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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Shahrouz Abolhosseini (College of Engineering, Seoul National University); Almas Heshmati (Department of Economics, Sogang University); Jorn Altmann (College of Engineering, Seoul National University) |
| Abstract: | The increased concerns about climate change have made renewable energy sources an important topic of research. Several scholars have applied different methodologies to examine the relationships between energy consumption and economic growth of individual and groups of countries and to analyze the environmental effects of energy policies. Previous studies have analyzed carbon emission savings, using renewable energy usage as an individual source or in combination with traditional sources of energy (e.g., hybrid plants) in connection with life-cycle analysis methods. It is shown that after a certain period, economic growth leads to the promotion of environmental quality. However, econometric modeling critiques have opposed the results of these studies. One reason is that the effectiveness of governance-related parameters has previously been neglected. In this research, we analyze the impact of renewable energy development on carbon emission reduction. We estimate a model to evaluate the effectiveness of renewable energy development, technological innovation, and market regulations in carbon emission reduction. The empirical results are based on a panel data estimation using the EU-15 countries data observed from 1995 to 2010. The elasticities of CO2 emissions are estimated, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of each parameter. The finding show that the effects of a negative climate change could be mitigated by governance-related parameters instead of economic development.. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy, Technological Innovation, Environmental Tax, Carbon Emission, Economic Growth. |
| JEL: | D62 H23 N50 O13 O14 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snv:dp2009:2014109&r=env |
| By: | Per G. Fredriksson; Xenia Matschke |
| Abstract: | The literature on trade liberalization and environment has not considered federal structures. This paper shows how the design of environmental policy in a federal system has implications for the effects of trade reform. Trade liberalization leads to a decline in pollution taxes regardless of whether pollution taxes are set at the federal (centralized) or local (decentralized) level, and it increases social welfare. The effect under a decentralized system is smaller than if these taxes are set by the federal government, and pollution emissions therefore decline in this case. Moreover, majority bias interacts with trade liberalization if federal taxes are used. |
| Keywords: | trade and environment, environmental policy, trade liberalization, environmental federalism, political economy, majority bias, social welfare |
| JEL: | F1 H2 H7 Q2 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trr:wpaper:201404&r=env |
| By: | G. F. Gori; L. Lambertini |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between trade liberalisation, consumers' environmental awareness and a negative environmental externality in consumption. We adopt an international Hotelling duopoly setup, where firms are located in two asymmetric countries. We find that, if the intensity of environmental externality is common knowledge for country governments, this setup delivers no need of accompanying trade policies in order to enforce trade liberalisation. In the opposite case, in which information is asymmetric, i.e., the small country's Government cannot observe the positive enviromental effects of its firm's exports to foreign consumers, we find that: (i) the Pareto optimum is always enforced, since the brown country always relaxes the distortionary trade policy, and (ii) cheating on the environmental externality allows the brown country's government to extract extra surplus from the green country. Allowing for trade in green technology delivers opposite conclusions: the externality is minimised and welfare is maximised in equilibrium if information is symmetric while trade liberalisation with asymmetric information always entails a second best outcome. |
| JEL: | F12 L13 H23 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp930&r=env |
| By: | G. Feichtinger; L. Lambertini; G. Leitmann; S. Wrzaczek |
| Abstract: | We extend a well known differential oligopoly game to encompass the possibility for production to generate a negative environmental externality, regulated through Pigouvian taxation and price caps. We show that, if the price cap is set so as to fix the tolerable maximum amount of emissions, the resulting equilibrium investment in green R&D is indeed concave in the structure of the industry. Our analysis appears to indicate that inverted-U-shaped investment curves are generated by regulatory measures instead of being a ‘natural’ feature of firms’ decisions. |
| JEL: | C73 L13 O31 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp929&r=env |
