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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Etienne Billette de Villemeur; Justin Leroux |
| Abstract: | We observe that a Pigovian climate policy need not exact full payment of the social cost of carbon upon emission to yield optimal incentives. Following this insight, we propose the creation of a carbon liabilities market to address climate change. Each period, countries would be made liable for their share of responsibility in current climate damage. This yields first-best emissions patterns. Because liabilities could be traded like financial debt, it also decentralizes the choice a discount rate as well as beliefs about the severity of the climate problem. From an informational standpoint, implementation relies only on realized damage and on the well-documented emission history of countries, unlike a carbon tax or tradable permits scheme, which are based on a sum of discounted expected future marginal damage. |
| Keywords: | Carbon liabilities, climate policy, market instruments, Pigovian tax, |
| JEL: | Q54 H23 |
| Date: | 2015–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2015s-18&r=env |
| By: | Juan José Miranda; Leonardo Corral; Allen Blackman; Gregory Asner; Eirivelthon Lima |
| Abstract: | Protected areas are a cornerstone of forest conservation in developing countries. Yet we know little about their effects on forest cover change or the socioeconomic status of local communities, and even less about the relationship between these effects. This paper assesses whether 'win-win' scenarios are possible-that is, whether protected areas can both stem forest cover change and alleviate poverty. We examine protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon using high-resolution satellite images and household-level survey data for the early 2000s. To control for protected areas nonrandom siting, we rely on quasi-experimental (matching) methods. We find that the average protected area reduces forest cover change. We do not find a robust effect on local communities. Protected areas that allow sustainable extractive activities are more effective in reducing forest cover change but less effective in delivering win-win outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Land management & registration, Poverty, Biodiversity conservation, Environment & Natural Resources - Biodiversity & Natural Resources Management, Deforestation, Quasi-experimental methods |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:87593&r=env |
| By: | J. Scott Holladay (Department of Economics, University of Tennessee) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents a relationship between international trade and environmental performance at the plant level. Using a panel of establishment-level data from 1990-2006, I estimate the relationship be- tween export orientation, import competition and pollution emissions. I find a robust relationship between international trade and pollution levels. Exporters emit 9-13% less after controlling for output, but their is significant heterogeneity across industries. Import competition is associated with the exit of the smallest, most pollution intensive plants. There is no evidence that this result is caused by polluting firms relocating to countries with low levels of environmental regulation and importing back into the U.S. |
| JEL: | F1 Q5 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ten:wpaper:2015-03&r=env |
| By: | Johanna Arlinghaus |
| Abstract: | Concerns around potential losses of competitiveness as a result of unilateral action on carbon pricing are often central for policy makers contemplating the introduction of such instruments. This paper is a review of literature on ex post empirical evaluations of the impacts of carbon prices on indicators of competitiveness as employed in the literature, including employment, output or exports, at different levels of aggregation.<BR>Le risque que des mesures unilatérales de tarification du carbone induisent des pertes de compétitivité constitue souvent un sujet d’inquiétude majeur pour les responsables publics qui envisagent de mettre en place de tels instruments. Ce document passe en revue les travaux consacrés aux évaluations empiriques ex post des effets des prix du carbone sur les indicateurs de la compétitivité communément utilisés, dont l’emploi, la production ou les exportations, à différents niveaux d’agrégation. |
| Keywords: | competitiveness, carbon tax, environmental taxes, policy evaluation, emissions trading |
| JEL: | H23 H32 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:87-en&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Crespi; Claudia Ghisetti; Francesco Quatraro |
