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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Ian W.H. Parry; Victor Mylonas; Nate Vernon |
| Abstract: | Spreadsheet models are used to assess the environmental, fiscal, economic, and incidence effects of a wide range of options for reducing fossil fuel use in India. Among the most effective options is ramping up the existing coal tax. Annually increasing the tax by INR 150 ($2.25) per ton of coal from 2017 to 2030 avoids over 270,000 air pollution deaths, raises revenue of 1 percent of GDP in 2030, reduces CO2 emissions 12 percent, and generates net economic benefits of approximately 1 percent of GDP. The policy is mildly progressive and (at least initially) imposes a relatively modest cost burden on industries. |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/103&r=env |
| By: | Naeeda Crishna Morgado; Bérénice Lasfargues |
| Abstract: | The private sector plays an important role in enabling or hindering green growth in developing countries. With increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to engage private actors, there is a need for a sound understanding of the theory of change and the efficacy of private sector engagement approaches in supporting environment and development outcomes. This paper contributes to this agenda and helps inform efforts of development assistance provider. It maps the major approaches used to engage the private sector, i.e. to mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness the skills and knowledge from private actors, and highlights some challenges and lessons learned. The paper also provides an estimate of climate-related development finance targeting private sector engagement. |
| Keywords: | climate change, development co-operation, green growth, Private sector engagement |
| JEL: | N5 O13 O16 O19 O44 P48 Q20 Q40 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:34-en&r=env |
| By: | Vangimalla R. Reddy; Venkatachalam Anbumozhi |
| Abstract: | Stranded assets are those that have suffered unanticipated or premature write-downs, lost value, or turned into liabilities due to external shocks. Environmental risk factors, such as natural disasters, climate change, and water scarcity, which can cause asset stranding of agriculture are poorly understood in the context of food value chains (FVCs). The value at risk (VaR) globally is significant in agriculture due to overexposure to stranded assets throughout financial and economic systems. Our objective is to discuss the issue of stranded assets and the environmental risks involved with FVCs. This paper provides an overview of the disasters and climate change as contributors to agricultural asset stranding along FVCs. We present the impacts of disasters triggered by natural hazards on the economic losses of the agricultural value chain and the loss of value added growth with further discussion on the principles of effective disaster risk reduction in FVCs. Disasters, when combined with climate change, pose challenges by creating fluctuations in yields, supply shortfalls, and subsequent global trading patterns, and have substantial effects on FVCs. Finally, we present strategies for building resilient FVCs in partnership with communities. |
| Keywords: | : Climate change, disasters, food value chain, stranded assets |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2017-01&r=env |
| By: | Budi Indra Setiawan; Falatehan Faroby |
| Abstract: | Palm oil and its derivative products are strategic commodities that play an important role in the economic development of Indonesia which, along with Malaysia, is a major exporter to the global markets. Global as well as national demands on crude palm oil are increasing, not only as food but also as raw material for biodiesel. To increase production, the extensification of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is still the preferred option. Since there are limited fertile mineral soils, marginal land such as peatlands have become targeted areas to open new plantations. Due to recurring fire and haze problems, while attempting to restore degraded peatlands, the government issued By Law No. 57 in 2016 to protect and manage the peat ecosystem (Peat Policy). This peat policy, which mainly aims to prevent environmental degradation, would to some extent reduce planting areas and impact on production, stretching to the supply and value chain of palm oil and its derivative products. This study assessed how the peat policy affected the planting areas; production; economic value; growers, especially the farmers; and export quantity and value. We applied numerical approaches followed by simulations of certain scenarios. Compared to 2015 figures, the peat policy would reduce the palm oil plantation area by 10%-18% and production by 12%-15%, with the potential to reduce: 1) economic values by 12%-15%; 2) the number of farmers by 12%-15%; 3) exported palm oil by 21%-24% and export value by 22%-24%; and 4) the cost of fresh fruit bunch by 6%-8%. These reductions will severely affect the economic development of the country and threaten the welfare of the farmers. The government and practitioners should therefore make policy choices that are conducive to the sustainable development of oil palm plantation in the peatlands, i.e. how to promote intensification programs to increase productivity and to manage sustainable production. |
| Keywords: | : Peatland, peat policy, palm oil, value chain |
| JEL: | F10 F18 N55 O13 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2017-02&r=env |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | French environmental taxes are not really ecologically oriented. Their main aim is to raise revenues. Clear signs of this inappropriate direction are given by the large share of the energy taxes and by the low level of most tax rates, which for the most part, are only implicit tax rates on the polluting goods. An ecological tax reform would imply a global green tax shift with tax rates proportionate to the marginal damages. The success and the acceptation of such a reform by the taxpayers rely on the chosen recycling mechanism for the tax revenues, on government’s efforts in information and pedagogy, on transparency about the policy choices but also, somehow paradoxically, on audacity of actions. |