| By: | Levente Timar (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and GNS Science); Suzi Kerr (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents the development of new land-use intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions modules for the Land Use in Rural New Zealand (LURNZ) model. These modules translate simulated land-use outcomes into measures of rural economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions for dairy farming and sheep-beef farming. Emissions in LURNZ include those from livestock as well as from synthetic fertiliser use. We utilise the latest set of emission factors along with information on the distribution of rural activities to model GHG emissions in a spatially and temporally explicit manner. Our results at the national level are approximately consistent with New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory. |
| Keywords: | Land-use intensity, greenhouse gas emissions, LURNZ |
| JEL: | Q15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:14_03&r=env |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Athanasios Yannacopoulos |
| Abstract: | We present methods and tools that can be used to study dynamic environmental resource management in a spatial setting, to explore spatially dependent regulation, and to understand pattern formation.In particular we present the maximum principle and its use in the context of the emerging frontier of applications of optimal control of diffusive transport processes to environmental and resource economics. We show how optimal spatiotemporal control induces pattern formation, and how deep uncertainty with a spatial structure can be handled with spatial robust control methods. Finally we show how models with diffusive transport can be extended to allow for long-range effects and more general transport mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Diffusion, optimal control, pattern formation, robust control, hot spots, spatial externalities |
| Date: | 2014–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1402&r=env |
| By: | Matsdotter, Elina (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Elofsson, Katarina (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Arntyr, Johan (Ramböll Sverige AB) |
| Abstract: | A majority of consumers claim to prefer climate-labelled food over non-labelled alternatives. However, there is limited empirical evidence that such labels actually influence consumer behaviour when shopping. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether qualitative information about a voluntary climate labelling scheme affects the demand for milk in the short run. In a randomized field experiment conducted in 17 retail stores in Sweden, the effects of a climate label on milk demand was measured. Results suggest that climate labelling increased demand for medium-fat climate labelled milk by approximately 7%. The response is significantly smaller than suggested by consumer surveys but larger than that observed in earlier studies of actual purchasing behaviour where quantitative information on climate impact was provided. |
| Keywords: | Climate labelling; milk; demand; voluntary policy instruments; randomized controlled trial |
| JEL: | D12 D83 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slueko:2014_002&r=env |
| By: | Mireille Bossy (INRIA Sophia Antipolis / INRIA Lorraine / IECN - TOSCA - INRIA - CNRS : UMR7502 - Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I - Université Nancy II - Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)); Odile Pourtallier (INRIA Sophia Antipolis - COPRIN - INRIA - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)); Nadia Maïzi (CMA - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze Nash equilibria between electricity producers selling their production on an electricity market and buying \co2 emission allowances on an auction carbon market. The producers' strategies integrate the coupling of the two markets via the cost functions of the electricity production. We set out a clear Nash equilibrium on the power market that can be used to compute equilibrium prices on both markets as well as the related electricity produced and \co2 emissions released. |
| Date: | 2014–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00954377&r=env |
| By: | Sarah Jacobson (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Temporal spillovers occur when a conservation program changes what happens to land outside the temporal window of the conservation contract. This may happen when conservation improves land so that returns to non-conservation uses are increased, or when landowners’ preferences become more pro-conservation as they see land flourish under conservation, for example. These post-contract changes may occur on the extensive margin (acres of land conserved) or intensive margin (intensity of land in a given use). If temporal spillovers exist, benefits from conservation programs estimated by focusing solely on the effects that occur during the conservation contract will overstate or understate the true benefits of the program. I lay out a simple model of temporal spillovers. I test this model in the context of the United States Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). I use a pre-analysis sample specification step to choose counterfactual land most like the CRP land. On the extensive margin, I find that CRP causes some land to be 22-27% more likely to be farmed, potentially offsetting some environmental benefits. However, farmed ex-CRP land is slightly more likely to use a conservation practice. This is a mitigating factor on the intensive margin. |
