise (SLR). Findings are unchanged controlling flexibly for other individual demographics and a variety of granular property characteristics, including the value of the home. This sorting is driven by differential perceptions of long-run SLR risks across the political spectrum not tolerance for current flood risk or preferences for correlated coastal amenities. Observed residential sorting manifests among owners regardless of occupancy, but not among renters. We also find no residential sorting in relation to storm surge exposure, which is a primary driver of current flood risk. Anticipatory sorting on climate change informs models of migration in the face of long-run risks and suggests households that are most likely to vote against climate friendly policies and least likely to adapt may ultimately bear the burden of climate change. |
| JEL: | D10 D72 G1 Q5 Q54 R2 R21 R23 R31 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27989&r=all |
| By: | Giovanni Ferri (LUMSA University); Bonnie Annette Acosta |
| Abstract: | The paper explores how ethical and sustainable oriented finance is key to reach sustainable development by tackling environmental risk through green finance and showing empirical evidence on the link between finance and inequality. The theory provided puts in the right mind frame to analyze markets, intermediaries and instruments with a sustainable lens to focus on the benefits that have brought to sustainable development. A discussion is presented between different intermediaries and highlights the benefits of cooperative banks especially the close relationship of customers and bank and the resilience it gives to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in difficult times. Different investments strategies are discussed walking through the evolution of Sustainable and Responsible Investing (SRI) funds and diving into the ESG analysis to use as criteria to allocate investments based on environmental, social and governance principles. Microfinance is introduced as a different market that has reached the people at the bottom of the pyramid and highlights the key role it will play to bring financial inclusion. Islamic finance and Fintech are also discussed. Different instruments are presented to understand the current landscape of how different investors are using innovative products to attack social and environmental problems. Finally, five different ways are presented on how policies can strengthen and support sustainable development arguing that the most important is by promoting sustainable footprint certification. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Finance, SDGs, Green Bonds, Social Bonds, Fintech, Human Centered Business Model. |
| JEL: | G18 G24 G28 G38 M14 O35 P43 Q01 Q5 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsa:wpaper:wpc30&r=all |
| By: | SHAHANI, RAKESH; BANSAL, AASTHA |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the co-integrating relationship between economic growth, energy and environment for India and China for the period 1970-2014 (using log transformed yearly data). Whereas GDP per capita is taken as the growth proxy , CO2 emissions per capita represents environmental degradation & fossil fuel consumption is the proxy for energy consumption. The methodology adapted is ARDL Partial ‘F’ Bounds Test with single structural break. The results of the study showed that Co-integrating relation was established amongst all the variables except when CO2 (China) is taken as dependent variable. The ECM term was negative and significant in all the cases (except for CO2 China again) Further the speed of adjustment towards equilibrium was highest @16 % per annum for CO2 of India while it was between 3% - 8 % p.a for rest of the variables. Chow Break even confirmed that India CO2 emissions had a break in 1996. |
| Keywords: | Co-integration, ARDL, Serial Correlation, Structural Break, Chow Breakpoint test, error correction, CUSUM |
| JEL: | O1 O13 Q43 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103591&r=all |
| By: | Paul Malliet (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | La France s'est dotée en 2015 d'une stratégie nationale bas-carbone qui vise à atteindre la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Cette neutralité sera effective dès lors que les émissions de GES d'origine anthropique subsistantes sur le territoire national seront intégralement compensées par des puits naturels et/ou artificiels de carbone. Alors que la version révisée de ce document vient d'être officiellement publiée le 24avril 2020, il nous semble important de mettre en exergue un autre point de vue dans la comptabilisation des émissions de GES qui considère non plus les activités de production mais celles associées à une consommation finale comme celles faisant référence dans l'imputation des émissions. Si cette différence peut sembler conceptuelle et sans implication directe dans la démarche de transition écologique d'une société, le degré avancé de fragmentation de la chaîne de valeur globale scindée en plusieurs unités de production, disséminées sur l'ensemble du globe, la rend essentielle à son évaluation. Des objectifs complémentaires à celui de la neutralité carbone inscrits dans la SNBC intègrent déjà des indicateurs relatifs à ces émissions hors du territoire national; cependant Il n'existe pas de système d'information standardisé comme celui officiel des Inventaires Nationaux d'Émissions défini par la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changement Climatiques (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). [Premières lignes] |
| Keywords: | Émissions importées; Empreinte carbone; Changement climatique |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/73f59heh8r9kqpp9n3ooa6vq8g&r=all |