| Abstract: | The Europe 2020 Strategy has identified the key goal of smart, more inclusive and sustainable growth. In this direction, redirecting firms’ innovation activities towards ecological targets without hampering their competitiveness is of paramount importance. The double externality issue related to environmental innovations makes the policy intervention crucial in order to avoid sub-optimal commitment of resources to the innovation process and ensure the reduction of polluting agents emissions However, the positive outcome of any policy inducement mechanisms is not guaranteed, as different policy frameworks may generate different innovative outcomes. An in depth analysis of environmental policy instruments is therefore all the more necessary in order to gain knowledge on the state of the art and evaluate the scenarios for further improvements. In this perspective, the proposed research project will focus on two main research questions: 1. What are the main existing EU policy instruments explicitly designed to trigger environmental innovations? Which are their main features? 2. Which are the possible avenues leading to successful policy design? The first research question will be tackled by performing a desk research aiming at analyzing the main environmental regulations introduced in Europe so as to produce a clear and comprehensive taxonomy to shed light on common dimensions and main differences. The second research question will be addressed by carrying out empirical analyses based on simulation and econometric techniques. We will focus on a specific environmental policy in the chemical domain so as to draw useful insights on the effect of the policy aiming at redirecting innovation activities to environmental targets and also to highlight the main policy best practices. |
| Keywords: | Academic research, Industrial policy, Innovation, Innovation policy, Patents |
| JEL: | O33 Q53 Q55 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfewop:y:2015:m:3:d:0:i:90&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Laing; Charles Palmer |
| Abstract: | National-level strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD), financed by international transfers, have begun to emerge. A three-sector model is developed to explore the economy-wide effects of two policies implemented by a government participating in REDD that differ in how they bring together incentives and benefit sharing: an incentive payment scheme where these are intrinsically linked and taxes where they are separated. Two sectors utilise forest as an input to production, one in which forest is substitutable for labour, producing a carbon externality, and one in which forest and labour are complements and where forest is used sustainably. Two important effects determine model outcomes. First, the government factors in general equilibrium effects when determining the efficient payment level. This implies that the level of international transfers is not fully passed through to the forest-using sectors. Second, even though the sustainable sector receives no incentive payment it can increase in size through the effect of REDD payments on markets. With political influence, where incentives and benefit sharing are linked the forest-using sectors may lobby for lower payment rates for themselves in order to create a larger international transfer. Where there is a separation between incentives and benefit-sharing this effect disappears. The findings indicate that REDD may be less cost-effective than envisioned at the international level. |
| Keywords: | REDD; political influence; general equilibrium; climate change; sustainable forest management |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:61601&r=env |
| By: | Bostedt, Göran (CERE); Mustonen, Mika (Luke); Gong, Peichen (CERE) |
| Abstract: | Woody biomass is the largest source of renewable energy in Europe and the expected increase in demand for wood was the stimulus for writing this paper. We discuss the economic effects of biophysical capacity limits in forest yield from a partial equilibrium perspective. Opportunities to increase the supply of forest biomass in the short- and long-term are discussed, as well as environmental side effects of intensive forest management. Focusing on northern Europe, national estimates of potential annual fellings and the corresponding potential amounts, simulated by the European Forest Information Scenario model (the EFISCEN model) are then resented, as well as reported fellings. For the region as a whole, there seems to be substantial unused biophysical potential, although recent data from some countries indicate underestimated annual felling rates. There is a need to discuss strategies to ensure that demand for wood resources in northern Europe can be accommodated without large price increases. However, using a larger proportion of the biophysical potential in northern Europe than at present will entail trade-offs with environmental and social values, which means that strategies are needed to protect and account for all the benefits of all forms of ecosystem services. |
| Keywords: | Forest biomass; biophysical capacity; intensive forest management; European Forest Institute |
| JEL: | Q23 |
| Date: | 2015–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2015_005&r=env |
| By: | Irz, Xavier; Leroy, Pascal; Réquillart, Vincent; Soler, Louis-Georges |
| Abstract: | The paper develops a framework combining a model of rational behaviour under dietary constraints, an epidemiological model of diet-related mortality, and a life-cycle-analysis model of environmental impact, which permits the ex-ante assessment of dietary recommendations in multiple sustainability dimensions (i.e., taste cost, welfare effect, deaths avoided, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and acidification). It is applied to compare in a French context the relative effects and efficiency of six popular sustainable diet recommendations. The results confirm the synergies between the health and environmental dimensions: healthy-eating recommendations usually have a positive effect on the environment, although some exceptions exist. Most of the sustainable diet recommendations appear highly cost-effective, but those most commonly promoted on health grounds (e.g., targeting consumption of salt, fruits and vegetables and saturated fat) rank highest in terms of overall efficiency. Moreover, the valuation of benefits indicates that in most cases health benefits are significantly larger than environmental benefits. Overall, the analysis reveals some under-investment in the promotion of sustainable diet recommendations in France. The general lack of enthusiasm in policy circles for informational measures promoting behavioural change may reflect unrealistic expectations about the speed and magnitude of dietary change rather than an objective assessment of the efficiency of those measures. |