| Keywords: | temporal spillovers, slippage, land use, payments for environmental services, Conservation Reserve Program |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q24 Q58 R14 |
| Date: | 2010–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2014-01&r=env |
| By: | Aaron Cosbey; Petros C. Mavroidis |
| Abstract: | Canada-Renewable Energy presented the WTO Panel and Appellate Body (AB) with a novel Number: at the heart of the dispute was a measure adopted by the province of Ontario whereby producers of renewable energy would be paid a premium relative to conventional power producers. Some WTO Members complained that the measure was a prohibited subsidy because payments were conditional upon using Canadian equipment for the production of renewable energy. The AB gave them right only in part: it found that a local content requirement had indeed been imposed, but also found that it lacked evidence to determine whether a subsidy had been bestowed. The report is, for the reasons explained below, incoherent and could hardly serve as precedent for resolution of similar conflicts in the future. The facts of the case though, do raise legitimate questions both with respect to the specifics of the case, as well as of more general nature regarding the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), and the role of the judge when facing legislative failure. In this paper, we provide some responses to these questions in light of the theory and evidence regarding industrial policy in the name of environmental protection. |
| Keywords: | WTO, SUBSIDIES, RENEWABLE ENERGY |
| JEL: | F18 K32 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2014/17&r=env |
| By: | Geoffrey G. Jones (Harvard Business School, General Management Unit); Andrew Spadafora (Harvard Business School) |
| Abstract: | This working paper examines the role of entrepreneurs in the municipal solid waste industry in industrialized central and northern Europe from the late nineteenth century to the 1940s. It explores the emergence of numerous German, Danish and other European entrepreneurial firms explicitly devoted to making a profitable business out of conserving and returning valuable resources to productive use, while maintaining public sanitation and in many cases offering nascent environmental protections. These ventures were qualitatively different from both earlier small-scale private waste traders, and the late twentieth-century integrated waste management firms, and have been neglected in an era that historians have treated as a period of municipalization. These entrepreneurs sometimes had strikingly modern views of environmental challenges and the need to overcome them. They initiated processes for sorting and recycling waste materials that are still employed today. Yet it proved difficult to combine making profits and achieving social value in accordance with the "shared value" model of today. As providers of public goods such as health and sanitation and a cleaner environment the entrepreneurs were often unable to capture sufficient profits to sustain businesses. Recycled-goods markets were volatile. There was also a tension between the constant waste stream on the collection side and a seasonal/cyclical demand for recycled products. The frequent failure of these businesses helps to explain why in more recent decades private waste companies have been associated with late entry into recycling, often trailing municipal governments and non-profit entities. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Entrepreneurship, business history; |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:14-084&r=env |
| By: | Matthew J. Holian; Matthew E. Kahn |
| Abstract: | In recent years, Californians have voted on two key pieces of low carbon regulation. The resulting voting patterns provide an opportunity to examine the demand for carbon mitigation efforts. Household voting patterns are found to mirror the voting patterns by the U.S Congress on national carbon legislation. Political liberals and more educated voters favor such regulations while suburbanites tend to oppose such initiatives. Survey responses at the individual level are shown to predict the spatial variation in actual voting patterns and hence convergent validity for results obtained with stated preference data on voting markets. |
| JEL: | Q54 R41 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:19965&r=env |
| By: | PAULA CARVALHO PEREDA; DENISARD ALVES |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:199&r=env |