| Abstract: | Actuellement, la fiscalité environnementale française répond moins à une finalité écologique qu’à un objectif plus traditionnel de fiscalité de rendement. Les signes manifestes de cette inadéquation sont la très grande part prise par la fiscalité de l’énergie et le faible niveau de la plupart des taux de taxe, qui souvent ne frappent qu’implicitement les produits polluants. Réformer la fiscalité française supposerait de la « verdir » dans son ensemble en appliquant des taux de taxes en relation avec les dommages marginaux. La réussite de la réforme et son acceptation par les contribuables sont conditionnées par le mécanisme de redistribution associé, les efforts de pédagogie et d’information, la transparence mais aussi, paradoxalement, par l’audace des mesures prises. |
| Keywords: | tax progressivity,environmental tax,double dividend,contribution climat-énergie,écotaxe,double dividende,progressivité de l’impôt,fiscalité |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseose:halshs-01199478&r=env |
| By: | Antônio Márcio Buainain; Junior Ruiz Garcia; José Eustáquio Ribeiro Vieira Filho |
| Abstract: | O estudo procura analisar a importância da produção agrícola do Matopiba, que compreende áreas dos estados do Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia, para o desenvolvimento econômico. A dinâmica econômica agropecuária desta região torna-se central na orientação das decisões dos agentes privados, na promoção do desenvolvimento regional e na formulação de políticas públicas mais adequadas à realidade local. Busca-se questionar se os investimentos mobilizados são de fato sustentáveis e em que medida o agronegócio terá força para liderar o desenvolvimento em estados reconhecidamente pobres e com uma densidade populacional elevada no meio rural. Como hipótese, entende-se que a política agrícola pode ser um importante instrumento para o desenvolvimento local, com redução das desigualdades e com gestão sustentável dos recursos naturais na região. The study seeks to analyze the importance of agricultural production in Matopiba, comprising areas in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia, for economic development. The agricultural economic dynamics of Matopiba region becomes central in guiding the decisions of private actors in promoting regional development and the most appropriate formulation of public policies to local realities. The scientific problem here is to question whether the investments mobilized are in fact sustained, and in what extent agribusiness has the strength to lead developing poor states and with a high population density in rural areas. The hypothesis of this study is understood that agricultural policy can be an important tool for development, reducing inequalities and promoting sustainable management of natural resources in this region. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2283&r=env |
| By: | John K.M. Kuwornu |
| Abstract: | The operation period of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended in 2015, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be in operation in 2016-2030. The sustainable development agenda contained 17 goals and covered a broad range of quantitative and qualitative objectives across social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. These include (i) ending poverty and hunger, (ii) sustainable consumption and production, (iii) improving health and education, (iv) making cities more sustainable, (v) combating climate change, and (vi) protecting oceans and forests. Sustainable food production, marketing, and other post-harvest management practices are important to achieving majority of the SDGs. This paper examines the required changing roles of private and public organisations, as well as international organisations, in 2016-2030 to enhance resilience of agricultural food value chains in Thailand. The Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP) of Thailand is a growth and development model characterised by its universality and inclusiveness; people-centred approach; moderation, moral values, and reasonableness; and knowledge and integrity. The SEP encourages a holistic farm management system to promote sustainability, food security, water conservation and biodiversity, development of human resources, risk management, investment, and expansion of businesses, thereby creating self-sufficiency at the household, community, organisational, and national levels. These objectives of the SEP are somewhat consistent with Goals 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDGs. The required roles of organisations to enable Thailand to achieve the SDGs towards enhancing the resilience of agricultural food value chains are presented, and the policy implications are highlighted. |
| Keywords: | : Sustainable Development Goals, food value chains, risks, role of entities, resilience, Thailand |
| JEL: | Q5 Q12 Q13 O21 O22 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2017-03&r=env |
| By: | R. Ghidoni; G. Calzolari; M. Casari |
| Abstract: | Understanding how to sustain cooperation in the climate change global dilemma is crucial to mitigate its harmful consequences. Damages from climate change typically occurs after long delays and can take the form of more frequent realizations of extreme and random events. These features generate a decoupling between emissions and their damages, which we study through a laboratory experiment. We find that some decision-makers respond to global emissions, as expected, while others respond to realized damages also when emissions are observable. On balance, the presence of delayed/stochastic consequences did not impair cooperation. However, we observed a worrisome increasing trend of emissions when damages hit with delay. |