| Keywords: | food choice; rationing; norms; healthy; nutrition; cost-benefit |
| JEL: | D1 D6 I1 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:29193&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Delacote; Elizabeth J.Z. Robinson; Sébastien Roussel |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of several avoided deforestation policies within a patchy forested landscape. Central is the idea that deforestation choices in one area influence deforestation decisions in nearby patches. We explore the interplay between forest landscapes comprising heterogeneous patches, localised spatial displacement, and avoided deforestation policies. Avoided deforestation policies at a landscape level are respectively: two Payments for Environmental Services (PES) policies, one focused on deforestation hotspots, the second being equally available to all agents; a conservation area; and, an agglomeration bonus. We demonstrate how the "best" policy, in terms of reduced leakage, depends on landscape heterogeneity. Agglomeration bonuses are shown to be more effective where there is less landscape heterogeneity, whilst conservation areas are most effective where there is more spatial heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Avoided deforestation, Leakage, Payments for environmental services, Conservation area, Spatial analysis |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:1505&r=env |
| By: | Sapovadia, Vrajlal; Patel, Sweta; Patel, Akash |
| Abstract: | The present study aims to understand the prevailing under current, forces, strategies, policies & challenges faced by various stakeholders. The conversion of entire fleet of auto rickshaws to CNG was successful in the 5 years. Along with other measure of clean energy, Ahmedabad made remarkable make over. In 2011, Ahmedabad received Sustainable Transport Award, which is given annually by the Institute for Transportation Development and Policy (ITDP) in recognition of progress in increasing mobility for all residents while reducing transportation greenhouse and air pollution emissions and improving safety and access for cyclists and pedestrians. For launching three pronged strategy, Ahmedabad transportation received Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize Special Mention in 2012. |
| Keywords: | Clean Energy, Air Pollution, Auto Rickshaw, Ahmedabad, Political Economy |
| JEL: | Q53 R48 |
| Date: | 2015–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:63582&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Ghisetti; Francesco Quatraro |
| Abstract: | The Europe 2020 Strategy has identified the key goal of smart, more inclusive and sustainable growth. In this direction, redirecting firms’ innovation activities towards ecological targets without hampering their competitiveness is of paramount importance. The double externality issue related to environmental innovations makes the policy intervention crucial in order to avoid sub-optimal commitment of resources to the innovation process and ensure the reduction of polluting agents emissions However, the positive outcome of any policy inducement mechanisms is not guaranteed, as different policy frameworks may generate different innovative outcomes. An in depth analysis of environmental policy instruments is therefore all the more necessary in order to gain knowledge on the state of the art and evaluate the scenarios for further improvements. In this perspective, the proposed research project will focus on two main research questions: 1. What are the main existing EU policy instruments explicitly designed to trigger environmental innovations? Which are their main features? 2. Which are the possible avenues leading to successful policy design? The first research question will be tackled by performing a desk research aiming at analyzing the main environmental regulations introduced in Europe so as to produce a clear and comprehensive taxonomy to shed light on common dimensions and main differences. The second research question will be addressed by carrying out empirical analyses based on simulation and econometric techniques. We will focus on a specific environmental policy in the chemical domain so as to draw useful insights on the effect of the policy aiming at redirecting innovation activities to environmental targets and also to highlight the main policy best practices. |
| Keywords: | Academic research, Industrial policy, Innovation, Innovation policy, Patents |
| JEL: | O33 Q53 Q55 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfewop:y:2015:m:3:d:0:i:91&r=env |