| By: | Thanh Le; Cuong Le Van |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the long-run economic impact of natural resources by constructing a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model that incorporates an upstream resource intensive sector. Natural resources are extracted, processed and utilized to produce intermediate capital goods which are essential inputs for producing a ffnal consumption good. R&D activities are targeted at improving the quality of existing intermediate products. In this context, we characterize balanced growth paths and examine the issues of sustainability and long-run growth associated with these compet- itive equilibrium solution trajectories. The analysis is conducted through the comparison of the two natural resource types: renewable versus non- renewable and two optimal equilibrium conditions: social versus private. We show that negative growth is possible, however, only applied to an economy that is endowed with non-renewable resources. In addition, we derive conditions under which an economy experiences permanent stag- nant growth. We also show that having a strong innovative sector is essential for escaping this stagnant growth trap. We then identify condi- tions under which growth is larger under renewable resources as compared to their non-renewable counterpart and vice versa. |
| Keywords: | non-renewable resources, renewable resources, R&D-based growth,stagnant growth, vertical innovation. |
| JEL: | O13 O31 O41 |
| Date: | 2014–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-112&r=env |
| By: | Kristin Cockerill; Pete Groothuis; Tanga Mohr; Courtney Cooper |
| Abstract: | Perceptions about water management are understudied, especially in humid regions. Yet as the population continues to grow and water demand increases, there will be a need to more closely manage water, even in humid regions. Understanding how people view water quantity, how they view paying for water supply, and how various geographic and demographic characteristics influence attitudes will be essential to managing water as a common pool resource. This project finds that among residents in rural western North Carolina there are strong correlations among water source (public supply vs. private well) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. There is a sense among these respondents that having access to an individualized water source segregates them from regional water concerns and they are therefore less likely to be willing to pay for water management or conservation measures. Additionally, those with an individualized source are more likely to believe that local or state government should not have the authority to manage what are perceived to be private sources. These results differ from a national survey, providing evidence that it may be prudent to assess attitudes locally / regionally before any attempt to implement water management or conservation policies. Key Words: |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:14-04&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Akli Achabou |
| Abstract: | This research explores the relevance of the strategic choice of Nespresso to opt for an environmental self-declaration in a context of increasing scepticism of the consumers to ecolabells, particularly those established by companies. To reach this goal, an empirical study was driven with 134 French consumers. The results of a joint analysis show that the environmental label established by Nespresso is favorably perceived by the consumers and influences positively their preference with the same degree of importance as the Fairtrade independent certification. The consumers seem to rely on the brand and think that it would not take the risk of showing false information at the risk of damaging its reputation. Entreprises. Pour atteindre cet objectif une étude empirique a été conduite auprès de 134 consommateurs français. Les résultats d’une analyse conjointe montrent que l’affichage responsable établi par Nespresso est favorablement perçu par les consommateurs et influence positivement leur préférence avec un même degré d’importance que la certification indépendante Fairtrade. Les consommateurs semblent faire confiance à la marque et pensent qu’elle ne prendrait pas le risque d’afficher de fausses informations au risque de nuire à sa réputation. |
| Keywords: | eco-certification, brand, consumer preference, conjoint analysis method. |
| Date: | 2014–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-139&r=env |
| By: | Unteutsch, Michaela (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln) |
| Abstract: | It has been shown that international cooperation in achieving renewable energy targets, e.g., via a common tradable green certi ficate market, increases overall welfare. However, cooperation in the support of electricity from renewable energy sources also leads to regional price effects, from which some groups benefit while others lose. On a regional level, the introduction of cross-border cooperation in RES-E support generally has an opposite effect on support expenditures and wholesale electricity prices, as long as grid congestion between the diff erent regions exists. In this paper, a theoretical model is used to analyze under which conditions different groups benefi t or suff er from the introduction of cooperation. Findings of the analysis include that eff ects on consumers and total producers per country can only be clearly determined if no grid congestions between the countries exist. If bottlenecks in the transmission system exist, the relationship between the slopes of the renewable and the non-renewable marginal generation cost curves for electricity generation as well as the level of the RES-E target essentially determine whether these groups benefi t or lose from the introduction of green certi ficate trading. In contrast, system-wide welfare always increases once cooperation in RES-E support is introduced. Similarly, welfare on the country level always increases (compared to a situation without RES-E cooperation) if the countries are perfectly or not at all physically interconnected. In the case of congested interconnectors, each country always at least potentially benefi ts from the introduction of certi ficate trade, taking into account possible distributions of congestion rents between the countries. |