| By: | Takashi Hattori (Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University); Yi-chun CHEN (Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses whether Japan’s energy and climate policies are aligned by examining its narratives in major energy and climate policy documents announced before and after the Kyoto Protocol came into effect. The study aims to shed light on the country’s recent regressive position compared to other climate and energy policy-leading countries. There is a focus on the government’s attitudes and policies regarding nuclear power, renewable energy, and coal. The results show that although these policies are essentially aligned in terms of renewable energy and nuclear power, but they are inconsistent in terms of coal. The policy examination indicates that the conventional energy security and economic efficiency are dominant factors in Japan’s energy policy; whereas climate change, although an important concern, does not predominate in energy planning. This implies that Japan needs to coordinate its energy and climate policies more than ever before to restore its leading position in dealing with the climate issues. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: energy policy, climate policy, nuclear power, coal, renewable energy, Japan |
| JEL: | Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:1046&r=all |
| By: | Gostlow, Glen |
| Abstract: | Pricing firm-level exposure to physical risk, such as hurricanes, wildfires and floods, poses large informational challenges to investors and policymakers. This leads to difficulties in estimating how the market is pricing climate risk. This paper explores whether Form 8-K, a filing that allows firms to immediately report on unscheduled material events to shareholders, holds any relevant and latent information on physical risk. By utilising a simple textual approach, Form 8-K offers a way to identify material firm-level physical risk information related to severe weather and natural disasters. This paper also compares the measure to others in the literature. When compared to measures of keywords in annual reports, Form 8-K can detect realised and real-time physical risk from firms that predict they will be exposed. This allows for the validation of these less frequent and forward-looking measures. When compared to more frequent measures that utilise quarterly earnings call transcripts between managers and investors, Form 8-K identifies physical risk exposure that is not mentioned in the earnings calls. This is taken as evidence that Form 8-K may hold some latent real-time information on physical risk exposure. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate risk; physical risk; Form 8-K; materiality; Doctoral training grant 1925402 |
| JEL: | G12 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:107045&r=all |
| By: | Felix Samy Soliman |
| Abstract: | The environmental regulations US firms are exposed to are often place-based, incentivizing firms to move to less regulated counties or states. Consistent with this argument, multiplant firms partially regulated under the ozone regulations of the US Clean Air Act offset regulation-induced reductions among regulated plants with spillovers to unregulated plants and by moving plants out of regulated areas. Taken together, these leakage effects fully offset emissions reductions at regulated plants. Effects are strongest among highly productive firms and those operating in tradable industries. |
| Keywords: | emissions leakage, aggregate effects of regulation, environmental economics, Clean Air Act, industrial emissions |
| JEL: | Q52 Q58 H32 R32 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8619&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | This document, presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to its member States at its thirty-eighth session, argues that Latin America and the Caribbean is in a position to move towards a “big push for sustainability” through a combination of economic, industrial, social and environmental policies capable of driving a recovery with equality and sustainability and relaunching development in the region. The document has five chapters. The first studies the three crises (slow growth, growing inequality and the environmental emergency) affecting economies and societies around the world and those of Latin America and the Caribbean. The second presents a framework for analysing these crises in an integrated manner and measuring their magnitude in the region. The third chapter examines the quantitative impacts on growth, emissions, income distribution and the external sector under different policy scenarios, highlighting the potential of various policy combinations to forge a more dynamic growth path, with lower emissions and greater equality. The fourth identifies seven sectors that can drive sustainable development and proposes policies to foster these sectors. The fifth chapter concludes with an analysis that links up macroeconomic, industrial, social and environmental policies and the role of the State in building consensus for their implementation. |
| Keywords: | MULTILATERALISMO, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CRISIS ECONOMICA, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, INNOVACIONES, ECONOMIA VERDE, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, TRANSPORTE URBANO, SALUD, PRODUCCION MAS LIMPIA, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, POLITICA SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INNOVATIONS, GREEN ECONOMY, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY RESOURCES, URBAN TRANSPORT, HEALTH, CLEANER PRODUCTION, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL WELFARE, MULTILATERALISM |
| Date: | 2020–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:46226&r=all |
| By: | Ritz, R. |
| Abstract: | Since the 2015 Paris Agreement, climate change – and wider environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues – have risen to board-level on the corporate agenda. Under increasing pressure from institutional investors, companies are reformulating their strategies for a climate-constrained world. A novel aspect of the emerging corporate response is that executive compensation is being linked to climate targets. At the world’s largest energy companies, climate metrics now make up 8% of CEO’s short-term incentive plans. This paper explains the case for corporate climate action, summarizes the use to date of climate-linked management incentives, and presents a framework for understanding their benefits and design challenges. |