| JEL: | C70 C90 D03 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp2002&r=env |
| By: | Liz Vanessa Lupi Gasparini; Thayane Souza Costa; Oksana Aparecida de Lara Hungaro; Adelice Minetto Sznitowski; José Eustáquio Ribeiro Vieira Filho |
| Abstract: | O crescimento da população e a maior pressão social em relação à sustentabilidade demandarão maior produção agropecuária com menor impacto ambiental. Para isso, busca-se avaliar o processo de inovação tecnológica e os sistemas integrados de produção sustentável. O estudo de multicasos baseou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas aos gestores e proprietários de cinco empresas rurais do Mato Grosso que implantaram o sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF). A pesquisa apontou que a adoção desse esquema é motivada principalmente pela busca por aumentos de eficácia e pela recuperação de solos degradados. Os resultados indicam aumento da produtividade de grãos e carne bovina e melhoria da estrutura do solo em sistemas integrados quando comparados aos sistemas não integrados de produção agrícola praticados anteriormente nas empresas pesquisadas. Embora os sistemas integrados apresentem resultados favoráveis à produção e ao meio ambiente, os agentes apontam limitações na sua adoção e difusão. Parte dos problemas está associada à dificuldade de captar recursos de financiamento e à falta de adequado planejamento e controle dos projetos de produção integrada, indicando a necessidade de inovação em gestão, bem como de políticas públicas mais efetivas. Population growth and greater social pressure in relation to sustainability will require greater agricultural production with less environmental impact. This research aims to evaluate the process of technological innovation and integrated systems of sustainable production. The multi-case study was based on semi-structured interviews with managers and owners of five rural enterprises in Mato Grosso that implemented the integrated crop-livestock-forest system (ILFS). The research pointed out that the adoption of this system is motivated mainly by the search for productivity increase and the recovery of degraded soils. The results indicate an increase in grain productivity and beef and improvement of soil structure in integrated systems when compared to non - integrated systems of agricultural production practiced previously in the enterprises surveyed. Although integrated systems have favorable results for production and the environment, they point to limitations in their adoption and diffusion. Part of the problems are associated with the difficulty of attracting financing resources and the lack of adequate planning and control of integrated production projects, indicating the need for management innovation as well as more effective public policies. |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2296&r=env |
| By: | Vásquez Lavín, Felipe; Ponce Oliva, Roberto; Hernández, José Ignacio |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este estudio, realizado por la CEPAL a solicitud del gobierno de Honduras, en el marco del Programa EUROCLIMA, es revisar la literatura teórica y empírica sobre cambio climático, la importancia de la demanda de energía del transporte y sus relaciones con las actividades económicas, el medio ambiente y el cambio climático a nivel internacional y en Honduras. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, TRANSPORT, ENERGY RESOURCES, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:41389&r=env |
| By: | Davide Cerruti (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Anna Alberini (University of Maryland,USA); Joshua Linn (Resources of the Future, USA) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers have been considering vehicle and fuel taxes to reduce transportation greenhouse gas emissions, but there is little evidence on the relative efficacy of these approaches. We examine an annual vehicle registration tax, the Vehicle Excise Duty (VED), which is based on carbon emissions rates. The UK first adopted the system in 2001 and made substantial changes to it in the following years. Using a highly disaggregated dataset of UK monthly registrations and characteristics of new cars, we estimate the effect of the VED on new vehicle registrations and carbon emissions. The VED increased the adoption of low-emissions vehicles and discouraged the purchase of very polluting vehicles, but it had a small effect on aggregate emissions. Using the empirical estimates, we compare the VED with hypothetical taxes that are proportional either to carbon emissions rates or to carbon emissions. The VED reduces total emissions twice as much as the emissions rate tax but by half as much as the emissions tax. Much of the advantage of the emissions tax arises from adjustments in miles driven, rather than the composition of the new car sales. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, vehicle registration fees, carbon taxes, vehicle excise duty, UK |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 R48 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:17-271&r=env |
| By: | Junior Ruiz Garcia; José Eustáquio Ribeiro Vieira Filho |