| Keywords: | Cooperation Mechanisms; Tradable Green Certificates; Welfare; Consumer Rent; Producer Profit |
| JEL: | F19 Q28 Q40 Q48 |
| Date: | 2014–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2014_001&r=env |
| By: | Tom Chang; Joshua Graff Zivin; Tal Gross; Matthew Neidell |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of outdoor air pollution on the productivity of indoor workers at a pear-packing factory. We focus on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a harmful pollutant that easily penetrates indoor settings. We find that an increase in PM2.5 outdoors leads to a statistically and economically significant decrease in packing speeds inside the factory, with effects arising at levels well below current air quality standards. In contrast, we find little effect of PM2.5 on hours worked or the decision to work, and little effect of pollutants that do not travel indoors, such as ozone. This effect of outdoor pollution on the productivity of indoor workers suggests a thus far overlooked consequence of pollution. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that nationwide reductions in PM2.5 from 1999 to 2008 generated $19.5 billion in labor cost savings, which is roughly one-third of the total welfare benefits associated with this change. |
| JEL: | J22 J24 J43 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:19944&r=env |
| By: | Mark Siemers; Steve Plotkin; Philip W. Gassman (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | The interactive APEX (i_APEX) is a user friendly interface for the physical process and environmental fate model, Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) (Williams et al., 2006, 2008; Williams and Izaurralde, 2006; Gassman et al., 2010). I_APEX is programmed in C++ and performs automatic management of the input data, execution of each APEX run, and data storage of selected model outputs using a single Microsoft ACCESS database to manage both the input and output data required for APEX simulations. The model provides a well organized easily understood interface with definitions and help assistance for most variables. The greatest advantage of i_APEX is in its ability to perform multiple model runs (over 100,000 runs in a run-set) in “batch†mode for each record selected in the Control Records Table. This provides a tremendous advantage when attempting to model multiple scenario permutations for a single field or small watershed, or in modeling thousands of agricultural fields and other land-uses over a large area such as a river basin or region. |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:13-tr50&r=env |
| By: | Nwaobi, Godwin |
| Abstract: | For several decades, the international community has aspired to integrate the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Yet, no country has achieved the patterns of consumption and production that could sustain global prosperity in the coming decades. Thus, with the increasing pace at which domestic markets are becoming integrated into the global economy, the debate on income disparities around the world has intensified. For the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions, it has become clear that it is not enough to help the poor and vulnerable survive short-term shocks. Particularly important, will be the ability of these economies to create new value-added products, processes and business models through innovation. In other words, competitiveness is a necessary but not sufficient condition for continued prosperity. Hence, the need for adjusted social and environmental sustainability measures of growth in these economies. Using Global Income Distribution Dynamics Model (GIDD) and Global General Equilibrium Model (LINKAGE), the paper predicts a reduction in regional income inequality by 2030. However, the potential reduction can be fully accounted for by the projected convergence in average income across countries. Consequently, the paper recommends the need to build the resilience of vulnerable populations of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries for the purposes of stability and Godliness. |
| Keywords: | poverty, inequality, hunger, sustainability, African, Caribbean, Pacific, Oceania, Gidd model, Linkage model, resilience, competitiveness, environment, innovation, factor driven, efficiency driven, growth pillars, productivity, prosperity, Godliness, development, cge model |
| JEL: | D50 D58 D6 D63 E20 F0 F4 F43 L1 L5 L50 M20 O1 O2 Q0 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:53962&r=env |
| By: | Phan, Tuan |