| Keywords: | Balanced scorecard, corporate climate action, corporate strategy, ESG, executive compensation, management incentives |
| JEL: | L21 M12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2098&r=all |
| By: | Ara Jo (Center of Economic Research, ETH Zürich, Zürichbergstrasse 18, 8089 Zürich, Switzerland.) |
| Abstract: | The elasticity of substitution between clean and dirty energy and the direction of technological change are central parameters in discussing one of the most challenging questions today, climate change. Despite their importance, there are few studies that empirically estimate these key parameters. In this paper, I estimate the elasticity of substitution between clean and dirty energy from micro data, jointly with technological parameters that reflect the direction of technological change within the energy aggregate. I find estimates of the elasticity of substitution ranging between 2 and 3. The largely dirty-energy-biased technological change observed in the data validates the framework of directed technological change, given the historical movement of relative energy prices and the estimated elasticity of substitution above unity. However, I also find suggestive evidence that clean-energy-augmenting technology is growing faster than dirty-energy-augmenting technology in recent years with changes in relative energy prices and higher subsidies for clean energy. |
| Keywords: | Elasticity of substitution, directed technical change, climate change |
| JEL: | Q40 Q55 Q54 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-344&r=all |
| By: | Brown, Austin L.; Fleming, Kelly L.; Lipman, Timothy; Fulton, Lew; Saphores, Jean Daniel; Tal, Gil; Murphy, Colin; Shaheen, Susan; Austin, Bernadette; Garcia Sanchez, Juan Carlos; Martin, Elliot; Miller, Marshall; Hyland, Michael; Handy, Susan; Delucchi, Mark A.; Coffee, Daniel; DeShazo, JR |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study overall is to explore the policy pathways to achieve a zero carbon transportation system in California by 2045. The purpose of this synthesis report is to describe the existing state of knowledge and policy related to energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector, especially in California. It is an interim product of the larger study, which will use this report as the baseline and policy context sections. The report comprises four sections. Section 1 provides an overview of the major components of transportation systems and how those components interact. Section 2 explores key underlying concepts in transportation, including equity, health, employment, and environmental justice (EJ). Section 3 discusses California’s current transportation-policy landscape. Section 4 analyzes projected social, environmental, and economic outcomes of transportation under a “business as usual (BAU)” scenario—i.e., a scenario with no significant transportation-policy changes. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5zb1238j&r=all |
| By: | Sulikova, Simona (University of Oxford); van den Bijgaart, Inge (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Klenert, David (Joint Research Centre, European Commission,); Mattauch, Linus (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | Transport has a large number of significant externalities including carbon emissions, air pollution, accidents, and congestion. Active travel such as cycling and walking can reduce these externalities. Moreover, public health research has identified additional social gains from active travel due to health benefits of increased physical exercise. In fact, on a per mile basis, these benefits dominate the external social costs from car use by two orders of magnitude. We introduce health benefits and active travel options into an optimal taxation model of transport externalities to study appropriate policy responses. We characterise the optimal second-best fuel tax analytically: when physical exercise is considered welfare-enhancing, the optimal fuel tax increases. Under central parameter assumptions it rises by 49% in the US and 36% in the UK. This is due to the low fuel price elasticity of active travel. We argue that fuel taxes should be implemented jointly with other policies aimed at increasing the uptake of active travel to reap its full health benefits. |
| Keywords: | Transport Externalities; Congestion; Active travel; Fuel; Health Behaviour; Optimal Taxation |
| JEL: | H23 I12 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0794&r=all |
| By: | Piñeiro, Valeria; Thomas, Timothy S.; Laborde Debucquet, David; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio |
| Abstract: | Agri-food production remains vital to the economies in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Food systems are rapidly changing and are driven by income growth, (urban) population growth, shifts in dietary preferences, and agricultural productivity growth. Food systems are also under threat from disrupters like climate change and distorting policies (including trade wars). This paper makes two quantitative, forward-looking assessments for the future of food and agriculture in the LAC region. The first focuses on the long-term prospects - given projected pathways for the main drivers and under the threat of climate change. The second focuses on current vulnerability of LACs agri-food system to short-term disrupters with special reference to impacts of global trade wars and the prospects for reducing that vulnerability. The implications are not uniform across the countries in the region, but vary greatly depending on economic and demographic size, contribution of the agricultural sector to national GDP, natural resource endowments, ecological and climatic characteristics, level of sophistication of rural and agrarian institutions, available technology, farm-size distribution and tenure systems. Policy interventions to address the challenges will need to consider those differences in initial conditions. The foresight assessments are built on IFPRI’s core global model frameworks, IMPACT and MIRAGRODEP. They allow to capture the complexity of agri-food system development and the scenario analysis helps quantify the relative importance of the drivers and disruptors of food system change, which in turn should be of essential to policymakers in setting priorities for steering towards sustainable and stable food systems capable of meeting twenty-first century challenges. |