| By: | Nicolò Barbieri (Deptartment of Economics. University of Bologna, Italy.); Claudia Ghisetti (Deptartment of Economics and Management. University of Ferrara, Italy.); Marianna Gilli (Deptartment of Economics and Management. University of Ferrara, Italy.); Giovanni Marin (IRCrES-CNR, Italy; OFCE-SciencesPo, France.); Francesco Nicolli (IRCrES-CNR, Italy; Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara, Italy.) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the literature on environmental innovation (EI) and systematizes it by means of an original methodology identifying the main directions in which the literature on EI has developed over time. In order to do so, two algorithms are adopted and used to analyze a citation network of journal articles and books. The main path analysis reveals that this literature revolves around the following topics: i) determinants of EI; ii) economic effects of EI; iii) environmental effects of EI; and iv) policy inducement in EI. Each of these topics is discussed and implications from the main findings as well as possible future research extensions are outlined. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Innovations; Green Technologies; Citation Network Analysis; Main Path Analysis |
| JEL: | O32 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0715&r=env |
| By: | Sylvie Démurger (Université de Lyon, F-69007, France; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne, 93, Chemin des Mouilles, F-69130, Ecully, France); Adeline Pelletier (The Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom ; Instituto de Empresa – IE University, María de Molina, 31 Bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Using survey data from Inner Mongolia, this paper explores the role of stakeholder engagement in the implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme (SLCP), a payments for environmental services programme designed to restore forest in degraded land. Based on the idea that volunteerism and satisfaction with the programme’s outcome are two important components of the programme’s viability, we successively analyse the intensity of households’ participation in the programme and their reported satisfaction with its economic achievement, which we relate to their stated volunteerism. We show that households’ participation intensity in the SLCP is primarily driven by land and location characteristics, and that these findings hold true whether or not the households voluntarily enrolled in the programme. Moreover, as far as participants’ satisfaction can be interpreted as an indicator of potential long-term support for the programme, our findings also support plausible sustainability for the programme. |
| Keywords: | Payments for environmental services, Sloping Land Conversion Programme, Household participation, Life satisfaction, China |
| JEL: | Q15 Q57 Q58 O53 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1509&r=env |
| By: | Paulina Szyja (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej) |
| Abstract: | Starting from the crisis on the real economy in 2008 it has been developed an intense discussion, supported by a number of declarations on the global scale, about the need for changes in the economy. A huge impact on this state of affairs was the analysis of the causes and effects of the economic downturn and the challenges of the future. As a result, some states have taken action to remedy the situation. Many of them were aimed at structural changes in production, consumption and environmental friendly investment. At the same time gained in importance the concept of "low carbon economy" and "green economy". The aim of this paper is to present the role of the state in the economy in terms of creating conditions for a green economy. The thesis of publication is: implementation of structural changes connected with creating a green economy requires the involvement of the state. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; environment; state; a green economy; energy |
| JEL: | E12 O20 O38 O44 P48 Q01 Q28 Q30 Q32 Q43 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2015:no114&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Pickering (Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, University of Canberra); Frank Jotzo (Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University); Peter J. Wood (Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Mobilizing climate finance for developing countries is crucial for achieving a fair and effective global climate regime. To date developed countries retain wide discretion over their national contributions. We explore how different degrees of international coordination may influence the fairness of the global financing effort. We present quantitative scenarios for (i) the metrics used to distribute the collective effort among countries contributing funding; and (ii) the number of contributing countries. We find that an intermediate degree of coordinationÑcombining nationally determined financing pledges with a robust international review mechanismÑmay reduce distortions in relative efforts as well as shortfalls in overall funding, while reflecting reasonable differences over what constitutes a fair share. Broadening the group of contributors may do little to improve adequacy or equity unless the more heterogeneous group can converge on credible measures of responsibility and capacity. The analysis highlights the importance of building common understandings about effort-sharing. Keywords: Climate policy; climate finance; equity; fairness; climate change mitigation; climate change adaptation, development assistance |
| JEL: | O16 O19 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1504&r=env |