| Abstract: | Incorporar a dimensão ambiental à análise econômica e à tomada de decisão de todos os agentes é importante para compreender a expansão da fronteira agrícola no Brasil. A demanda por recursos naturais e por terra acompanha o crescimento da economia. A ocupação da fronteira agrícola brasileira tem assegurado a oferta de terras para suprir a demanda da agricultura. Dada a limitação de recursos naturais, o setor tem enfrentado novos desafios para manter o crescimento da produção. Buscou-se identificar e avaliar a situação ambiental na região do Matopiba, composta pelos estados do Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e da Bahia, ocupando 73 milhões de hectares. O que viabiliza a expansão agropecuária em terras improdutivas e com baixa aptidão à produção? A resposta é conhecimento e tecnologia. Portanto, avaliar o Matopiba somente por variáveis físicas e geoclimáticas é desconsiderar a gestão do conhecimento e da tecnologia. O potencial agrícola do Matopiba existe, mas é preciso investir em ciência, que possa ampliar o potencial produtivo da região. Realizou-se o tratamento de dados estatísticos com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs). Este estudo faz uma análise somente da questão ambiental, mas considera que a região é um vetor importante de expansão agropecuária e de desenvolvimento local, justamente num espaço econômico que necessita de investimentos na direção de minimizar as desigualdades econômicas e sociais, questão que poderia ser refletida em políticas públicas de maior investimento em pesquisa e de geração de tecnologias adaptadas à realidade local. Incorporate the environmental dimension to the economic analysis and the decision-making of all stakeholders is important to analyse the expansion of agricultural frontier in Brazil. Demand for natural resources and land follows the growth of the economy. In Brazil, the occupation of new areas has secured the supply of land to meet the increasing demand of agriculture. In view of limited natural resources, the sector is facing new challenges to keep the growth of production. It seeks to identify and assess the environment status in the Matopiba. The region comprises the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí, and Bahia, occupying 73 million of the hectares. What makes an agricultural expansion feasible in unproductive lands with low production capacity? The answer is knowledge and technology. Therefore, we can not only evaluate Matopiba by physical and geoclimatic variables without the background management of knowledge and technology. The agricultural potential of Matopiba exists, but it does require investments in science, which can increase the productive potential of this region. The study uses the Geographic Information Systems’ tools (GIS) to treat the statistical data. It also analyzes the environmental question, but this region is an important vector of agricultural expansion and local development, which requires investments for minimizing economic and social inequalities, a problem that could be solved by public policies on research and technologies locally adapted . |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2281&r=env |
| By: | Karine Constant (Université Paris Est, Erudite) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we take into account the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework in which everyone suffers from pollution, but health status depends also on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap in which inequalities persistently grow, when the initial pollution intensity of production is too high. Moreover, we emphasize that such inequalities are costly in the long run for the economy, in particular in terms of health and growth. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to overcome this situation. We show that a stricter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape from the inequality trap while it enhances its long-term growth rate, when initial inequalities are not too high. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, Environmental policy, Human capital, Inequality, Longevity |
| JEL: | I14 O44 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2017.07&r=env |
| By: | Musharraf Cyan (Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); Michael Price (Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); Mark Rider (Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); Stephanie J. Roberts (Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | Vegetables are rich source of vitamins, carbohydrates, and proteins. Increased health awareness, high population growth rates, changing dietary patterns of an increasingly affluent middle class has generated a year-round demand for vegetables in Pakistan in general and in major city centres in particular. Due to the scarcity of off-season vegetables (OSV), they command a high price in the market. In the absence of storage infrastructure and vegetable processing industry in the country, OSV farming is a major opportunity for increasing farm income. However, farmers in the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan are still using traditional farming methods and have not benefited from the opportunity to grow offseason vegetables. The PCNA-ISU FATA and Agriculture Extension Department (AED) of the Khyber Agency offered registered and non-registered farmers in FATA the opportunity to receive a free OSV package, including a tunnel, seeds, fertilizer, and training for OSV cultivation. To promote awareness of this program, PCNA-ISU FATA and AED held four one-day sessions on awareness/mobilization of farmers for OSV cultivation. These sessions were held at the University of Peshawar on November 6, November 7, and November 12, and November 13, 2014. The speakers highlighted the importance of OSV and discussed the types of vegetable grown in tunnel farming, e.g., chillies, cucumbers squash, and tomatoes. The speakers highlighted that the climate of FATA is suitable for OSV cultivation and that farmers can fetch high prices from these vegetables. PCNA-ISU FATA and AED targeted two tehsils in particular, namely Jarnrud and Landi Kotal in Khyber Agency. Of the 217 farmers who attended these sessions, 115 were from Jarnrud and 102 were from Landi Kotal. Approximately, 15 percent of the farmers accepted the OSV package. It is noteworthy that there was a windstorm and hailstorm before the harvest of OSV which caused substantial damage to the crop. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the OSV program. The evaluation consists of three surveys: an historical survey of OSV adopters, an environmental study of historical OSV adopters, and a post-harvest survey of the 33 farmers that adopted the OSV package. There are a several interesting findings that come from the analysis of the data from these three surveys. First, the take-up rate by farmers of the OSV program is very low. Second, the rate of return to OSV farming appears to be very high. Third, analysis of the historical data shows that a significant proportion of the sample of farmers in Khyber Agency have not engaged in OSV cultivation for a number of years. Given the high rate of return to OSV cultivation reported by farmers, the low take-up rate and the large fraction that for all practical purposes have stopped OSV cultivation is puzzling and merits further investigation. Finally, as explained in greater detail below, there is some evidence that pesticide use in OSV cultivation is having adverse effects on the taste of water and on livestock. Although the number of farmers reporting such adverse effects from pesticide use are relatively small, the harm from pesticides is so great to both humans and livestock, the Agricultural Extension Office may wish to consider offering training to farmers in the proper use of pesticides. The remainder of this report is organized as follows. We begin by analysing the results of the post-harvest survey. Then, we analyse the survey responses of OSA adopters from a program designed to eradicate poppy cultivation by offering a substitute crop. Finally, we analyse the results of an environmental survey |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper1708&r=env |
| By: | Antoine D'Autume (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Katheline Schubert (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Cees Withagen (Department of Economics - UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam]) |
| Abstract: | International di¤erences in fuel taxation are huge, and may be justi…ed by different local negative externalities that taxes must correct, as well as by di¤erent preferences for public spending. In this context, should a worldwide uniform carbon tax be added to these local taxes to correct the global warming externality? We address this question in a second best framework à la Ramsey, where public goods have to be …nanced through distortionary taxation and the cost of public funds has to be weighted against the utility of public goods. We show that when lump-sum transfers between countries are allowed for, the second best tax on the polluting good may be decomposed into three parts: one, country-speci…c, dealing with the local negative externality, a second one, country-speci…c, dealing with the cost of levying public funds, and a third one, global, dealing with the global externality and which can be interpreted as the carbon price. Our main contribution is to show that the uniformity of the carbon price should still hold in this second best framework. Nevertheless, if lump-sum transfers between governments are impossible to implement, international di¤erentiation of the carbon price is the only way to take care of equity concerns. keywords: carbon price, second best, Pigovian taxation |
| Keywords: | Pigovian taxation,carbon price, second best |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseose:halshs-01300261&r=env |
| By: | Osmar Coelho Filho; Nilo Luiz Saccaro Junior |
| Abstract: | A demanda por uma mobilidade sustentável é impulsionada no Brasil pelo progressivo crescimento das cidades, causando aumento do tempo de deslocamento nos diferentes modais de transporte, crescimento do número de mortes de motociclistas que migram dos modos ativos de transporte movidos pelo crescimento da renda familiar, maior incidência de acidentes em geral e mais danos à saúde, provocados pela poluição do ar vinculada aos motores de combustão. O Brasil tem mais bicicletas que carros, respectivamente 50 milhões contra 41 milhões. Em torno de 7% do total de viagens é feita por bicicletas, com potencial de atingir 40%. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que buscou entender quais os cenários de futuro e os fatores de sustentabilidade para as redes cicloviárias que são capazes de guiar as políticas cicloviárias e de mobilidade sustentável no Brasil. Utilizou-se a metodologia de pressão-estado-resposta (PER), associada à metodologia do pensamento de ciclo de vida (PCV) para compreender as percepções dos stakeholders (atores-chaves) sobre as redes cicloviárias. Os entrevistados pertencem a academia, governo, associações de cicloativistas e associações empresariais. Os cenários de curto prazo indicaram a necessidade de uma base de dados que apoie a formação de indicadores sociais, econômicos e ambientais, além do fortalecimento da participação dos atores sociais no processo de institucionalização da política cicloviária. Os cenários de médio prazo indicaram a construção de uma política de alianças estratégicas e o fortalecimento da bicicultura ou onda bike por meio de eventos e geração de informação que atenda aos atores em diferentes escalas territoriais (local, nacional e internacional). Os fatores de sustentabilidade para o fortalecimento das políticas cicloviárias foram: o tempo de implementação da política; o tipo de abordagem de mobilidade utilizada para orientar a política cicloviária; os níveis de incentivos econômicos e fiscais; a utilização de metodologias de participação; a formação de banco de dados sobre o número e a localização dos conflitos entre ciclistas, motoristas e pedestres; o grau de integração das políticas cicloviárias com outras políticas públicas; e a área de espaço urbano disponível para a expansão das redes cicloviárias. Além disso, a metodologia do PCV indicou a necessidade de uma avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) que modele os impactos da presença de cada modal (pedestre, bicicleta, metrô, trem e ônibus) no território urbano. Esta ACV pode produzir indicadores