| Keywords: | LATIN AMERICA; CARIBBEAN; AMERICAS; agriculture; food systems; trade; climate; climate change; forecasting; agrifood systems; trade tensions |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1967&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim A. Adekunle (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Africa remains the most affected by environmental degradation, thereby exacerbating the negative effect of climate change in the region. Little empirical credence has been leaned to the institutions-environmental sustainability relationship in Africa. This omission in the literature of environmental sustainability is abysmal, considering the role of institutions and government in ecological preservation. To inform policy and research on the subject matter, we estimated a balanced panel data of the indices of good governance and strong institutions to explain transformation to environmental sustainability using the dynamic system generalised method of moment estimator from 1996 through 2017. Findings suggested a positive relationship between the rule of law and regulatory quality and transformation to environmental sustainability. An inverse relationship between government effectiveness and environmental sustainability was established. We recommended concerted effort at an institutional level such that policy and punishment for violation of greenhouse strategies will be optimum. |
| Keywords: | Institutions, Governance, Environmental Sustainability, system GMM, Africa |
| JEL: | E62 G13 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/078&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim A. Adekunle (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Africa remains the most affected by environmental degradation, thereby exacerbating the negative effect of climate change in the region. Little empirical credence has been leaned to the institutions-environmental sustainability relationship in Africa. This omission in the literature of environmental sustainability is abysmal, considering the role of institutions and government in ecological preservation. To inform policy and research on the subject matter, we estimated a balanced panel data of the indices of good governance and strong institutions to explain transformation to environmental sustainability using the dynamic system generalised method of moment estimator from 1996 through 2017. Findings suggested a positive relationship between the rule of law and regulatory quality and transformation to environmental sustainability. An inverse relationship between government effectiveness and environmental sustainability was established. We recommended concerted effort at an institutional level such that policy and punishment for violation of greenhouse strategies will be optimum. |
| Keywords: | Institutions, Governance, Environmental Sustainability, system GMM, Africa |
| JEL: | E62 G13 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/078&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En este documento, que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) presenta a los Estados miembros en su trigésimo octavo período de sesiones, se sostiene que América Latina y el Caribe puede avanzar hacia un “gran impulso para la sostenibilidad” basado en una combinación de políticas económicas, industriales, sociales y ambientales que estimulen una reactivación con igualdad y sostenibilidad y relancen un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo en la región. El documento se organiza en cinco capítulos. En el primero, se estudian las tres crisis (lento crecimiento, creciente desigualdad y emergencia ambiental) que afectan las economías y las sociedades a nivel mundial y las de América Latina y el Caribe. En el segundo, se presenta un marco para analizar estas crisis de manera integrada y dimensionar su magnitud en la región. En el tercero, se examinan los impactos cuantitativos sobre el crecimiento, las emisiones, la distribución del ingreso y el sector externo en distintos escenarios de política, destacándose el potencial de las combinaciones de políticas para forjar una senda de crecimiento más dinámica, con menores emisiones y mayor igualdad. En el cuarto, se identifican siete sectores que pueden impulsar el desarrollo sostenible y se proponen líneas de política para fomentarlos. En el quinto, se concluye con un análisis que articula las políticas macroeconómicas, industriales, sociales y ambientales, y el papel del Estado en la construcción de consensos para su implementación. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CRISIS ECONOMICA, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, INNOVACIONES, ECONOMIA VERDE, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, TRANSPORTE URBANO, SALUD, PRODUCCION MAS LIMPIA, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, POLITICA SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, MULTILATERALISMO, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INNOVATIONS, GREEN ECONOMY, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY RESOURCES, URBAN TRANSPORT, HEALTH, CLEANER PRODUCTION, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL WELFARE, MULTILATERALISM |
| Date: | 2020–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:46225&r=all |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang |
| Abstract: | I reviewed and gave some opinions on the book titled "Biodiversity in the Green Economy" by Alexandros Gasparatos and Katherine J. Willis. |
| Date: | 2020–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3xhrg&r=all |
| By: | Maca Millán Stefany; Arias Arévalo Paola; Restrepo Plaza Lina |