| By: | Magdalena Zajaczkowska (Cracow University of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy will play a key role in the transition towards a competitive, secure and sustainable energy system. In 2014 the Commission proposed an objective to increase the share of renewable energy to at least 27% of the EU's energy consumption by 2030. The European Council endorsed this target which is binding at EU level. The Renewable Energy Directive (Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC) was implemented in Poland on 20 February 2015 by the new renewable energy sources act. The objective of this article is to analyse the current state of the Polish energy sector related to the prosumer energy industry. It also describes the future potential for the development of prosumer energy in Poland. The analysis was conducted in the light of the new EU climate and energy initiatives. At the beginning, the article presents the current general state in EU’s energy sector. European Union Climate and Energy Package targets up to 2050 and the state of renewable energy use gives the background to conduct an analysis of prospects for the development of prosumer energy in Poland. That is why the last part is devoted to the prosumer energy sector in Poland in the context of European Union regulations. The critical analysis of the current situation in that sector has made it possible to evaluate prospects for the development of prosumer energy in Poland in the context of the recently introduced legal regulations. |
| Keywords: | prosumer; energy sources; renewable sources of energy; climate and energy policies |
| JEL: | A11 E61 F50 H89 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2015:no117&r=env |
| By: | Shah, Syed Tanveer Hussain; Jamil, Raja Ahmed; Shah, Tazeem Ali; Kazmi, Zain |
| Abstract: | This article provides information about the International Human Resource Management and discusses HRM according to the international prospective in Pakistan. In this article it is discussed that how environmental and cultural factors affect the recruitment, selection and industry/employee relation in Pakistan. In the end some conclusions are made in reference to the context. |
| Keywords: | Human Resource Management, IHRM, Recruitment, Selection, Culture, Pakistan. |
| JEL: | F0 J0 M5 |
| Date: | 2014–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:63513&r=env |
| By: | Timothy A. Wise; Emily Cole |
| Abstract: | Expanding demand for biofuels, fed significantly by government policies mandating rising levels of consumption in transportation fuel, has been strongly implicated in food price increases and food price volatility most recently seen in 2008 and 2011-2012. First-generation biofuels, made from agricultural crops, divert food directly to fuel markets and divert land, water and other food-producing resources from their current or potential uses for production of feed for animals and food for human consumption. A key policy driver of biofuel consumption is government mandates to increase or maintain rates or levels of biofuel blends in transportation fuel, the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard and the E.U. Renewable Energy Directive being the most prominent cases. In this paper we assess the spread of such mandates and targets, finding that at least 64 countries now have such policies. We estimate the consumption increases implied by full implementation of such mandates in the seven countries/regions with the highest biofuel consumption, suggesting a 43% increase in first-generation biofuel consumption in 2025 over current levels. We compare this to even higher estimates from international agencies. We assess the likelihood of implementation in key countries and regions, which suggests that with reform, particularly in OECD countries, consumption growth could be slowed. We conclude with policy recommendations to reduce the mandate-driven expansion of first-generation biofuels and mitigate their negative social and environmental impacts. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dae:daepap:15-01&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Halliday (UH-Manoa Department of Economics, University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, and IZA); John Lynham (UH-Manoa Department of Economics and University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization); Áureo de Paula (UCL, São Paulo School of Economics, IFS, CeMMAP) |
| Abstract: | Kilauea volcano is the largest stationary source of SO2 pollution in the United States of America. Moreover, the SO2 that the volcano emits eventually forms particulate matter, another major pollutant. We use this exogenous source of pollution variation to estimate the impact of particulate matter and SO2 on emergency room admissions and costs in the state of Hawai‘i. Importantly, our data on costs is more accurate than the measures used in much of the literature. We find strong evidence that particulate pollution increases pulmonary-related hospitalization. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in particulate pollution leads to a 2-3% increase in expenditures on emergency room visits for pulmonary-related outcomes. However, we do not find strong effects for pure SO2 pollution or for cardiovascular outcomes. We also find no effect of volcanic pollution on fractures, our placebo outcome. Finally, the effects of particulate pollution on pulmonary-related admissions are most concentrated among the very young. Our estimates suggest that, since the large increase in emissions that began in 2008, the volcano has increased healthcare costs in Hawai‘i by approximately $6,277,204. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Health, Volcano, Particulates, SO2 |