| Abstract: | Using Vensim PLE, this paper provides a simulation of the illegal coal mining in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. Examining the three main loops including need for income effect, government enforcement and coal management effects and other effects (illegal density, technology, community and psychological effects), the paper sketches several scenarios under different levels of the key variables. Obtaining these results, the paper suggests a better scene in terms of socio-economic and environmental sustainability basing on the two major components. First, the government authorities should urge the enforcement and revise the coal management. Second, the community should have more active activities to abolish the illegal mining trend and raise effectively warnings about the danger of the illegal mining. Those parallel implementations shall create a surprisingly positive effect on the reduction of illegal coal mining in the province. |
| Keywords: | illegal coal mining, simulation, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q32 Q38 |
| Date: | 2008–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:54068&r=env |
| By: | Xiaoying Liu, Mare Sarr and Timothy Swanson |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of the introduction of uniform water-charging for aquifer management and provide evidence using a survey-based choice experiment of agricultural water users in rural Tunisia. Theoretically, we show that the implementation of the proposed second-best regulation would result both in efficiency gains and in distributional effects in favour of small landholders. Empirically, we find that resistance to the introduction of an effective water-charging regime is greatest amongst the largest landholders. Resistance to the regulation of common resources may be sourced in the manner in which heterogeneity might determine the distributional impact of different management regimes. |
| Keywords: | Resistance, Regulation, Common Resources, Tunisia |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:414&r=env |
| By: | EDMAR LUIZ FAGUNDES DE ALMEIDA; LUCIANO LOSEKANN; GUSTAVO MARREIRO; FRANCISCO JAVIER RAMOS-REAL |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:134&r=env |
| By: | Moreira, Paulo Pires |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT The few academic papers on this topic are summarized as those published by international institutions such as the OECD, under the economic aspect and the balance between the trade- offs of implementing measures, some universities with specialist departments in the shipping market (eg Delft, Netherlands), or some consulting firms contracted for the purpose of supporting and evaluating the technical aspects of the issues, to providing private and public sector organizations. On the other hand, there is a total void by the national academics regarding the literature on social and environmental sustainability of the maritime industry, (the few researchers show a higher propensity to issues related to business management). Thus, we chose to extract the fundamentals through collection and analysis of institutional information of a regulatory nature and sector organizations. So if focused on untie the intricate network of this topic, which being transversal to the entire maritime industry incorporates, having the methodology relapsed in paradoxical confrontation between existing legislation and several specific cases that are best interpretive if accompanied by photographic support . Therefore, this work uses visual information to better get a sense of what is described throughout this work, in this particular context. RESUMO Os poucos trabalhos académicos sobre esta temática resumem-se aos publicados por instituições internacionais como a OCDE, no âmbito da vertente económica e do balanceamento entre os trade-offs de implementação de medidas, de algumas Universidades com departamentos especializados no mercado do transporte marítimo (Delft, Holanda), ou de algumas firmas de consultoria contratadas para efeitos de suporte e avaliação dos aspetos técnicos das questões, a fornecer a organizações privadas e públicas do setor. Por outro lado, existe um vazio total por parte da academia nacional no que respeita a literatura sobre sustentabilidade social e ambiental do setor marítimo, (os poucos investigadores mostram uma maior apetência pelas questões ligadas à gestão do negócio). Assim, optou-se por extrair de raiz os fundamentos, através de recolha e análise de informação institucional de natureza regulatória e de organizações setoriais. Privilegiou-se portanto o desenlear da intricada rede que este tema, sendo transversal a toda a indústria marítima incorpora, tendo o método assentado no confronto paradoxal entre legislação existente e vários casos concretos que melhor interpretativos são se acompanhados de suporte fotográfico. Por isso mesmo este trabalho recorre a informação visual para melhor se ter uma noção daquilo que se descreve ao longo do presente trabalho, neste contexto específico. |
| Keywords: | social and environmental sustainability; maritime industry |
| JEL: | F13 R0 R00 |
| Date: | 2014–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:54024&r=env |