| Abstract: | Incentives based on extrinsic motivations such as Payments for Environmental Services (PES) could negatively affect intrinsic motivations (i.e., motivational crowding-out). This effect occurs when conservation levels after the intervention decline relative to those existing before the PES implementation. However, few experimental studies have assessed PES effects on motivations once financial incentives are missing. Moreover, experimental research still lacks insights on PES designs that may prevent motivational crowding-out. This research aims to i) provide a classification of plural motivations and values; ii) assess the motivational crowding effects associated to a PES design based merely on monetary incentives; and iii) assess the motivational crowding effect of integrating plural motivations and values in PES design via environmental awareness and social recognition. We conducted a lab-in-the-field experiment followed by a questionnaire involving 120 participants in rural Cali, Colombia. We use a difference in differences (DiD) approach to show that while PES had a crowding-out effect, integrating plural motivations and values via environmental awareness had a crowding-in effect on conservation. We also found that irrespectively of the PES treatment women were more prone to conservation. We conclude that conservation instruments such as PES could be more effective if they integrate plural motivations and values, rather than only emphasize extrinsic motivations and instrumental values. |
| Keywords: | Conservation motivations, environmental values, intrinsic values, lab-in-the-field experiment, relational values, plural values, pro-environmental behavior, public goods |
| JEL: | Q57 D9 H41 C9 |
| Date: | 2020–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000149:018495&r=all |
| By: | Marcus Kieslich (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Economic valuation has been presented as an important tool for enhancing the consideration of ecosystem services (ES) in decision-making. Recent literature provides evidence that an implementation gap between theoretical findings, consideration in the policy sphere, and measurable action in practice persists. Our paper aims to contribute to its closure. First, we assess why this gap exists by reviewing the literature on how the ES concept is adopted in policy documents and the legal system. Secondly, we present tools and structures that enhance better information transfer from valuations among actors in order to achieve transdisciplinary collaboration. Therefore, this article complements literature on science-policy interfaces (SPI) with elements from implementation research. It shows that SPIs are beneficial for different implementation contexts. Thirdly, we analyze case studies that reveal how ES valuation (ESV) could integrate the needs of various actors to get relevant to decision-makers and practitioners. We find that opportunities of different implementation contexts are not sufficiently accounted for in the design of ESV. This could be achieved by combining traditional monetary valuation with deliberative techniques whose capacities to communicate and transfer information varies with implementation contexts. Exploiting this complementarity will help researchers, decision-makers and practitioners to close the implementation gap. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem Services Valuation,Deliberative Valuation,Implementation Research,Science-Policy Interface,Decision-Making,Implementation Gap |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02964325&r=all |
| By: | Djamel KIRAT; Claire GAVARD |
| Keywords: | , Emissions trading, European allowances, International credits, causality analysis |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2821&r=all |
| By: | Liam Wren-Lewis (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Luis Becerra-Valbuena (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Kenneth Houngbedji (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Many countries are formalizing customary land rights systems with the aim of improving agricultural productivity and facilitating community forest management. This paper evaluates the impact on tree cover loss of the first randomized control trial of such a program. Around 70,000 landholdings were demarcated and registered in randomly chosen villages in Benin, a country with a high rate of deforestation driven by demand for agricultural land. We estimate that the program reduced the area of forest loss in treated villages, with no evidence of anticipatory deforestation or negative spillovers to other areas. Surveys indicate that possible mechanisms include an increase in tenure security and an improvement in the effectiveness of community forest management. Overall, our results suggest that formalizing customary land rights in rural areas can be an effective way to reduce forest loss while improving agricultural investments. |
| Keywords: | agricultural investments,Community Forest Management,deforestation |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-02898187&r=all |
| By: | Sarah Botton; Patricia Urquieta |
| Abstract: | Urban drinking water services are a particularly prolific research object to think about inequalities in the city because they are by definition at the interface of economic, social and environmental problems and they invite to reflect on the sustainability of the territories.Beyond the most obvious reading of inequality of access to services (having access to the public service network or not), there are indeed a large number of other situations related to inequalities that we seek to identify and characterize in this paper, refering to the cases of Bolivian cities: spatial, vertical, horizontal inequalities, competing, intersecting inequalities, etc. This typology also allows a dynamic analysis of the local policies defined and implemented by the authorities and by the operators and the implications these policies have on the urban form. |
| Keywords: | Bolivie |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11615&r=all |