para apoiar um sistema integrado de mobilidade sustentável em que a bicicleta pode ter um papel múltiplo: modal de transporte, veículo de integração entre modais e símbolo de sustentabilidade. The demand for sustainable mobility in Brazil is driven by the Brazilian cities growing urban density, the increased travel time in different transportation modes, the increasing number of motorcyclists deaths who migrated from active modes driven by household income growth as well as drivers, pedestrians and cyclists deaths, and the worsening air pollution level linked to combustion engines which has serious consequences for health. Brazil has more bikes than cars, respectively 50 million to 41 million. Around 7% of all trips are made by bicycle with a potential to reach 40%. This qualitative research tried to understand what are the cycling networks future scenarios and sustainability factors that can guide the empowering of cycling policies and the sustainable mobility in Brazil. It used the pressure-state-response methodology associated with life cycle thinking methodology (PCV) to understand the cycling networks stakeholder perceptions from academia, government, cycling associations and business associations. Short-term scenarios indicated a database construction to support the development of social, economic and environmental indicators, and the empowering of the social actors’ participation in the cycling policy institutionalization. Medium-term scenarios indicated the construction of strategic alliances among stakeholders and the strengthening of bicycle culture or “bike wave” through events and production of information to social actors in different territory scales (local, national and international). The sustainability factors to empower cycling policies were: the policy implementation timing; the mobility approach strand used to guide the cycling policy; the levels of economic and tax incentives; the participatory methodologies use; the database on number and location conflicts among drivers, pedestrians and cyclists; the level of cycling policy integration with other public policies; and the urban space available area for the expansion of cycling networks. Moreover, the Life Cycle Thinking methodology indicated the development of a life cycle assessment (LCA) that models the impacts on each transportation mode and its available urban space (pedestrian, bicycle, subway, train, and bus). This LCA can produce indicators that support an integrated sustainable mobility where the bicycle may have multiple roles: transportation mode, integration vehicle among modes and sustainability symbol. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2276&r=env |
| By: | Fu, Shihe; Viard, Brian; Zhang, Peng |
| Abstract: | We provide comprehensive estimates of air pollution’s effect on short-run labor productivity for manufacturing firms in China from 1998 to 2007. An emerging literature estimates air pollution’s effects on labor productivity but only for small groups of workers of particular occupations or sets of firms to ensure causality. To provide more comprehensive estimates necessary for policy analysis, we estimate effects for all but some small firms (90% of manufacturing output in China) and capture all channels by which pollution influences productivity. We instrument for reverse causality between pollution and output using thermal inversions. Our causal estimates imply that a one |
| Keywords: | air pollution; productivity; environmental costs and benefits; firm competitiveness |
| JEL: | D62 Q51 Q53 R11 |
| Date: | 2017–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78914&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Bougette (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS); Christophe Charlier (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | The paper analyzes the interactions between trade and renewable energy policies based on the EU--China Solar Panel dispute which is the most significant antidumping (AD) complaint in Europe. We build a price competition duopoly model with differentiated products and intra-industry trade in photovoltaic equipment. We provide two relevant types of AD duties. The optimal AD which maximizes social domestic welfare always increases with the feed-in tariff (FIT) program set in the home country. The appropriate AD -- equalizing the foreign firm's price on the domestic market with the foreign market price -- decreases with the FIT program. We show that the optimal FIT increases with the AD duty. Therefore, trade and renewable energy optimal policies may complement one another. When setting AD duties in clean energy sectors, it is important not to ignore the extent to which renewable energy is subsidized. |
| Keywords: | Antidumping, FIT, Solar Panels, Renewable Energy, Trade disputes, EU, China |
| JEL: | F18 L52 Q42 Q48 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2017-17&r=env |
| By: | Isabelle Chort (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - Université Paris-Dauphine); Maëlys De La Rupelle (THEMA - Théorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications - Université de Cergy Pontoise) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. |
| Abstract: | Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l’évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d’affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées. |
| Keywords: | Mexico-U.S. migration,Changement climatique,Climate change,Catastrophes naturelles,Mexique,Migration internationale,Etats-Unis,Natural disasters,Modèle de gravité,International migration,Gravity equation |
| Date: | 2017–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01516057&r=env |
| By: | Johanna Choumert (EDI - Economic Development Initiatives - Economic Development Initiatives); Pascale Combes Motel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charlain Guegang Djimeli (, DPPP/DGEPIP/MINEPAT - Direction générale de l'économie et de la programmation des investissements publics - Ministry of the Economy) |