| By: | Ibrahim Alhulail (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University); Kenji Takeuchi (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of economic incentives on the sales of ecofriendly vehicles in Japan. We focus on the Tonnage and Acquisition Tax Cuts for Eco-Friendly Vehicles and the two waves of Eco-Car Subsidies implemented in Japan. We use the monthly sales data of 10 vehicles from April 2006 to March 2013. We find that the effects of the tax incentives were more significant than the effect of gasoline price. This is in contrast to results from the United States and Canada, where gasoline prices have had a larger effect on increasing the adoption levels of hybrid electric vehicles. The difference is due to the structure of the tax cut. Japanfs policy of taxes paid upon purchase was more effective compared to the policies in the United States and Canada, where certain tax cuts were on income taxes. |
| Keywords: | Eco-Friendly Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Tax Cuts, Subsidy, Gasoline Prices |
| JEL: | L62 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:1412&r=env |
| By: | Terry Heaps (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the forestry maximum principle of Heaps (1984) to allow the benefits of harvesting to be the utility of the volume of wood harvested as in Mitra - Wan (1985, 1986). Unlike those authors, however, time is treated as a continuous rather than as a discrete variable. Existence of an optimal harvesting policy is established. Then necessary conditions are derived for the extended model which are also sufficient. The conditions are used to show that uniformly bounded sequences of optimal harvesting policies contain subsequences which converge pointwise a.e. and in net present value to an optimal harvesting policy. This result is then used to show that any optimal logging policy must converge in harvesting age to a constant rotation period given by modified Faustmann formula. The associated age class distribution converges to a normal forest. |
| Keywords: | optimal harvesting, multiple age classes, convergence |
| JEL: | Q23 C61 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sfu:sfudps:dp14-01&r=env |
| By: | Saleman, Yannick; Jordan, Luke |
| Abstract: | Industrial parks are as popular as they are controversial, in India and globally. At their best they align infrastructure provision and agglomeration economies to jolt industrial growth. More often, they generate negative spill-overs, provide handouts, sit empty, or simply do not get built. This paper disaggregates how parks are built and how they fail. It contextualizes parks in India, followed by a thick case study of an innovative scheme that appears to buck the trend. This performance is then explained by the way in which the scheme's design and action fit India's political economy. The paper concludes by considering how the analysis and the lessons learned might inform the design and implementation of industrial park programs and other public interventions, in India and elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Political Economy,Banks&Banking Reform,Access to Finance |
| Date: | 2014–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6799&r=env |
| By: | Janda, Karel; Krska, Stepan; Prusa , Jan |
| Abstract: | The article is focused on the total historical and future costs of supporting photovoltaic electricity generation in the Czech Republic. The model estimation of these costs is accompanied by methodologically unified comparison with cost of the support of other renewable energy resources. We find that as long as the goals of Czech National Action Plan for Renewable Energy will be implemented, the costs on photovoltaics support will account for more than one half of all costs on renewable energy, combined production of electricity and heat and other secondary resources. The article also provides brief overview of the photovoltaic market in the Czech Republic with its past, present and possible future developments. |
| Keywords: | photovoltaics; renewable energy sources; energy policy; feed-in tariffs |
| JEL: | Q28 Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2014–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:54108&r=env |
| By: | EDUARDO AMARAL HDDAD; ELIANE TEIXEIRA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:175&r=env |
| By: | MARCO ANTONIO MONTOYA; CÁSSIA APARECIDA PASQUA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:199&r=env |
| By: | Ian Lange (Division of Economics and Business, Colorado School of Mines); Mirko Moro (Division of Economics, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK); Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman (Division of Economics, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK) |
| Abstract: | Much attention in recent years has turned to the potential of behavioural insights to improve the performance of government policy. One behavioural concept of interest is the effect of a cash transfer label on how the transfer is spent. The Winter Fuel Payment (WFP) is a labelled cash transfer to offset the costs of keeping older households warm in the winter. Previous research has shown that households spend a higher proportion of the WFP on energy expenditures due to its label (Beatty et al., 2011). If households interpret the WFP as money for their energy bills, it may reduce their willingness to undertake investments which help achieving the same goal, such as the adoption of renewable energy technologies. In this paper we show that the WFP has distortionary effects on the renewable technology market. Using the sharp eligibility criteria of the WFP in a Regression Discontinuity Design, this analysis finds a reduction in the propensity to install renewable energy technologies of around 2.7 percentage points due to the WFP. This is a considerable number. It implies that 62% of households (whose oldest member turns 60) would have invested in renewable energy but refrain to do so after receiving the WFP. This analysis suggests that the labelling effect spreads to products related to the labelled good. In this case, households use too much energy from sources which generate pollution and too little from relatively cleaner technologies. |