| By: | Garth Heutel; Xin Zhang |
| Abstract: | We study the incidence of pollution taxes and their impact on unemployment in an analytical general equilibrium efficiency wage model. We find closed-form solutions for the effect of a pollution tax on unemployment, factor prices, and output prices, and we identify and isolate different channels through which these general equilibrium effects arise. An effect arising from the efficiency wage specification depends on the form of the workers' effort function. Numerical simulations further illustrate our results and show that this efficiency wage effect can fully offset the sources-side incidence results found in models that omit it. |
| JEL: | H22 J64 Q52 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27960&r=all |
| By: | Paul Malliet (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques); Ruben Haalebos; Émeric Nicolas (Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)) |
| Abstract: | La mesure des émissions carbone est devenue un enjeu essentiel du XXIe siècle, dans un contexte ou l’humanité doit réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre si elle souhaite pouvoir limiter la hausse des températures à un niveau de 2°C. L’essor des échanges commerciaux et la globalisation de la chaine de valeur rendent par ailleurs de plus en difficile la traçabilité des impacts climatiques et environnementaux des biens et des produits que nous consommons en France. Le concept d’empreinte carbone s’inscrit dans une démarche complémentaire à celle des inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre généralement utilisés dans le cadre des négociations internationales autour des enjeux climatiques, en proposant d’imputer l’ensemble des émissions induites par un processus de production d’un bien ou d’un service, à son consommateur final. |
| Keywords: | Fiscalité carbone; Revenus; Ménages français |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/4m3adkbdj69ti8jp2r95u0a2ko&r=all |
| By: | Jorge M. Agüero (University of Connecticut); Carlos Felipe Balcázar (New York University); Stanislao Maldonado (Universidad del Rosario); Hugo Ñopo (Grupo de Analisis de Desarrollo) |
| Abstract: | We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodities boom to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation in Peru, a country with low governance indicators. Combining test scores from over two million students and district-level administrative data of mining taxes redistributed to local governments, we find sizable effects on student learning from the redistribution. However, and consistent with recent political economy models, the relationship is non-monotonic. Based on these models, we identify improvements in school expenditure and infrastructure, together with increases in health outcomes of adults and children, as key mechanisms explaining the effect we find for redistribution. Policy implications for the avoidance of the natural resource curse are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Resource booms, academic achievement, intergovernmental transfers |
| JEL: | H7 H23 I25 O15 Q32 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uct:uconnp:2020-16&r=all |
| By: | Alhassan A. Karakara (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Evans S. Osabuohien (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | There are few studies on the determinants of energy consumption of households in Africa, particularly in Ghana. Thus, this study identifies the drivers of households’ fuel consumption for domestic purposes and examines two fuel categories (‘clean’ fuels versus ‘dirty’ fuels). The study used Demographic and Health Survey data that has a sample of 11,835 households across Ghana. Binary categorical models (binary logistic and binary probit) were used to investigate whether a household uses ‘clean fuel’ or ‘dirty fuel’, which are estimated with socio-economic variables and spatial disparity (regional location). The results suggest that households’ energy consumption is affected by socio-economic variables and rural households are more deprived than urban households in adopting clean fuels. Also, male-headed households have a higher likelihood than female-headed households to adopt clean fuels. Many households choose clean fuels for lighting than they do for cooking as wealth status improves. However, solid fuels such as charcoal and firewood remain the dominant fuel used for cooking by the majority of households. The use of these dirty fuels could hamper the health status of households because of indoor pollution. The study recommends that policies should be geared towards the provision of clean and better energy sources to households. |
| Keywords: | ‘Clean’ fuels, ‘Dirty’ fuels, household fuel adoption, household fuel consumption, Energy usage, Ghana. |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/075&r=all |
| By: | Jason Brown; Colton Tousey |
| Abstract: | The number of U.S. coal-fired power plants declined by nearly 250 between 2001 and 2018. Given that burning coal generates large amounts of particulate matter, which is known to have adverse health effects, the closure of a coal-fired power plant should improve local air quality. Using spatial panel data from air quality monitor stations and coal-fired power plants, we estimate the relationship between plant closure and local air quality. We find that on average, the levels of particulate matter within 25 and 50 mile buffers around air quality monitors declined between 7 and 14 percent with each closure. We estimate that closure is associated with a 0.6 percent decline in local mortality probabilities. In terms of the value of a statistical life, the median local benefit of a coal power plant closure has ranged between $1 and $4 billion or 5 to 15 percent of local GDP since the early 2000s. |
| Keywords: | Air quality; Coal; Plant closures |
| JEL: | Q35 Q53 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:88947&r=all |
| By: | Sarah Botton; Patricia Urquieta |