| JEL: | H51 I12 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2015-2&r=env |
| By: | Turaga, Rama Mohana |
| Abstract: | Previous research in advanced economies, especially in the U.S., shows that public concern and support for environmental protection at the expense of economic growth wanes during unfavourable macroeconomic conditions. Since the economic downturn that started in 2010-2011, India has seen a strong public discourse that suggests that excessive environmental regulations, by delaying and obstructing new investment projects, have been hampering economic growth. In this paper, assuming that such a public discourse influences public opinion, we hypothesize that public support for environmental protection reduces during the economic downturn, relative to the period when the economy is on a growth trajectory. Controlling for other individual characteristics, we test this hypothesis, using pooled data from two waves (2006, representing period of economic boom and 2014, representing economic downturn) of World Values Survey. Our results support our hypothesis: there is a shift in terms of greater support for economic growth over environmental protection between 2006 and 2014. We also find that pro-environmental value orientations have a strong influence on public support for environmental protection. We discuss the implications of our results to environmental policy in India. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:13346&r=env |
| By: | Lichter, Andreas (IZA); Pestel, Nico (IZA); Sommer, Eric (IZA) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we estimate the causal effect of ambient air pollution on individuals' productivity by using panel data on the universe of professional soccer players in Germany over the period 1999-2011. Combining this data with hourly information on the concentration of particulate matter in spatial proximity to each stadium at the time of kickoff, we exploit exogenous variation in the players' exposure to air pollution due to match scheduling rules that are beyond the control of teams and players. Our analysis shows negative and non-linear effects of air pollution on short-run productivity. We further find that the effect increases with age and is stronger in case players face an additional physical burden. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, productivity, soccer, sports data, Germany |
| JEL: | J24 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8964&r=env |
| By: | Bogna Janik (Poznan School of Banking); Krzysztof Kolodziejczyk (Poznan School of Banking) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of our study is to identify and assess chosen aspects of eco-innovativeness of the companies listed within the indices: WIG Energy, WIG Oil & Gas, WIG Basic Materials on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The scope of this analysis encompasses selected results which facilitate achieving environmental benefits. Our investigation, however, does not cover the expenditure on eco-innovative activities as well as the instruments measuring the influence of eco-innovation. The analysis of the investigated dilemma was based mainly on two research methods, namely survey analysis and digital and documentary source analysis. The results indicate a relatively high eco-innovativeness of the companies in terms of organizational and marketing activities, and low in product and services eco-innovativeness. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovation, green economy, sustainability, environment |
| JEL: | O13 O30 O32 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2015:no56&r=env |
| By: | Raphael W. Lam; Philippe Wingender |
| Abstract: | Revenue reforms can contribute to more inclusive, green, and sustainable growth in China. Relative to OECD economies, fiscal policy in China is less redistributive. Options for promoting more inclusive growth include improving the progressivity of labor taxes (individual income tax and social security contributions), introducing a recurrent property tax, and finishing the transition to a comprehensive value-added tax. Higher environmental taxes, meanwhile, would promote more environment-friendly economy. These reforms could also significantly boost revenue, potentially by as much as 6½ percent of GDP. Such increases in revenue could help reduce the deficit, finance priority social and infrastructure spending, and offset cuts in other taxes. We illustrate how these revenue reforms could be part of a comprehensive fiscal package that achieves the needed consolidation in the (augmented) deficit and foster higher quality growth. |
| Keywords: | Tax revenues;China;Tax reforms;Fiscal reforms;Inclusive growth;Tax systems;fiscal Policy, China, tax reforms, government debt, social security |
| Date: | 2015–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:15/66&r=env |
| By: | Alistair McGuire; John Van Reenen |
| Abstract: | With the NHS a central issue of the 2015 general election, the parties are debating funding, the form of provision, quality and productivity. This paper looks at the NHS record under the coalition government and considers the plans each major party have put forward regarding the future of the health service. |
| Keywords: | hospital competition, market structure, 2015 General Election, government policy, NHS |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepeap:028&r=env |