| Keywords: | Winter Fuel Payment, Regression Discontinuity, Renewable energy |
| JEL: | C31 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mns:wpaper:wp201402&r=env |
| By: | Marie-Josée SCOTTO; Dominique BONET FERNANDEZ; Hervé TIFFON |
| Abstract: | Notre article s’interroge sur le rôle que les Prix RSE et DD peuvent jouer dans le développement des politiques RSE des entreprises. Constituent-ils une validation a posteriori de pratiques RSE élaborées d’abord dans des entreprises ? Sont-ils en même temps susceptibles de créer de réels effets d’entraînement pour développer ces comportements et de construire à terme un corpus normatif supplémentaire ? Ou bien ne sont-ils qu’une théâtralisation des bonnes pratiques dans une recherche de valorisation médiatique ? A partir de la requête « Trophées développement durable en France » effectuée sur le moteur de recherche Google, nous avons capturé 250 références , analysées selon une grille composée de 13 items. Les résultats nous permettent de répondre à la question de l’impact des Prix sur le développement des politiques RSE, en France. |
| Keywords: | Prix, Trophée, Responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise, Développement durable, comportements de gestion, émergence de références culturelles. |
| Date: | 2014–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-134&r=env |
| By: | ALINE SOUZA MAGALHÃES; ADMIR ANTÔNIO BETARELLI JÚNIOR; EDSON PAULO DOMINGUES |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:203&r=env |
| By: | ALINE SOUZA MAGALHAES; EDSON PAULO DOMINGUE |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:191&r=env |
| By: | MARIA VIRGÍNIA DA SILVA COLUSSO; JOSÉ LUIZ PARRÉ; EDUARDO ALMEIDA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:191&r=env |
| By: | ROMERO ROCHA; JULIANO ASSUNÇÃO; CLARISSA GANDOU |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:197&r=env |
| By: | RICARDO ALVES DE BRITO; ANDREA SALES SOARES DE AZEVEDO MELO; YONY DA SÁ BARRETO SAMPAIO |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:204&r=env |
| By: | GUILHERME BYRRO LOPES; PROF. DR. ELIEZER MARTINS DINIZ |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:209&r=env |
| By: | ANDRÉ ALBUQUERQUE SANT'ANNA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:198&r=env |
| By: | THIAGO FONSECA MORELLO RAMALHO DA SILVA; MARIE-GABRIELLE PIKETT |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:204&r=env |
| By: | LUÍZA CARDOSO DE ANDRADE; ANDRÉ LUIS SQUARIZE CHAGA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:198&r=env |
| By: | JOSÉ GUSTAVO FERES; SEBASTIEN MARCHAND; ALEXANDRE SAUQUET |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:201&r=env |
| By: | TIAGO BARBOSA DINI |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:200&r=env |
| By: | MICHELE POLLINE VERÍSSIMO; CLÉSIO LOURENÇO XAVIER |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:103&r=env |
| By: | ALEXANDRE ALVES PORSSE; EDUARDO AMARAL HADDAD; PAULA CARVALHO PEREDA |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:196&r=env |
| By: | LORA DOS ANJOS RODRIGUES; JOSÉ GUSTAVO FÉRES; LEONARDO BORNACKI DE MATTO |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:201&r=env |
| By: | WESLEM RODRIGUES FARIA; EDUARDO AMARAL HADDAD |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:164&r=env |
| By: | Sihem Dekhili; Mohamed Akli Achabou |
| Abstract: | This research explores the country of origin effect on the evaluation of ecolabelled products. Findings from experimentation indicate that the mention of a country of origin with favorable image in terms of sustainable development has a neutral effect on the evaluation of an ecolabelled product. However, the indication of a country with a negative image affects negatively the product’ evaluation. |
| Keywords: | consumer behaviour; country of origin; european ecolabel; sustainable development |
| Date: | 2014–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2014-140&r=env |
| By: | FERNANDO DE MOURA RESENDE; GERADO WILSON AFONSO FERNANDES; DANIEL CAIXETA ANDRADE; HENRIQUE DANTAS NEDE |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:203&r=env |
| By: | VINICIUS DE ALMEIDA VALE; FERNANDO SALGUEIRO PEROBELL |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:207&r=env |
| By: | TERCIANE SABADINI CARVALHO; ALINE SOUZA MAGALHÃES; EDSON PAULO DOMINGUE |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2013:192&r=env |
| By: | DÊNIS ANTÔNIO DA CUNHA; ALEXANDRE BRAGANÇA COELHO; JOSÉ GUSTAVO FÉRES |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:187&r=env |
| By: | RODRIGO MENON S. MOITA; ENLINSON MATTOS; VANESSA GONÇALVES |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:194&r=env |
| By: | ANGELO COSTA GURGEL |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2012:195&r=env |