| Abstract: | Les services urbains d’eau potable constituent un objet de recherche particulièrement fécond pour penser les inégalités en ville puisque, se situant à l’interface des enjeux économiques sociaux et environnementaux, ils invitent à une réflexion sur la durabilité des territoires. Au-delà de la lecture la plus évidente des inégalités face aux services (avoir accès ou non au réseau de service public), se révèle en fait une myriade d’autres situations porteuses d’inégalités que nous cherchons à identifier et caractériser dans ce papier à partir de l’exemple des villes boliviennes: inégalités spatiales, verticales, horizontales, competing, intersecting inequalities, etc. Cette typologie permet également de questionner en dynamique les ambitions portées par les politiques des autorités et des opérateurs et leurs implications sur les évolutions de la forme urbaine. |
| Keywords: | Bolivie |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr11615&r=all |
| By: | Geoffrey Heal |
| Abstract: | This paper summarizes in non-technical terms the economic case for conserving biodiversity, and explains why we cannot rely on market forces to do this task. It reviews the policy interventions that could help in biodiversity conservation. |
| JEL: | Q0 Q01 Q1 Q20 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27963&r=all |
| By: | Cuéllar-Marchelli, Helga |
| Abstract: | Reconociendo la complejidad del tema abordado en el seminario Inclusión y Cohesión Social en el Marco de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible: Claves para un Desarrollo Social Inclusivo en América Latina, este texto da cuenta de la forma en que se ha reflexionado en la Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES) sobre la cohesión social. En El Salvador se enfrenta una realidad compleja, interesante y particular. Destaca el hecho de que tras la firma del Acuerdo de Paz hace más de 25 años que puso fin al conflicto armado, y pese a los avances experimentados en su implementación, aún no se haya logrado un nivel de bienestar que satisfaga a la población y existen numerosos retos pendientes. |
| Keywords: | COHESION SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, DEMOCRATIZACION, VALORES SOCIALES, COOPERACION POLITICA, MITIGACION DE LA POBREZA, SOCIAL COHESION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL WELFARE, DEMOCRATIZATION, SOCIAL VALUES, POLITICAL COOPERATION, POVERTY MITIGATION |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46131&r=all |
| By: | Ho, Thong (School of Economics, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City); Nie, Zihan (University of Gothenburg); Alpizar, Francisco (Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University and Research); Carlsson, Fredrik (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Khanh Nam, Pham (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City) |
| Abstract: | We conduct a natural field experiment on the effect of having a celebrity endorse an information campaign aiming to induce pro-environmental behavior in the context of single-use plastics consumption. We find that an information campaign does not have a significant effect on behavior unless it is endorsed by a celebrity. Subjects in the treatment with a combination of information campaign and celebrity endorsement use around 25% fewer plastic items compared with subjects in the control group. Adding a pledge to the endorsement does not result in an incremental reduction in the use of plastic items. Exploratory analysis suggests that the information campaign itself affect attitudes, but not behavior, and that it is the celebrity endorsement itself that affect behavior. |
| Keywords: | pro-environmental behavior; celebrity endorsement; information |
| JEL: | C93 D90 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0795&r=all |
| By: | Maldonado Valera, Carlos |
| Keywords: | COHESION SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, INTEGRACION SOCIAL, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL INTEGRATION, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46115&r=all |
| By: | Juan Manuel ARBONA |
| Abstract: | This essay analyzes the historical production of water inequities in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. It relies on the concept of ‘urbanization of water’ to present historical evidence and conceptual reflections about the justifications of actions and naturalization of outcomes regarding water inequities. |
| Keywords: | Bolivie |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11674&r=all |
| By: | Oindrila Dey (Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)); Debalina Chakravarty (Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta) |
| Abstract: | Electric Street Car (ESC) has established itself as an ideal public transport system for urban agglomeration by offering better safety, minimum pollution and conservation of fossil fuel. Yet, India envisions going all-electric by 2030 by procuring electric buses (e-buses) rather than ESCs. The crucial question is, why not upgrade the existing ESC considering that the e-buses need a profound infrastructural development in India. This paper studies the potential uptake rate of ESC over e-buses using stratified sampling data from 1226 daily public transport commuters of Kolkata, the only Indian city having an operational ESCs. We identify the demographic, psychometric and socio-economic factors influencing the probabilistic uptake of ESC over e-buses using a random utility choice model. It estimates that 38% of the commuters demand ESC over e-buses given the alternatives’ comparative details. ESC can be a model electric public transport if there is an improvement in factors, like frequent availability of ESCs and technological upgradation. By promoting the ESC services over e-buses, the government can potentially save on public investment and reach a low carbon pathway cost-effectively. The findings have crucial implications in exploration of the operational feasibility of ESC in the small and medium-sized cities of developing economies like India. |
| Keywords: | Public Transport, Electric Bus, Electric Street Car, Sustainability, Urban Area |