| Abstract: | While the production of biofuels has expanded in recent years, findings in the literature on its impact on growth and development remain contradictory. This paper presents a meta-analysis of computable general equilibrium studies published between 2006 and 2014. Using 26 studies, we shed light on why their results differ. We investigate factors such as biofuel type, geographic area and the characteristics of models employed. Our results indicate that the outcomes of CGE simulations are sensitive to model parameters and also suggest heterogenous effects of biofuel expansion between developed / emerging countries and Sub-Saharan African countries. Our quantitative meta-analysis complements existing narrative surveys and confirms that results are sensitive to key hypotheses on essential parameters. Simulations on longer time periods and in multi-country studies lead to results that indicate higher impacts of biofuel expansion on growth and household income. Moreover, simulations with a shock in agricultural productivity indicate positive welfare gains, unlike simulations with a shock on land expansion. Lastly, we find that biodiesels lead to higher welfare gains than biofuels. |
| Keywords: | Development,Biofuel,Bioethanol,Biodiesel,Energy,Meta-regression,Computable General Equilibrium Model. |
| Date: | 2017–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01512678&r=env |
| By: | David Martimort (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Jérôme Pouyet (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Francesco Ricci (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We characterize the optimal extraction path when a concessionaire has private information on the initial stock of resource. Under asymmetric information, a `virtual Hotelling rule' describes how the resource price evolves over time and how extraction costs are compounded with information costs along an optimal extraction path. In sharp contrast with the case of complete information, elds which are heterogeneous in terms of their initial stocks follow di erent extraction paths. Some resource might be left unexploited in the long-run as a way to foster incentives. The optimal contract may sometimes be implemented through royalties and license fees. With a market of concessionaires, asymmetric information leads to a `virtual Her ndahl principle' and to a new form of heterogeneity across active concessionaires. Under asymmetric information, the market price converges faster to its long-run limit, exhibiting more stability. |
| Keywords: | Non-Renewable resource, Delegated Management, Optimal,Contract, Asymmetric Information |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-01431170&r=env |
| By: | Ian Martin; Robert S. Pindyck |
| Abstract: | We face a variety of potential catastrophes; nuclear or bioterrorism, a climate catastrophe, and a "mega-virus" are examples. Martin and Pindyck (AER 2015) showed that decisions to avert such catastrophes are interdependent, so that simple cost-benefit analysis breaks down. They assumed that catastrophic events cause "destruction," i.e., a reduction in the stream of consumption. But some catastrophes cause death instead of, or in addition to, destruction. Here we incorporate death in a model of catastrophe avoidance, and show how it affects the interdependence of catastrophic events and the "willingness to pay" to avoid those events. |
| JEL: | D81 H12 H56 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23346&r=env |
| By: | Taishi Sugiyama; John A. “Skip” Laitner |
| Abstract: | The dynamics of recent innovations of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and others is better captured by the complex systems theory than traditional innovation systems theory. The analysis based upon complex systems theory leads us to distinct and more positive future prospects and cost-effective policy implications for mitigating global warming. Massive emission cut of greenhouse gas will be possible through the policies that promote innovation and economic development. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnn:wpaper:17-005e&r=env |
| By: | FUJII Hidemichi; MANAGI Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) technology can play a critical role in economic development, resource conservation, and environmental protection by increasing efficiency. This study is the first to apply a decomposition framework to clarify the determinants of AI technology invention. Exploiting data from the World Intellectual Property Organization, this study clarifies the determining factors that contribute to AI technology patent publications based on technology type. Consisting of 13,567 AI technology patents for the 2000-2016 period, our worldwide dataset includes patent publication data from the United States, Japan, China, Europe, and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). We find that priority has shifted from biological- and knowledge-based models to specific mathematical models and other AI technologies, particularly in the United States and Japan. Our technology type and country comparison shows that the characteristics of AI technology patent publication differ among companies and countries. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17066&r=env |