| JEL: | R58 R49 Q56 Q40 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ift:wpaper:2042&r=all |
| By: | Martínez Pizarro, Jorge |
| Abstract: | Se presenta una descripción preliminar del Pacto Mundial para una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular, aludiendo a sus antecedentes, alcances, objetivos y contenidos. Se destaca que este instrumento del soft law de las Naciones Unidas es parte de un proceso de afirmación de la migración en la escala global y que, a pesar de los pocos análisis a que ha dado lugar a la fecha, de la indefinición de la tríada que plantea y la falta de implementación después de su ratificación en 2018, nada parece interponerse para prestarle atención a sus posibilidades, propuestas y definiciones acerca de la gobernanza de la migración contemporánea. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MIGRACION, MIGRACION INTERNACIONAL, POLITICA MIGRATORIA, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INSTRUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES, ONU, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, UN |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46113&r=all |
| By: | Bronzini, Michael S.; Altouney, Edward G. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf21:305957&r=all |
| By: | H.P.P. Donfouet (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, APHRC Campus - African Population and Health Research Center, Inc); S.F. Mohamed (APHRC Campus - African Population and Health Research Center, Inc); P. Otieno (APHRC Campus - African Population and Health Research Center, Inc); E. Wambiya (APHRC Campus - African Population and Health Research Center, Inc); M.K. Mutua (APHRC Campus - African Population and Health Research Center, Inc); G. Danaei (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health) |
| Abstract: | The failure of the market and government to provide quality healthcare services have been the motivation to set up social health enterprise. However, the value for money associated with setting up a social health enterprise in sub-Sahara African countries has been relatively unexplored in the literature. The study presents the first empirical estimates of the mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) for setting up a social health enterprise that will simultaneously run a health center and provide health insurance scheme in an urban resource-poor setting and explores whether the benefits outweigh the costs. The contingent valuation method is used to estimate the mean WTP for the health insurance scheme proposed by the social health enterprise in Viwandani slum (Nairobi, Kenya). The survey was conducted between June and July 2018 on 300 households. We find that the feasibility of setting up a social health enterprise could be promising with 97 percent of respondents willing to pay about US$ 2 per person per month for a scheme that would provide quality healthcare services. More importantly, setting up the social health enterprise will yield a positive net profit, and investors could expect US$ 1.11 in benefits for each US$ 1 of costs of investment in setting up the social health enterprise. We, therefore, conclude that this health policy in this urban resource-poor setting could be a viable solution to reach the neglected urban households in the Kenyan slums. |
| Keywords: | Contingent valuation method,Cost-benefit analysis,Social health enterprise |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02961015&r=all |
| By: | Kanaroglou, Pavlos S.; Anderson, William P.; South, Robert |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf32:306079&r=all |
| By: | Cimoli, Mario |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, EDUCACION, EMPLEO, IGUALDAD, POLITICA SOCIAL, SOCIAL POLICY, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, EQUALITY |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46112&r=all |
| By: | Abramo, Laís |
| Abstract: | La presente reflexión se enfocará en América Latina y recurrirá a elementos tanto conceptuales como relativos a los procesos sociales de inclusión y exclusión social con el objetivo de abordar ciertas temáticas que se desprenden del texto de Ana Sojo. Lo anterior, partiendo de una interrogante general: ¿En qué contexto y con qué sentido se retoma en la CEPAL el tema de la cohesión social una década después de esa formulación inicial? |
| Keywords: | COHESION SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD, INTEGRACION SOCIAL, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, SOCIAL INTEGRATION |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46120&r=all |
| By: | Marta Suárez-Varela |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo proporciona una panorámica de la situación de las políticas tarifarias de agua urbana en España. En particular, en relación con el cumplimiento de los objetivos básicos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos -eficiencia, equidad, sostenibilidad ambiental y recuperación de costes-, y el funcionamiento de la estructura institucional que rige en la fijación de precios. Asimismo, se aborda la forma de diseñar tarifas que permitan fomentar de forma simultánea los distintos objetivos mencionados. El análisis efectuado nos permite realizar recomendaciones de política pública encaminadas a la mejora de las políticas tarifarias de agua urbana. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2020-31&r=all |
| By: | Nieto-Parra, Sebastián; Cerutti, Paula |
| Keywords: | COHESION SOCIAL, MOVILIDAD SOCIAL, CAPITAL SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, CALIDAD DE LA VIDA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MITIGACION DE LA POBREZA, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, POLITICA SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, INTEGRACION SOCIAL, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL WELFARE, QUALITY OF LIFE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POVERTY MITIGATION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, EQUALITY, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL INTEGRATION |
| Date: | 2020–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46133&r=all |