| By: | René Aïd (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - Université Paris-Dauphine); Matteo Basei (LPMA - Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Huyên Pham (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - INSEE - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique, LPMA - Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the interaction between centralised carbon emissive technologies and distributed intermittent non-emissive technologies. In our model, there is a representative consumer who can satisfy her electricity demand by investing in distributed generation (solar panels) and by buying power from a centralised firm at a price the firm sets. Distributed generation is intermittent and induces an externality cost to the consumer. The firm provides non-random electricity generation subject to a carbon tax and to transmission costs. The objective of the consumer is to satisfy her demand while minimising investment costs, payments to the firm and intermittency costs. The objective of the firm is to satisfy the consumer's residual demand while minimising investment costs, demand deviation costs, and maximising the payments from the consumer. We formulate the investment decisions as McKean-Vlasov control problems with stochastic coefficients. We provide explicit, price model-free solutions to the optimal decision problems faced by each player, the solution of the Pareto optimum, and the Stackelberg equilibrium where the firm is the leader. We find that, from the social planner's point of view, the carbon tax or transmission costs are necessary to justify a positive share of distributed capacity in the long-term, whatever the respective investment costs of both technologies are. The Stackelberg equilibrium is far from the Pareto equilibrium and leads to an over-investment in distributed energy and to a much higher price for centralised energy. |
| Keywords: | stochastic game,decarbonation,distributed generation,McKean-Vlasov |
| Date: | 2017–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01517165&r=env |
| By: | Dina Najjar (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas); Boubaker Dhehibi; Aden Aw-Hassan; Abderrahim Bentaibi |
| Abstract: | Studies on migration in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have so far focused on migration to urban areas (local cities and European countries). Little research has explored internal migration into rural areas. Yet in Morocco rural-rural migration is an important strategy for many who are escaping climate variability and unemployment in their hometowns to take advantage of labor opportunities in thriving agricultural enterprises. Gender remains largely missing from migration research in Morocco especially for migrant women. Gender differences are important to account for as men and women have diverse motives, strategies and experiences with migration, and thus require different interventions. In light of gender differences and climate-induced migration and investments in irrigation, this research follows up on the ground to understand the experiences of men and women laborer as the migration continues in three rural areas in the Saiss region (Morocco). These are chosen based on differences in socio-economic, gender norms, and biophysical dynamics to capture as diverse experiences as possible with labor work and migration as possible. These areas also represent both sending and receiving communities. Data was collected through a survey administered to 400 laborers (179 women and 221 men) employed in the intensified agricultural sector of Saiss in Morocco. Using gender analysis, logistic regression models framework and political ecology approach, our findings emphasize that men should be sensitized in their attainment of tertiary education on gender equality and the importance soliciting women’s participation in decision-making, particularly with regards to assets (house). For the economic advancement of women, there should be a sustained focus on their ownership and control over unalienable assets (such as housing). The same recommendation applies to the youth. Finally, we found that migrants were less likely to control houses that they owned probably due to a general lack of title deeds. We recommend formalizing their ownership of housing in the settlement areas. |
| Date: | 2017–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1102&r=env |
| By: | Alex Contreras M. (BCRP, UDEP, UPC y UNI); F. Martín Martinez P. (BCRP y Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos); Fernando Alonso Regalado S. (BCRP y Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo); Ketty Vásquez R. (BCRP y Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería) |
| Abstract: | El Fenómeno de El Niño (FEN) es un evento océano-atmosférico que genera efectos en la actividad económica. En ese documento medimos los efectos de corto plazo de el Fenómeno el Niño sobre el PBI sectorial. Se encuentra evidencia de que el Fenómeno el Niño genera efectos contractivos estadísticamente significativos sobre los sectores pesca, agropecuario y manufactura primaria, estos efectos se disipan en un periodo de 4 a 6 trimestres. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apc:wpaper:2017-097&r=env |
| By: | Leah Platt Boustan; Matthew E. Kahn; Paul W. Rhode; Maria Lucia Yanguas |
| Abstract: | Major natural disasters such as Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy cause numerous fatalities, and destroy property and infrastructure. In any year, the U.S experiences dozens of smaller natural disasters as well. We construct a 90 year panel data set that includes the universe of natural disasters in the United States from 1920 to 2010. By exploiting spatial and temporal variation, we study how these shocks affected migration rates, home prices and local poverty rates. The most severe disasters increase out migration rates and lower housing prices, especially in areas at particular risk of disaster activity, but milder disasters have little effect. |
| JEL: | N42 Q5 R23 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23410&r=env |
| By: | Rosengren, Eric S. (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston) |
| Abstract: | Speaking in Vermont, Boston Fed President Eric Rosengren said he expects the economy to remain on solid footing, and said conditions justify continuing a gradual increase in the federal funds rate and also beginning to reduce gradually the assets on the Federal Reserve's balance sheet. |
| Date: | 2017–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbsp:119&r=env |